PHYSICS ASSINGMENT

Tutorial_Question_TS_5(Fourier’s Theorem)

SUBMITTED BY:

Dipayan Roy
Roll No.- 1

DEPARTMENT OF GEOLOGY
UNIVERSITY OF NORTH BENGAL

1. State Fourier’s Theorem.

Ans: A periodic function f(x) which is reasonably continuous may be expressed as
the sum of a series of trigonometric sine and cosine as f(x)=a
𝑏𝑛 sin(nx) this form is for function periodic with space. or,
 f(t)=a 𝑎𝑛cos (n𝜔t) + ₌₁ 𝑏𝑛 sin (n𝜔t) this form is for function periodic with
time.
1. What are the conditions for applicability of Fourier’s Theorem?
Ans: Dirichlet Condition:
(i) f(x) has to be singled valued function in the range (π, -л) or in range (0,T).
(ii) f(x) must be absolutely integrable over a period.
(iii) f(x) must have a finite number of extrema in any given internal. (iv) f(x)
must have a finite number of discontinuities in any given interval, (v)
however, the discontinuity cannot be infinite. (vi) f(x) must be
bounded.
2. Find the fundamental period of the following periodic functions.
a. Cos(at)
b. Sin (at)
c. Cos (nπ/L)t
d. Sin (nπ/L)t
e. Sin 3/2(t-π) Ans: a) Cos (at)

we know that f(t) =Cos (𝜔t+𝜔T)

=Cos(𝜔t)

where 𝜔T=2π

Therefore, the fundamental period of Cos(at) is =2π/a

b) Sin(at)

we know that f(t)=sin (𝜔t+𝜔T)= sin(𝜔t) where

𝜔T=2π therefore, the fundamental period of sin(at)

is =2π/a

c)Cos(nπ/L) t we know that f(t)=cos(𝜔t+𝜔T) =

cos(𝜔t)

where 𝜔T=2π

therefore, the fundamental period of

Cos(nπ/L) t is =2π/(nπ/L)
=2L/n
 d)sin(nπ/L) t

we know that f(t)=cos(𝜔t+𝜔T)= cos(𝜔t)

where 𝜔T=2π
therefore, the fundamental period of
sin(nπ/L) t is =2π/(nπ/L)
=2L/n.
(e) Sin 3/2(t-π)

Sin(3/2t – 3/2π)= Sin(3/2t) Cos(3/2π) – Cos(3/2t) Sin(3/2π)

= 0 – Cos(3/2t)* (-1)= Cos(3/2t)

We know that f(t)= Cos(𝜔t+𝜔T)=Cos(𝜔t), where 𝜔T= 2π,

therefore, the fundamental period of Sin 3/2(t-π) is 2π/(3/2)= 4π/3

4. Determine whether each of the following functions is even, odd or neither

(i) f(t)=3t2+Cos5t, (ii) f(t)=sin (𝝎𝒕) (iii) f(t)=cos (𝝎𝒕)
2
(iv) f(t)=3t-t Sin(2t) 2
(v) f(t)=t +t+1

Ans:(i) f(t)=3t2+Cos5t

=> f(-t) =3(-t)2+Cos {5 × (-t)}

∴ 𝑓(−t) =3(-t)2+Cos 5t [∵ 𝐶𝑜𝑠(−𝜃) = 𝑐𝑜𝑠𝜃

As f(t)=f(-t)
Therefore, the function f(t) is even.

(ii) f(t)=sin(𝜔𝑡)

 f(-t) = 𝑆𝑖𝑛{𝜔 × (−𝑡)}

 f(-t)= -sin(𝜔𝑡)
∴ −𝑓(−t) = sin(𝜔𝑡)
As, f(t)= -f(-t)
Therefore, the function f(t) is odd

(iii) f(t)=cos(𝜔𝑡)

 f(-t) = 𝐶𝑜𝑠{𝜔 × (−𝑡)}

 f(-t)= -cos(𝜔𝑡)
∴ −𝑓(−t) = cos(𝜔𝑡)
As, f(t)= -f(-t)
 Therefore, the function f(t) is even

(iv) f(t)=3t-t2Sin(2t)
 f(-t) = 3(-t)- (-t)2 Sin{2 × (−𝑡)}
 f(-t) =-3t + t2Sin 2t [∵ 𝑆𝑖𝑛(−𝜃) = −𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃]
 f(-t) =-(3t - t2Sin 2t) ∴ f(−t) = 3t − 𝑡2Sin 2t
𝑎𝑠, f(−t) = −f(−t)
Therefore, the function f(t) is odd function

(v) f(t)=t2+t+1
=> f(-t) =(-t)2+(-t) +1
=> f(-t) = t2-t+1
∴ -f(-t) = -t2+t-1
As, f(t)≠ f(−t) or f(t) ≠ −𝑓(−𝑡)

Therefore, the function f(t) is neither odd nor even function.

5. Apply Fourier’s theorem to analyse a saw-tooth curve in the component simple harmonic
vibration.

Ans: From the equation of saw-tooth wave, we know,

𝑦(𝑡) = 𝑎 (1 − 𝑇𝑡) 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒 0 < 𝑡 < 𝑇

From Fourier’s theorem,

𝑓
From Fourier’s co-efficient, we know that,

. 𝑎𝑜 𝑑𝑡
Taking 𝑦(𝑡) 𝑎𝑠 𝑓(𝑡), 𝑎𝑜 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑡

= 𝑎𝑇 [𝑡]𝑇0 − 𝑇 a2 [𝑇22]𝑇0

𝑎 a 𝑇2
=( × 𝑇) − ( 2 × )
 𝑇 𝑇 2
𝑎 𝑎
𝑎𝑜 = 𝑎 − 2 = 2 ……………………..(i)

From Fourier’s co-efficient

𝑎𝑛 𝑑𝑡 𝑤ℎ𝑒𝑟𝑒, 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3 ….

𝑑𝑡

𝑎𝑛 …………………….(ii)
Let, 𝐼

𝑑𝑡
𝑛𝜔

𝐼1 = 𝑛1𝜔 sin(𝑛𝜔𝑇) −𝑛 1𝜔 sin 0°

1
=sin{n(2𝜋)} − 0 [𝑛𝜔𝑇 = 𝑛 × 2𝜋𝑓 × 𝑇 𝜔 = 2𝜋𝑓]
𝑛𝜔
1 1
∴ 𝐼 [𝑛𝜔𝑇 = 𝑛 × 2𝜋𝑓 × × 𝑇 , 𝑛𝜔𝑇 = 𝑛(2𝜋) ,(where,𝑓 =
𝑛𝜔 𝑇 𝑇

For, 𝑛 = 0,1,2,3 … ..
sin{n(2𝜋)} = 0 ∴ 𝐼1 = 0 …………(iii) Let,
𝑇
𝐼2 = ∫0 𝑡 cos(𝑛𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑡 [From(iii)]
𝑇
𝑛𝜔 𝑛𝜔

= − 1 [− 1 cos{n(2𝜋)} + 1 cos 0° ]
𝑛𝜔 𝑛𝜔 𝑛𝜔

For, n=0,1,2,3…….
cos{n(2𝜋)} = 1

∴𝐼 …………………………(iv)
𝑛𝜔 𝑛𝜔 𝑛𝜔

Therefore, from equation (ii)

2𝑎 1
𝑎𝑛 = 𝑇 [0 − (𝑇 × 0)] = 0
 From fourier’s co-efficient

𝑏𝑛 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑡

𝑏𝑛 …………………(v)
𝑇
𝐼3 = ∫0 sin(𝑛𝜔𝑡) 𝑑𝑡

𝑛𝜔 𝑇

(𝑛𝜔𝑇)
𝑛𝜔 𝑛𝜔

= [− 1 cos{n(2𝜋)} + 1× 1)]
𝑛𝜔 𝑛𝜔

For n=0,1,2,3…
cos{n(2𝜋)} = 1

∴𝐼 ………………..(vi)
𝑛𝜔 𝑛𝜔

𝐼 𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑡

𝑑𝑡

= − 𝑇 cos(𝑛𝜔𝑡) + ( 1× 0) [from (iii)]

𝑛𝜔 𝑛𝜔
𝑇
= −× cos{n(2𝜋)}
𝑛𝜔

For n=0,1,2,3…..
cos{n(2𝜋)} = 1
𝑇
∴ 𝐼4 = − 𝑛 𝜔 ………………..(vii)

Therefore, the equation (v),

2𝑎 1 𝑇
𝑏𝑛 = 𝑇 [0 − (𝑇 × − 𝑛𝜔)]
2𝑎 2𝑎 2𝑎

∴ 𝑏𝑛 = 𝑛𝜔𝑇 = 𝑛×2𝜋 = 𝑛𝜋
From fourier,s theorem
𝑎
𝑦 sin (𝑛𝜔𝑡)
 𝑛𝜋

∴ 𝑦
2 𝜋 1 2 3