Néhinaw Néhiyaw: Sub-Groups / Geography Political Aboriginal Organization

7/26/2021 Cree - Wikipedia
Cree
The Cree (Cree: Néhinaw, Néhiyaw, etc.; French: Cri) are a North
American indigenous people. They live primarily in Canada, where Cree
they form one of that country's largest First Nations. Néhinaw ᓀᐦᐃᓇᐤ
Néhiyaw ᓀᐦᐃᔭᐤ
In Canada, over 350,000 people are Cree or have Cree ancestry.[3] etc.
The major proportion of Cree in Canada live north and west of Lake
Superior, in Ontario, Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta and the Total population
Northwest Territories.[4] About 27,000 live in Quebec.[5] 356,655 (2016 census[2])
Including Atikamekw and Innu

In the United States, Cree people historically lived from Lake
Superior westward. Today, they live mostly in Montana, where they Regions with significant
share the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation with Ojibwe (Chippewa) populations
people.[6] Canada, United States
Alberta 95,300
The documented westward migration over time has been strongly
associated with their roles as traders and hunters in the North Saskatchewan 89,990
American fur trade.[7] Manitoba 66,895
Ontario 36,750
British Columbia 35,885
Contents
Quebec 27,245
Sub-groups / Geography Montana 3,323
Political aboriginal organization Newfoundland and 3,255
Historical
Labrador
Contemporary
Northwest Territories 2,195
Name
Nova Scotia 1,780
Language
Languages
Identity and ethnicity
Cree, Cree Sign Language, English,
In Canada
French
In the United States
Religion
First contact
Anglicanism, Cree tribal religion,
First Nation communities
Pentecostalism, Roman Catholicism
Naskapi
Related ethnic groups
Montagnais
Eastern Montagnais Métis, Oji-Cree, Ojibwe, Innu
Western Montagnais
Atikamekw (Nehiraw)
James Bay Cree
Moose Cree
Swampy Cree
Woodland Cree
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cree 1/22
Rocky Cree
Woods Cree
Plains Cree
Downstream people
Upstream people
United States
Other First Nations
Ethnobotany
Hudson Bay Cree subgroup
Woods Cree subgroup
Cree people
See also
Notes
References
External links
Sub-groups / Geography
The Cree are generally divided into eight groups based on dialect and region. These divisions do not
necessarily represent ethnic sub-divisions within the larger ethnic group:
Naskapi and Montagnais (together known as the Innu) are inhabitants of an area they refer to as
Nitassinan. Their territories comprise most of the present-day political jurisdictions of eastern
Quebec and Labrador. Their cultures are differentiated, as some of the Naskapi are still caribou
hunters and more nomadic than many of the Montagnais. The Montagnais have more settlements.
The total population of the two groups in 2003 was about 18,000 people, of which 15,000 lived in
Quebec. Their dialects and languages are the most distinct from the Cree spoken by the groups west
of Lake Superior.
Atikamekw are inhabitants of the area they refer to as Nitaskinan (Our Land), in the upper St.
Maurice River valley of Quebec (about 300 km north of Montreal). Their population is around 8,000.
East Cree – Grand Council of the Crees; approximately 18,000 Cree (Iyyu in Coastal Dialect / Iynu in
Inland Dialect) of Eeyou Istchee and Nunavik regions of Northern Quebec.[8]
Moose Cree – Moose Factory[9] in the Cochrane District, Ontario; this group lives on Moose Factory
Island, near the mouth of the Moose River, at the southern end of James Bay. ("Factory" used to
refer to a trading post.)[10]
Swampy Cree – this group lives in northern Manitoba along the Hudson Bay coast and adjacent
inland areas to the south and west, and in Ontario along the coast of Hudson Bay and James Bay.
Some also live in eastern Saskatchewan around Cumberland House. Their dialect has 4,500
speakers.
Woods Cree – a group in northern Alberta and Saskatchewan.
Plains Cree – a total of 34,000 people in Manitoba, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and Montana..
Due to the many dialects of the Cree language, the people have no modern collective autonym. The
Plains Cree and Attikamekw refer to themselves using modern forms of the historical nêhiraw, namely
nêhiyaw and nêhirawisiw, respectively. Moose Cree, East Cree, Naskapi, and Montagnais all refer to
themselves using modern dialectal forms of the historical iriniw, meaning 'man.' Moose Cree use the
form ililiw, coastal East Cree and Naskapi use iyiyiw (variously spelled iiyiyiu, iiyiyuu, and eeyou),
inland East Cree use iyiniw (variously spelled iinuu and eenou), and Montagnais use ilnu and innu,
depending on dialect. The Cree use "Cree," "cri," "Naskapi, or "montagnais" to refer to their people only
when speaking French or English.[11]
Political aboriginal organization
Historical
As hunter-gatherers, the basic unit of organization for Cree peoples

was the lodge, a group of perhaps eight or a dozen people, usually
the families of two separate but related married couples, who lived
together in the same wigwam (domed tent) or tipi (conical tent) it is
very rare for them to live in wigwams and the band, a group of
lodges who moved and hunted together. In the case of disagreement,
lodges could leave bands and bands could be formed and dissolved
with relative ease. However, as there is safety in numbers, all
families would want to be part of some band, and banishment was Nēhiyaw camp near Vermilion,
considered a very serious punishment. Bands would usually have Alberta, in 1871
strong ties to their neighbours through intermarriage and would
assemble together at different parts of the year to hunt and socialize
together. Besides these regional gatherings, there was no higher-level formal structure, and decisions of
war and peace were made by consensus with allied bands meeting together in council. People could be
identified by their clan, which is a group of people claiming descent from the same common ancestor;
each clan would have a representative and a vote in all important councils held by the band (compare:
Anishinaabe clan system).[12]
Each band remained independent of each other. However, Cree-speaking bands tended to work together
and with their neighbours against outside enemies. Those Cree who moved onto the Great Plains and
adopted bison hunting, called the Plains Cree, were allied with the Assiniboine, the Metis Nation, and
the Saulteaux in what was known as the "Iron Confederacy", which was a major force in the North
American fur trade from the 1730s to the 1870s. The Cree and the Assiniboine were important
intermediaries in the Indian trading networks on the northern plains.[4]
When a band went to war, they would nominate a temporary military commander, called a okimahkan.
loosely translated as "war chief". This office was different from that of the "peace chief", a leader who had
a role more like that of diplomat. In the run-up to the 1885 North-West Rebellion, Big Bear was the
leader of his band, but once the fighting started Wandering Spirit became war leader.
Contemporary
There have been several attempts to create a national political organization that would represent all Cree
peoples, at least as far back as a 1994 gathering at the Opaskwayak Cree First Nation reserve.[13]
Name
The name "Cree" is derived from the Algonkian-language exonym Kirištino˙, which the Ojibwa used for
tribes around Hudson Bay. The French colonists and explorers, who spelled the term Kilistinon,
Kiristinon, Knisteneaux,[14][15] Cristenaux, and Cristinaux, used the term for numerous tribes which
they encountered north of Lake Superior, in Manitoba, and west of there.[16] The French used these
terms to refer to various groups of peoples in Canada, some of which are now better distinguished as
Severn Anishinaabe (Ojibwa), who speak dialects different from the Algonquin.[17]
Depending on the community, the Cree may call themselves by the following names: the nēhiyawak,
nīhithaw, nēhilaw, and nēhinaw; or ininiw, ililiw, iynu (innu), or iyyu. These names are derived from
the historical autonym nēhiraw (of uncertain meaning) or from the historical autonym iriniw (meaning
"person"). Cree using the latter autonym tend to be those living in the territories of Quebec and
Labrador.[11]
Language
The Cree language (also known in the most broad
classification as Cree-Montagnais, Cree-
Montagnais-Naskapi, to show the groups included
within it) is the name for a group of closely related
Algonquian languages[4] is the mother tongue (i.e.
language first learned and still understood) of
approximately 96,000 people, and the language
most often spoken at home of about 65,000
people across Canada, from the Northwest
Territories to Labrador. It is the most widely
spoken aboriginal language in Canada.[18] The
only region where Cree has official status is in the
Northwest Territories, together with eight other
aboriginal languages.[19][20]
Cree language.
The two major groups: Nehiyaw and Innu, speak a
mutually intelligible Cree dialect continuum,
which can be divided by many criteria. In a dialect continuum, "It is not so much a language, as a chain
of dialects, where speakers from one community can very easily understand their neighbours, but a
Plains Cree speaker from Alberta would find a Quebec Cree speaker difficult to speak to without
practice."[21]
One major division between the groups is that the Eastern group palatalizes the sound /k/ to either /ts/
(c) or to /tʃ/ (č) when it precedes front vowels. There is also a major difference in grammatical
vocabulary (particles) between the groups. Within both groups, another set of variations has arisen
around the pronunciation of the Proto-Algonquian phoneme *l, which can be realized as /l/, /r/, /y/,
/n/, or /ð/ (th) by different groups. Yet in other dialects, the distinction between /eː/ (ē) and /iː/ (ī) has
been lost, merging to the latter. In more western dialects, the distinction between /s/ and /ʃ/ (š) has
been lost, both merging to the former. "Cree is a not a typologically harmonic language. Cree has both
prefixes and suffixes, both prepositions and postpositions, and both prenominal and postnominal
modifiers (e.g. demonstratives can appear in both positions)."[22]
Golla lists Cree as one of 55 North American languages that have more than 1,000 speakers and which
are being actively acquired by children.[23]
Illustration of a Snake woman (left) and a Nehiyaw woman (right),

c. 1840–1843, Karl Bodmer
Identity and ethnicity
In Canada
The Cree are the largest group of First Nations in Canada, with
220,000 members and 135 registered bands.[24] Together, their
reserve lands are the largest of any First Nations group in the
country.[24] The largest Cree band and the second largest First
Nations Band in Canada after the Six Nations Iroquois is the Lac La
Ronge Band in northern Saskatchewan.
Given the traditional Cree acceptance of mixed marriages, it is

acknowledged by academics that all bands are ultimately of mixed
heritage and multilingualism and multiculturalism was the norm. In
the West, mixed bands of Cree, Saulteaux and Assiniboine, all
partners in the Iron Confederacy, are the norm. However, in recent
years, as indigenous languages have declined across western Canada
where there were once three languages spoken on a given reserve,
there may now only be one. This has led to a simplification of Cree Indian, taken by G. E. Fleming,
identity, and it has become "fashionable" for bands in many parts of 1903
Saskatchewan to identify as "Plains Cree" at the expense of a mixed
Cree-Salteaux history. There is also a tendency for bands to
recategorize themselves as "Plains Cree" instead of Woods Cree or Swampy Cree. Neal McLeod argues
this is partly due to the dominant culture's fascination with Plains Indian culture as well as the greater
degree of written standardization and prestige Plains Cree enjoys over other Cree dialects.[13]
The Métis[25] (from the French, Métis – of mixed ancestry) are people of mixed ancestry, such as
Nehiyaw (or Anishinaabe) and French, English, or Scottish heritage. According to Aboriginal Affairs and
Northern Development Canada, the Métis were historically the children of French fur traders and
Nehiyaw women or, from unions of English or Scottish traders and northern Dene women (Anglo-
Métis). Generally in academic circles, the term Métis can be used to refer to any combination of persons
of mixed Native American and European heritage, although historical definitions for Métis remain.
Canada's Indian and Northern Affairs broadly define Métis as those persons of mixed First Nation and
European ancestry, while The Métis National Council defines a Métis as "a person who self-identifies as
Métis, is distinct from other Aboriginal peoples, is of historic Métis Nation Ancestry and who is accepted
by the Métis Nation".[26]
Group of Cree Merasty women and Chief King of the Chief Thundercloud
people girls, Cree, The Pas, Wind
Manitoba, 1942
Chief Duckhunter Nehiyaw girl (1928)
In the United States
At one time the Cree lived in northern Minnesota, North Dakota and Montana. Today American Cree are
enrolled in the federally recognized Chippewa Cree tribe, located on the Rocky Boy Indian Reservation,
and in minority as "Landless Cree" on the Fort Peck Indian Reservation and as "Landless Cree" and
"Rocky Boy Cree" on the Fort Belknap Indian Reservation, all in Montana. The Chippewa Cree share the
reservation with the Pembina Band of Chippewa Indians, who form the "Chippewa" (Ojibwa) half of the
Chippewa Cree tribe. On the other Reservations, the Cree minority share the Reservation with the
Assiniboine, Gros Ventre and Sioux tribes. Traditionally, the southern limits of the Cree territory in
Montana were the Missouri River and the Milk River.[27]
First contact
In Manitoba, the Cree were first contacted by Europeans in 1682, at the mouth of the Nelson and Hayes
rivers by a Hudson's Bay Company (HBC) party traveling about 100 miles (160 km) inland. In the south,
contact was later. In 1732 in what is now northwestern Ontario, Pierre Gaultier de Varennes, sieur de La
Vérendrye, met with an assembled group of 200 Cree warriors near present-day Fort Frances, as well as
with the Monsoni,[28] (a branch of the Ojibwe). Both groups had donned war paint in preparation to an
attack on the Dakota and another group of Ojibwe.[29]
After acquiring firearms from the HBC, the Cree moved as traders into the plains, acting as middlemen
with the HBC.
First Nation communities

[a]
Naskapi
The Naskapi are the Innu First Nations inhabiting a region of

northeastern Quebec and Labrador, Canada. The Naskapi are
traditionally nomadic peoples, in contrast with the territorial
Montagnais, the other segment of Innu. The Naskapi language
and culture is quite different from the Montagnais, in which the
dialect changes from y to n as in "Iiyuu" versus "Innu". Iyuw Natuashish
Iyimuun is the Innu dialect spoken by the Naskapi.[30] Today, the Kawawachikamach
Naskapi are settled into two communities:
Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach is located in the

Naskapi village of Kawawachikamach, Quebec, 15 km
(9.3 mi) northeast of Schefferville, Quebec. The village is in
the reserve of the same name.[31][32] Schefferville is less than
2 km (1.2 mi) from the Quebec/Labrador border and is not
connected to the North American road network but its airport
is 1,151 kilometres (715 mi) northeast of Montreal.[33]
Mushuau Innu First Nation located in the community of
Natuashish, Newfoundland and Labrador, is in the Natuashish
2 reserve on the coast of Labrador.[34][35] The community is Naskapi communities
connected via its airport which is 1,456 km (905 mi) northeast
of Montreal and 1,090 km (677 mi) northwest of St. John's,
Newfoundland and Labrador.[36]
Montagnais
Eastern Montagnais
Innus of Ekuanitshit live on their reserve of Mingan, Quebec, at the mouth of the Mingan River of the
Saint Lawrence River in the Côte-Nord (north shore) region.[37] The community is 182 km (113 mi) by
road east of Sept-Îles, Quebec.
Innu Takuaikan Uashat Mak Mani-Utenam based in Sept-Îles, Quebec, in the Côte-Nord region on the
Saint Lawrence River.[38] They own two reserves: Maliotenam 27A and Uashat 27 located at both ends of
Sept-Îles.[39]
Innu Nation of Matimekush-Lac John is based out of

Schefferville, Quebec.[40] One reserve, Matimekosh, is an enclave
of Schefferville. The other, Lac-John, is 2 km (1.2 mi) outside the
town.[41]
Première Nation des Innus de Nutashkuan based on their reserve

of Natashquan 1 or Nutashkuan. The reserve is located on the
north shore of the Gulf of Saint Lawrence at the mouth of the
Natashquan River, 336 km (209 mi) by road east of Sept-Îles, Schefferville
Quebec.[42] Natashquan Airport is 1,035 km (643 mi) northeast of Sheshatshiu

Montreal and 721 km (448 mi) northwest of St. John's.[43]
Montagnais de Pakua Shipi located in the community of Pakuashipi

Pakuashipi, Quebec, on the western shore of the mouth of the Sept-Îles Natashquan
Unamenshipit
Saint-Augustin River on the north shore of the Gulf of Saint Mingan
Lawrence in the Côte-Nord region.[44] The community is adjacent
to the settlement of Saint-Augustin and not connected by the
North American road network. Saint-Augustin Airport is St. John's
1,284 km (798 mi) east of Montreal and 586 km (364 mi)
northwest of St. John's.[45] Eastern Montagnais communities
Montagnais de Unamen Shipu are located at La Romaine, Quebec

at the mouth of the Olomane River on the Gulf of Saint Lawrence. They have one reserve; Romaine 2.[46]
The community is 467 km (290 mi) by road east of Sept-Îles.[47]
Sheshatshiu Innu First Nation located in the community of Sheshatshiu in Labrador and is located
approximately 45 km (28 mi) north of Happy Valley-Goose Bay.[34] Sheshatshiu is located adjacent to
the Inuit community of North West River. The Sheshatshiu Nation has one reserve, Sheshatshiu 3.[48]
Western Montagnais
Pekuakamiulnuatsh First Nation is located on the reserve of Mashteuiatsh in the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-

Jean region, 8 km (5.0 mi) north of Roberval, Quebec, on the western shore of Lac Saint-Jean.[49] The
reserve is 265 km (165 mi) north of Quebec City.
Bande des Innus de Pessamit based in Pessamit, Quebec, is located about 58 km (36 mi) southwest of
Baie-Comeau along the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River at the mouth of the Betsiamites River. It
is across the river directly north of Rimouski, Quebec. Pessamit is 358 km (222 mi) northeast of Quebec
City.[50]
Innue Essipit are based in their reserve of Essipit, adjacent to the village of Les Escoumins, Quebec. The
community is on the north shore of the Saint Lawrence River at the mouth of the Escoumins River in the
Côte-Nord region, 40 km (25 mi) northeast of Tadoussac and 250 km (160 mi) northeast of Québec.[51]
Atikamekw (Nehiraw)
Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw, officially named Atikamekw Sipi – Conseil de la Nation

Atikamekw, is a tribal council in Quebec, Canada. It is composed of three Atikamekw First Nations.
The council is based in La Tuque, Quebec. The Atikamekw are inhabitants of the area they refer to as
Nitaskinan ("Our Land"), in the upper Saint-Maurice River valley.[52][53] The First Nations:
Atikamekw d'Opitciwan live in Obedjiwan, Quebec on the north

shore of Gouin Reservoir in the Mauricie region. Their reserve,
Obedjiwan 28, contains the community. It is located
approximately 375 km (233 mi) by road west of Saguenay and
375 km (233 mi) east of Val-d'Or.[54]
Atikamekw of Manawan are based in Manawan, Quebec, on the
south-western shores of Lake Métabeskéga in the Lanaudière
region. The reserve is located 165 km (103 mi) by road northeast
of Mont-Laurier or 250 km (160 mi) north of Montreal.[55]
Conseil des Atikamekw de Wemotaci in Wemotaci, Quebec on Map of Nitaskinan
the north shore of the Saint-Maurice River at the mouth of the
Manouane River in the Mauricie region approximately 165 km
(103 mi) north of Trois-Rivières.[56] The Nation owns two reserves; the first is around Wemotaci while
the second is Coucoucache 24 on the north shore of Reservoir Blanc on the Saint-Maurice River.[57]
Coucoucache 24 is not inhabited and is only accessible by boat.
James Bay Cree
Eeyou Istchee is a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality (TE) of Nord-du-Québec

represented by the Grand Council of the Crees.[58] On 24 July 2012, the Quebec government signed an
accord with the Cree Nation that resulted in the abolition of the neighbouring municipality of Baie-
James and the creation of the new Eeyou Istchee James Bay Regional Government, providing for the
residents of surrounding Jamésie TE and Eeyou Istchee to jointly govern the territory formerly governed
by the municipality of Baie-James. Eeyou Istchee is a territory of eight enclaves within Jamésie plus one
enclave (Whapmagoostui) within Kativik TE. Each enclave is a combination of a Cree reserved land (TC)
and a Cree village municipality (VC), both with the same name.
Cree Nation of Chisasibi is at the Cree village of

Chisasibi on the south shore of La Grande River on
the eastern shore of James Bay. The Nation's
reserve is Chisasibi TC.[59] Chisasibi is accessible via
road and its airport. It is 768 km (477 mi) northwest of
Chibougamau via the Route du Nord and the James
Bay Road. The road to Chisasibi starts at Km 600 of
the James Bay Road.[60] (Chibougamau is 700 km
(430 mi) by road north of Montreal). Chisasibi Airport
is 999 km (621 mi) north of Montreal.[61]
Eastmain (Cree Nation) is located at Eastmain VC
and Eastmain TC is the reserve. The Nation is
located on the east coast of James Bay at the mouth
of the Eastmain River.[62] Eastmain is 619 km
(385 mi) northwest of Chibougamau via the Route du
Nord and the James Bay Road.[63] Eastmain River
Airport is 829 km (515 mi) north of Montreal.[61]
Location of Eeyou Istchee within Québec
Cree Nation of Mistissini is based in the Cree village of Mistissini, located in the south-east corner of
the largest natural lake in Quebec, Lake Mistassini. The associated reserve is Mistissini TC.[64]
Mistissini is 90 km (56 mi) northeast of Chibougamau on Route 167. Chibougamau/Chapais Airport,
20 km (12 mi) southwest of the Town of Chibougamau, is 481 km (299 mi) north of Montreal.[61]
Cree Nation of Nemaska is headquartered at Nemaska VC and its reserve is Nemaska TC located
on the western shores of Lake Champion.[65] The village is the seat of the Grand Council of the
Crees.[66] Nemaska is 333 km (207 mi) northwest of Chibougamau, at Km 300 of the Route du
Nord.[67] Nemiscau Airport is 715 km (444 mi) north of Montreal.[61]
Oujé-Bougoumou Cree Nation is located in the Cree village of Oujé-Bougoumou on the shores of
Opémisca Lake. Oujé-Bougoumou is unique from the other Nations of Eeyou Istchee in that it
doesn't have an associated reserve.[68] The village is 60 km (37 mi) due west of Chibougamau.
The Crees of the Waskaganish First Nation is located at Waskaganish VC at the mouth of the Rupert
River on the south-east shore of James Bay. The associated reserve is Waskaganish TC, located at
the site of the old Hudson's Bay Company's Fort Rupert.[69] The quickest but longest route from
Chibougamau is 685 km (426 mi) via Route 113 and the James Bay Road. The airport is 764 km
(475 mi) northwest of Montreal.[61]
Cree First Nation of Waswanipi is located in the Cree village of Waswanipi and the reserve is
Waswanipi TC.[70] The Nation is located near the confluence of the Chibougamau and Waswanipi
Rivers.[71] The village is 137 km (85 mi) due west of Chibougamau via Route 113.
Cree Nation of Wemindji is headquartered at Wemindji VC and its reserve is Wemindji TC.[72] The
village is on the east coast of James Bay at the mouth of the Maquatua River and is 696 km (432 mi)
north of Chibougamau via the Route du Nord. The airport is 916 km (569 mi) north of Montreal.[61]
First Nation of Whapmagoostui located at Whapmagoostui VC, is the northernmost Cree village,
located at the mouth of the Great Whale River on the coast of Hudson Bay in Kativik TE. The village
is just south of the river while the Inuit village of Kuujjuarapik.[73] Kuujjuarapik Airport is 1,128 km
(701 mi) north of Montreal.[61]
Cree Nation of Washaw Sibi was recognized as the tenth Cree Nation Community at the 2003
Annual General Assembly of the Cree Nation.[74][75] The Nation does not yet have a community or
reserve recognized by either the Canadian or Quebec governments but the Nation has chosen an
area about 40 minutes' drive south of Matagami.[76]
Moose Cree
Constance Lake First Nation in Constance Lake, Ontario is the only Cree member of Matawa First
Nations.[77]
Mushkegowuk Council, based in Moose Factory, Ontario, represents chiefs from six First Nations across
Ontario. Moose Cree members are: Chapleau Cree First Nation, Kashechewan First Nation, Missanabie
Cree First Nation, Moose Cree First Nation, and Taykwa Tagamou Nation.[78]
Wabun Tribal Council is a regional chief's council based in Timmins, Ontario representing Ojibway and
Cree First Nations in northern Ontario. Moose Cree members are: Brunswick House First Nation and
Matachewan First Nation.[79]
Swampy Cree
Fort Severn First Nation on Hudson Bay, is the most northern community in Ontario. It is a member of
Keewaytinook Okimakanak Council.[80]
Keewatin Tribal Council is a Tribal Council based in Thompson, Manitoba that represents eleven First
Nations across northern Manitoba. The Swampy Cree members are: Fox Lake Cree Nation, Shamattawa
First Nation, Tataskweyak Cree Nation (also Rocky Cree), War Lake First Nation, York Factory First
Nation.[81]
Mushkegowuk Council, based in Moose Factory, Ontario, represents chiefs from six First Nations across
Ontario. Swampy Cree members are: Fort Albany First Nation and Attawapiskat First Nation.[78]
Prince Albert Development Corporation is based in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan and is owned by twelve
First Nations. Swampy Cree members include: Cumberland House Cree Nation, Red Earth First Nation,
and Shoal Lake Cree Nation.[82]
Swampy Cree Tribal Council is, as the name suggests, a Tribal Council of Swampy Cree First Nations
across northern Manitoba. The eight members include: Chemawawin Cree Nation (also Rocky Cree),
Marcel Colomb First Nation (also Rocky Cree), Mathias Colomb First Nation (also Rocky Cree),
Misipawistik Cree Nation (formerly known as Grand Rapids First Nation) (also Rocky Cree),
Mosakahiken Cree Nation (Also 'Cree' name for Moose Lake First Nation), Opaskwayak Cree Nation
(also Rocky Cree), Sapotaweyak Cree Nation, and Wuskwi Sipihk First Nation.[83]
Not affiliated with any Tribal Council: Fisher River Cree Nation,[84] Norway House Cree Nation,[85] and
Weenusk First Nation.[86]
Woodland Cree
Rocky Cree
Keewatin Tribal Council is a Tribal Council based in Thompson, Manitoba that represents eleven First
Nations across northern Manitoba. The Rocky Cree members are: Barren Lands First Nation,
Bunibonibee Cree Nation, God's Lake First Nation, and Manto Sipi Cree Nation.[81]
Prince Albert Development Corporation is based in Prince Albert, Saskatchewan and is owned by twelve
First Nations. Rocky Cree members include: Lac La Ronge First Nation, Montreal Lake First Nation,
Peter Ballantyne Cree Nation, and Sturgeon Lake First Nation.[82]
Swampy Cree Tribal Council is also owned by several First Nations with Rocky Cree populations:
Chemawawin Cree Nation, Marcel Colomb First Nation, Mathias Colomb First Nation, Misipawistik Cree
Nation (formerly known as Grand Rapids First Nation), Mosakahiken Cree Nation, Opaskwayak Cree
Nation.[83]
Black Sturgeon First Nation
Not affiliated with any Tribal Council are Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation,[87] O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree
Nation,[88] and Cross Lake First Nation.[89]
Woods Cree
Athabasca Tribal Council is a Tribal Council based in Fort McMurray, Alberta. The two Cree member
Nations are Fort McMurray First Nation and Mikisew Cree First Nation, The Tribal Council has three
other non-Cree members.[90]
Bigstone Cree Nation is not associated with a Tribal Council.[91] The Bigstone Cree Nation was divided
into two bands in 2010, with one group continuing under the former name, and the other becoming the
Peerless Trout First Nation.
Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council is based in Atikameg, Alberta with five members: Loon River First
Nation, Lubicon Lake Band, Peerless Trout First Nation, Whitefish Lake First Nation, and Woodland
Cree First Nation.[92]
Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council is, as the name suggests, a Tribal Council of First Nations
surrounding Lesser Slave Lake. Member Nations include: Driftpile First Nation, Kapawe'no First Nation,
Sawridge First Nation, Sucker Creek First Nation, and Swan River First Nation.[93]
Meadow Lake Tribal Council is a Tribal Council based in Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan with nine
member First Nations. The members with a Woods Cree populations is Canoe Lake Cree First
Nation.[94]
North Peace Tribal Council is a Tribal Council of five First Nations based out of High Level, Alberta. The
only Cree member is Little Red River Cree Nation.[95]
Western Cree Tribal Council is based out of Valleyview, Alberta. Cree member Nations are: Duncan's
First Nation, Sturgeon Lake Cree Nation.[96]
Plains Cree
Downstream people
Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs is a Tribal Council located in North Battleford, Saskatchewan. Members
are: Ahtahkakoop First Nation, Moosomin First Nation, Mosquito-Grizzly Bear's Head-Lean Man, Red
Pheasant First Nation, Saulteaux First Nation, and Sweetgrass First Nation.[97]
File Hills Qu'Appelle Tribal Council is a Tribal Council based in Fort Qu'Appelle, Saskatchewan. Cree
member Nations are: Little Black Bear First Nation, Muscowpetung Saulteaux Nation, Nekaneet Cree
Nation, Okanese First Nation, Pasqua First Nation, Peepeekisis Cree Nation, Piapot Cree Nation, and
Star Blanket Cree Nation[98]
Meadow Lake Tribal Council is a Tribal Council based in Meadow Lake, Saskatchewan with nine
member First Nations. The members with Plains Cree populations are Flying Dust First Nation, Makwa
Sahgaiehcan First Nation, Ministikwan Lake Cree Nation, and Waterhen Lake First Nation[94]
Saskatoon Tribal Council is, as the name suggests, a Tribal Council-based out of Saskatoon,
Saskatchewan. Cree member Nations are: Mistawasis Nêhiyawak, Muskeg Lake Cree Nation, Muskoday
First Nation, and One Arrow First Nation.[99]
Touchwood Agency Tribal Council, based in Punnichy, Saskatchewan, is a Tribal Council of four First
Nations, collectively known as the Touchwood Hills Cree. The Cree Nations are: Day Star First
Nation, George Gordon First Nation, Kawacatoose First Nation, and Muskowekwan First Nation.[100]
Yorkton Tribal Council is a Tribal Council based in Yorkton, Saskatchewan. Cree members are:
Kahkewistahaw First Nation and Ocean Man First Nation.[101]
Without affiliation with any Tribal Council: Beardy's and Okemasis' Cree Nation,[102] Cowessess First
Nation,[103] Ochapowace Nation,[104] Onion Lake Cree Nation,[105] Pheasant Rump Nakota First
Nation,[106] White Bear First Nations.[107]
Upstream people
Agency Chiefs Tribal Council is a Tribal Council located in Spiritwood, Saskatchewan representing three
First Nations: Pelican Lake First Nation, Big River First Nation, and Witchekan Lake First Nation.[108]
Battlefords Tribal Council is based in North Battleford, Saskatchewan, The three member Nations are
Lucky Man Cree Nation, Little Pine First Nation, and Poundmaker First Nation.[109]
Interlake Reserves Tribal Council is a Tribal Council based in Fairford, Manitoba. The only Cree member
is Peguis First Nation.[110]
Without affiliation with any Tribal Council: Big Island Lake Cree Nation,[111] Thunderchild First
Nation.[112]
Tribal Chiefs Ventures is a Tribal council based in Edmonton with the following Cree members: Beaver
Lake Cree Nation, Heart Lake First Nation, Frog Lake First Nation, and Kehewin Cree Nation.
Beaver Hills Cree (Amiskwacīwiyiniwak)
Maskwacis Cree Tribal Council is based in the unincorporated community of Maskwacis, (formerly
Hobbema) Alberta. The members are: Ermineskin Cree Nation (formerly: Ermineskin's Band of Cree)
(also Nakoda), Louis Bull Tribe (formerly: Louis Bull's Band of Cree), Montana First Nation, and
Samson Cree Nation (formerly: Samson's Band of Cree).[113]
Yellowhead Tribal Council is based in Morinville, Alberta. Member nations are: Alexander First Nation,
Alexis Nakota Sioux First Nation, O'Chiese First Nation, and Sunchild First Nation.[114]
Not affiliated with any Tribal Council: Enoch Cree Nation (formerly: Enoch's Band of Cree) –
Winterburn, Alberta,[115] Paul First Nation (formerly: Paul's Band of Cree),[116] Saddle Lake Cree
Nation[117]
United States
Fort Peck Indian Reservation located near Fort Peck, Montana
Chippewa Cree on the Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation in northern

Montana
Fort Belknap Indian Reservation located at Fort Belknap Agency,

Montana
Montana Indian Reservations
Other First Nations
Papaschase First Nation, removed from land that now makes up southeast Edmonton, were a party to
Treaty 6 but are not recognized by the Canadian government.
Ethnobotany
The Cree use the pitch of Abies balsamea for menstrual irregularity, and take an infusion of the bark and
sometimes the wood for coughs. They use the pitch and grease used as an ointment for scabies and boils.
They apply a poultice of pitch applied to cuts. They also use a decoction of pitch and sturgeon oil used for
tuberculosis, and take an infusion of bark for tuberculosis. They also use the boughs to make brush
shelters and use the wood to make paddles.[118]
Hudson Bay Cree subgroup
The Hudson Bay Cree use a decoction of the leaves of Kalmia latifolia for diarrhea, but they consider the
plant to be poisonous.[119]
Woods Cree subgroup
The Woods Cree make use of Ribes glandulosum using a decoction

of the stem, either by itself or mixed with wild red raspberry, to
prevent clotting after birth, eat the berries as food, and use the stem
to make a bitter tea.[120] They make use of Vaccinium myrtilloides,
using a decoction of leafy stems used to bring menstruation and
prevent pregnancy, to make a person sweat, to slow excessive
menstrual bleeding, to bring blood after childbirth, and to prevent
miscarriage. They also use the berries to dye porcupine quills, eat
the berries raw, make them into jam and eat it with fish and
bannock, and boil or pound the sun-dried berries into Hudson Bay Cree use decoction.
pemmican.[121] They use the berries of the minus subspecies of
Vaccinium myrtilloides to colour porcupine quills, and put the firm,
ripe berries on a string to wear as a necklace.[122] They also incorporate the berries the minus subspecies
of Vaccinium myrtilloides into their cuisine. They store the berries by freezing them outside during the
winter, mix the berries with boiled fish eggs, livers, air bladders and fat and eat them, eat the berries raw
as a snack food, and stew them with fish or meat.[122]
Cree people
Janice Acoose, author, of Sakimay (Saulteaux) and Ninankawe Marival Métis ancestry
Nathaniel Arcand, actor
Irene Bedard, actress
Robyn Bourgeois, author and academic
Ashley Callingbull-Burnham, 2015 Mrs. Universe winner, actress and first nations activist
Mary Katherine Campbell, former Miss America pageant titleholder
Harold Cardinal, writer, political leader, teacher, and lawyer
Lorne Cardinal, actor
Tantoo Cardinal, actor
Jonathan Cheechoo, NHL and KHL hockey player
Billy Diamond, political leader, first Grand Chief of the Grand Council of the Crees (Eeyou Istchee)
Neil Diamond, filmmaker
Angela DeMontigny, fashion designer

Michael Eklund, actor
Connie Fife, poet
Theoren Fleury, retired NHL hockey player, humanitarian,
spokesperson, and author
Ralph Garvin Steinhauer, tenth Lieutenant Governor of Alberta
and first Aboriginal to hold that post.
Edward Gamblin, musician
Mary Greyeyes (1920–2011), the first First Nations woman to
join the Canadian Armed Forces
Michael Greyeyes, actor
Tomson Highway, playwright, librettist of the first Cree-language
opera
Tyson Houseman, actor
Helen Knott, activist and author
Cody Lightning, actor Mähsette Kuiuab, chief of the Cree,
Ovide Mercredi, National chief of the Assembly of First Nations 1840–1843, Karl Bodmer.
Delia Opekokew, lawyer and activist

Bronson Pelletier, actor
Romeo Saganash, Member of Parliament for Abitibi—Baie-
James—Nunavik—Eeyou, Quebec
Buffy Sainte-Marie, singer[123]
Paul Seesequasis, writer and journalist
Cree Summer, singer/actress
Roseanne Supernault, actress
Richard Throssel (1882–1933), photographer
Buffy Sainte-Marie, Cree singer-
Michelle Thrush, actor songwriter, performing in Norway,
Gordon Tootoosis, actor[124] 2012.
Shane Yellowbird, country singer
Alfred Young Man (b. 1948), educator, writer, curator, artist
Ethan Bear, (b. 1997), NHL hockey player for the Edmonton Oilers[125]
Loretta Todd, Film Director
See also
Cree syllabics
Wahkohtowin (Cree law)
James Bay Cree hydroelectric conflict
Michif
Okichitaw
Notes
a. Main references used for the Cree First Nation communities:
First Nation Profile:"Welcome to First Nation Detail" (https://web.archive.org/web/20191210162424/h
ttp://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Index.aspx?lasng=eng). Indigenous and Northern Affairs

Canada. 26 September 2019. Archived from the original (http://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/I
ndex.aspx?lasng=eng) on 10 December 2019. Retrieved 31 October 2019.
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Begins&B1=All&C1=All&SEX_ID=1&AGE_ID=1&RESGEO_ID=1). Statistics Canada. 21 June 2018.
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79. "Wabun Tribal Council" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NUMB
ER=1080&lang=eng). Tribal Council Detail. 3 November 2008.
80. "Fort Severn" (https://web.archive.org/web/20170505192414/http://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/M
ain/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=215&lang=eng). First Nation Detail. Archived from the
original (http://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=215&la
ng=eng) on 5 May 2017. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
81. "Keewatin Tribal Council" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NU
MBER=1022&lang=eng). Tribal Council Detail. 3 November 2008.
82. "PADC Management Company Ltd" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.asp
x?TC_NUMBER=1040&lang=eng). Tribal Council Detail. 3 November 2008.
83. "Swampy Cree Tribal Council Incorporated" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCM

ain.aspx?TC_NUMBER=1005&lang=eng). Tribal Council Detail. 3 November 2008.
84. "Fisher River" (http://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=2
64&lang=eng). First Nation Detail.
85. "Norway House Cree Nation" (http://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAN
D_NUMBER=278&lang=eng). First Nation Detail.
86. "Weenusk" (https://web.archive.org/web/20160215002709/http://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/Mai
n/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=146&lang=eng). First Nation Detail. Archived from the
ng=eng) on 15 February 2016. Retrieved 29 October 2019.
87. "Nisichawayasihk Cree Nation" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BA
ND_NUMBER=313&lang=eng). First Nation Detail. 3 November 2008.
88. "O-Pipon-Na-Piwin Cree Nation" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?B
89. "Cross Lake Band of Indians" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAN
90. "Athabasca Tribal Council Limited" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.asp
x?TC_NUMBER=1029&lang=eng). Tribal Council Detail. 3 November 2008.
91. "Bigstone Cree Nation" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NU
MBER=458&lang=eng). First Nation Detail. 3 November 2008.
92. "Kee Tas Kee Now Tribal Council" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?
TC_NUMBER=1052&lang=eng). First Nation Detail. 3 November 2008.
93. "Lesser Slave Lake Indian Regional Council" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TC
Main.aspx?TC_NUMBER=1025&lang=eng). Tribal Council Detail. 3 November 2008.
94. "MLTC Program Services Inc" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_
NUMBER=1120&lang=eng). Tribal Council Detail. 3 November 2008.
95. "North Peace Tribal Council" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_
96. "Western Cree Tribal Council" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_
97. "Battlefords Agency Tribal Chiefs" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?
TC_NUMBER=4451&lang=eng). Tribal Council Detail. 3 November 2008.
98. "File Hills Qu'Appelle Tribal Council" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/TCMain.as
px?TC_NUMBER=1041&lang=eng). Tribal Council Detail. 3 November 2008.
99. "Saskatoon Tribal Council" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_N
UMBER=1051&lang=eng). Tribal Council Detail. 3 November 2008.
00. "Touchwood Agency Tribal Council" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/TCMain.as
px?TC_NUMBER=1043&lang=eng). Tribal Council Detail. 3 November 2008.
01. "Yorkton Tribal Council" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?TC_NU
MBER=1122&lang=eng). Tribal Council Detail. 3 November 2008.
02. "Beardy's and Okemasis" (http://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_
NUMBER=369&lang=eng). First Nation Detail.
03. "Cowessess" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074455/http://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/M
ain/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=361&lang=eng). First Nation Detail. Archived from the
ng=eng) on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
04. "Ochapowace" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074508/http://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/

Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=363&lang=eng). First Nation Detail. Archived from the
ng=eng) on 6 December 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
05. "Onion Lake Cree Nation" (http://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_
06. "Pheasant Rump Nakota" (http://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_
07. "White Bear" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171020135148/http://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/FNP/
Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=365&lang=eng). First Nation Detail. Archived from the
ng=eng) on 20 October 2017. Retrieved 10 November 2019.
08. "Agency Chiefs Tribal Council" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/FNP/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?T
C_NUMBER=1087&lang=eng). Tribal Council Detail. 3 November 2008.
09. "Northwest Professional Services Corp" (http://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.
aspx?TC_NUMBER=3433&lang=eng). Tribal Council Detail.
10. "Peguis" (http://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=269&la
ng=eng). First Nation Detail.
11. "Big Island Lake Cree Nation" (http://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BA
ND_NUMBER=399&lang=eng). First Nation Detail.
12. "Thunderchild First Nation" (http://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND
_NUMBER=349&lang=eng). First Nation Detail.
13. "Maskwacis Cree Tribal Council" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCMain.aspx?T
C_NUMBER=9049&lang=eng). Tribal Council Detail. 3 November 2008.
14. "Yellowhead Tribal Council" (https://yellowheadtribalcouncil.ca/).
15. "Enoch Cree Nation No. 440" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAN
16. "Paul" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND_NUMBER=441&lan
g=eng). First Nation Detail. 3 November 2008.
17. "Saddle Lake Cree Nation" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/FNMain.aspx?BAND
_NUMBER=462&lang=eng). First Nation Detail. 3 November 2008.
18. Leighton, Anna L., 1985, Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central
Saskatchewan, Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series, page 21
19. Holmes, E.M. 1884 Medicinal Plants Used by Cree Indians, Hudson's Bay Territory. The
Pharmaceutical Journal and Transactions 15:302–304 (p. 303)
20. Leighton, Anna L. 1985 Wild Plant Use by the Woods Cree (Nihithawak) of East-Central
Saskatchewan. Ottawa. National Museums of Canada. Mercury Series (p. 54)
23. Simonot, Colette P. "Sainte-Marie, Buffy (Beverly) (1941–)" (https://teaching.usask.ca/indigenoussk/i
mport/sainte-marie_buffy_beverly_1941-.php). Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved
27 October 2019.
24. Nestor, Rob. "Tootoosis, Gordon (1941–2011)" (https://teaching.usask.ca/indigenoussk/import/tootoo
sis_gordon.php). Indigenous Saskatchewan Encyclopedia. Retrieved 27 October 2019.
25. "Ethan Bear to don jersey with Cree syllabics in exhibition game" (https://oilersnation.com/2020/07/2
8/ethan-bear-to-don-jersey-with-cree-syllabics-in-exhibition-game/). 28 July 2020.
Grant, Bruce (2000). The Concise Encyclopedia of the American Indian (https://archive.org/details/co
nciseencyclope00gran). New York: Wings Books. ISBN 0-517-69310-0.
Stevens, James R. (1971). Sacred Legends of the Sandy Lake Cree. McClelland and Stewart Ltd.
External links
Cree cultural site (https://web.archive.org/web/20010628183759/http://www.creeculture.ca/)
The East Cree language web (http://www.eastcree.org/)
The Cree-Innu linguistic atlas (http://www.atlas-ling.ca/)
Grand Council of the Crees (GCC) and Cree Nation Government (https://www.cngov.ca) – Official
website
Canada Government – Summary of the Agreement on the Cree Nation Governance (https://web.arc
hive.org/web/20181102131747/http://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/eng/1500394750433/1500394844909)
(in French)Quebec Government – Cree of Quebec (http://www.autochtones.gouv.qc.ca/relations_aut
ochtones/profils_nations/cris.htm)
The Plains Cree – Ethnographic, Historical and Comparative Study by David Mandelbaum (http://ww
w.schoolnet.ca/ABORIGINAL/Plains_Cree)
Lac La Ronge Band website (http://www.llrib.ca/)
Little Red River Cree Nation website (http://lrrcn.ab.ca/)
Brief history of Cree (https://web.archive.org/web/20061011164830/http://www.canadiangeographic.c
a/magazine/ND05/indepth/history.asp) from Canadian Geographic
CBC Digital Archives – James Bay Project and the Cree (http://archives.cbc.ca/IDD-1-69-94/life_soci
ety/james_bay/)
Pimooteewin, a first Cree language opera (http://www.cbc.ca/arts/theatre/highway.html)
Fisher River Cree Nation Official Website (http://www.fisherriver.com/)
The Gift of Language and Culture website (https://web.archive.org/web/20180804012235/http://giftofl
anguageandculture.ca/)
CBC Digital Archives – Eeyou Istchee: Land of the Cree (http://archives.cbc.ca/society/native_issue
s/topics/2473/)
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Néhinaw Néhiyaw: Sub-Groups / Geography Political Aboriginal Organization

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7/26/2021 Cree - Wikipedia

Including Atikamekw and Innu

Political aboriginal organization

As hunter-gatherers, the basic unit of organization for Cree peoples

Illustration of a Snake woman (left) and a Nehiyaw woman (right),

Identity and ethnicity

Given the traditional Cree acceptance of mixed marriages, it is

Chief Duckhunter Nehiyaw girl (1928)

In the United States

First Nation communities

The Naskapi are the Innu First Nations inhabiting a region of

Naskapi Nation of Kawawachikamach is located in the

Innu Nation of Matimekush-Lac John is based out of

Première Nation des Innus de Nutashkuan based on their reserve

Quebec.[42] Natashquan Airport is 1,035 km (643 mi) northeast of Sheshatshiu

Montagnais de Pakua Shipi located in the community of Pakuashipi

Montagnais de Unamen Shipu are located at La Romaine, Quebec

Pekuakamiulnuatsh First Nation is located on the reserve of Mashteuiatsh in the Saguenay–Lac-Saint-

Conseil de la Nation Atikamekw, officially named Atikamekw Sipi – Conseil de la Nation

Atikamekw d'Opitciwan live in Obedjiwan, Quebec on the north

James Bay Cree

Eeyou Istchee is a territory equivalent to a regional county municipality (TE) of Nord-du-Québec

Cree Nation of Chisasibi is at the Cree village of

Location of Eeyou Istchee within Québec

Black Sturgeon First Nation

Beaver Hills Cree (Amiskwacīwiyiniwak)

Fort Peck Indian Reservation located near Fort Peck, Montana

Chippewa Cree on the Rocky Boy's Indian Reservation in northern

Fort Belknap Indian Reservation located at Fort Belknap Agency,

Other First Nations

Hudson Bay Cree subgroup

Woods Cree subgroup

The Woods Cree make use of Ribes glandulosum using a decoction

Angela DeMontigny, fashion designer

Delia Opekokew, lawyer and activist

First Nation Profile:"Welcome to First Nation Detail" (https://web.archive.org/web/20191210162424/h

ttp://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Index.aspx?lasng=eng). Indigenous and Northern Affairs

16. Thompson, David (1971). "Life with the Nahathaways" (https://books.google.com/books?id=itEUAAA

36. "YUL- YNP, YYT-YNP" (http://www.gcmap.com/mapui?P=YUL-+YNP,+YYT-YNP). Great Circle

61. "YUL-YKU,YUL- ZEM,YUL-YNS,YUL-YKQ,YUL-YNC,YUL-YGW,YUL-YMT" (http://www.gcmap.com/

83. "Swampy Cree Tribal Council Incorporated" (http://fnp-ppn.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/fnp/Main/Search/TCM

04. "Ochapowace" (https://web.archive.org/web/20171206074508/http://fnp-ppn.aandc-aadnc.gc.ca/fnp/

Retrieved from "https://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Cree&oldid=1032409048"

This page was last edited on 7 July 2021, at 07:34 (UTC).

Text is available under the Creative Commons Attribution-ShareAlike License;

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