Infrared Spectroscopy is the analysis of infrared light interacting with a molecule.

This can be
analyzed in three ways by measuring absorption, emission and reflection. The main use of this
technique is in organic and inorganic chemistry. It is used by chemists to determine functional
groups in molecules. IR Spectroscopy measures the vibrations of atoms, and based on this it is
possible to determine the functional groups.5 Generally, stronger bonds and light atoms will
vibrate at a high stretching frequency (wavenumber)
The mechanism of chemical reactions and the detection of unstable substances can be
investigated with such instruments. Chemical compounds have different chemical properties due
to the presence of different functional groups.

What is Dipole Moment?

A dipole moment arises in any system in which there is a separation of charge. They can,
therefore, arise in ionic bonds as well as in covalent bonds. Dipole moments occur due to the
difference in electronegativity between two chemically bonded atoms.
A bond dipole moment is a measure of the polarity of a chemical bond between two atoms in a
molecule. It involves the concept of electric dipole moment, which is a measure of the separation
of negative and positive charges in a system
Inductive effect. 
The polarization of a σ bond due to electron withdrawing or electron donating effect of adjacent
groups or atoms is referred to as inductive effect. 
Mesomeric effect
It is defined as the polarity produced in the molecule by the interaction of two pi bonds or
between a pi bond and lone pair of electrons present on an adjacent atom.
A monochromator produces a beam of light with an extremely narrow bandwidth, or light of a
single color. It is used in optical measuring instruments where tunable monochromatic light is
sought
Diffraction gratings are optical devices that are used in instruments such as spectrometers to
separate polychromatic light into the underlying constituent wavelengths of which it is
comprised.
A diffraction grating is an optical element that divides (disperses) light composed of lots of
different wavelengths (e.g., white light) into light components by wavelength.
CIS and TRANS
In the field of organic chemistry, cis isomers contain functional groups on the same side of the
carbon chain whereas the functional groups are on opposite sides in trans isomers.