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UNICEF statement.
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Hypoglycaemia of the newborn
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1997, ii + 55 pages, WHO/CHD/97.1;
WHO/MSM/97.1
Order no. 1930165
Promoting breast-feeding in health facilities
(under revision)
1996, 391 pages, 154 colour slides, eight
training modules in loose-leaf binder,
WHO/NUT/96.3
Order no. 1930100
Breastfeeding counselling a training course,
1993
Document WHO/CHD/95.2
The Baby-friendly Hospital Initiative
Monitoring and reassessment: tools to sustain
progress
1999, four sections in a loose-leaf binder with
computerized reporting system, WHO/NHD/99.2
HIV and infant feeding (under revision)
. Guidelines for decision-makers
Document WHO/FRH/NUT/CHD/98.1
http://www.unaids.org/unaids/document/
mother-to-child/infantpolicy.pdf
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supervisors
Document WHO/FRH/NUT/CHD/98.2
http://www.unaids.org/unaids/document/
mother-to-child/infantguide.pdf
. A review of HIV transmission through breastfeeding
Document WHO/FRH/NUT/CHD/98.3
http://www.unaids.org./highband/document/
mother-to-child/hivmod3.pdf
Complementary feeding: family foods for
breastfed children
2000, iii + 52 pages
WHO/NHD/00.1; WHO/FCH/CAH/00.6
In developing countries: Sw.fr. 7.70.
Order no. 1930177
Complementary feeding of young children in
developing countries
A review of current scientific knowledge
1998, ix + 228 pages, WHO/NUT/98.1
Order no. 1930141
National infant and young child assessment
tool: practices, policies and programmes (in
preparation)
Complementary feeding counselling: a
training course (in preparation)
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Global strategy for infant and young child feeding.

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1.Infant nutrition 2.Breast feeding 3.Feeding behavior 4.National health programs

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1
Htpjk.wbz EB109.R18.
2
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rjyathtywbz gj gbnfyb.^ Hbv^ AFJ#DJP^ 1992 u&

2
 1& Ddtltybt

hfccvfnhbdfkfcm ghj,ktvf ghtleght;ltybz gthtlfxb DBX jn

vfnthb ht,tyre1 b rjycekmnfwbb ’rcgthnjd^ hfccvjnhtdib[ jgnb-
vfkmye. lkbntkmyjcnm bcrk.xbntkmyj uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz
(:tytdf^ 28-30 vfhnf 2001 u&)2&

D cjjndtncndbb c lfyysv gjl[jljv^ ghtlecvfnhbdf.obv exfcnbt

cnhfy d flfgnfwbb cnhfntubb r b[ rjyrhtnysv gjnht,yjcnzv c cfvjuj
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de.otq ghfrnbrt dcrfhvkbdfybz&
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lfyys[ zdkztncz df;ytqibv ’ktvtynjv ljcnb;tybz b gjl-
lth;fybz cjjndtncnde.otuj gbnfybz b pljhjdmz&
. Vfnthb b uhelyst ltnb ghtlcnfdkz.n cj,jq ytltkbve.
,bjkjubxtcre. b cjwbfkmye. tlbybwe* pljhjdmt b gbnfybt
jlyb[ ytjnltkbvj jn pljhjdmz b gbnfybz lheub[&

1
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pyfxtybt lkz gjkbnbrb% dsdjls b htrjvtylfwbb& Nt[ybxtcrfz rjycekmnfwbz DJP^
jhufybpjdfyyfz gj kbybb Vt;extht;ltyxtcrjq wtktdjq uheggs gj gthtlfxt DBX
jn vfnthb ht,tyre >YAGF#>YBCTA#DJP#>Y"QLC^ jrnz,hm 2001 u&^
:tytdf^ DJP (ljrevtyn WHO/RHR/01.28).
1
Jgnbvfkmyfz ghjljk;bntkmyjcnm bcrk.xbntkmyj uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz& Jn-
xtn rjycekmnfwbb ’rcgthnjd^ :tytdf^ DJP (ljrevtyn WHO/NHD/01.09, WHO/
FCH/CAH/01.24), vfhn 2001 u&

3
 Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

. Gjcnjzyyjt eltktybt df;yjuj dybvfybz djghjce ekexitybz

gbnfybz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf d catht
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ktnbz&
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yf ltqcndbq d j,kfcnb gbnfybz^ Byyjxtynbqcrjq ltrkfhfwbb
b Bybwbfnbds gj cjplfyb. d ,jkmybwf[ eckjdbq^
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ntkmcndfv^ vt;leyfhjlyjve cjj,otcnde b lheubv pfbynt-
htcjdfyysv cnjhjyfv erhtgbnm cdj. ghbdth;tyyjcnm ltke
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vbhf&
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nht,yjcnb&

4
2& Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb.
ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

Jghtltktybt ghj,ktvs
1& Ytljcnfnjxyjt bkb ytgjkyjwtyyjt gbnfybt zdkztncz ghzvjq bkb
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d ntxtybt gthds[ xtnsht[ vtczwtd ;bpyb* ghbrjhv xfcnj yfx-
byftncz ckbirjv hfyj bkb ckbirjv gjplyj^ f ghjlerns ghbrjh-
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jn gjcktlcndbq yfheitybz hfpdbnbz& Edtkbxtybt xbckf ckexftd
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2& Ceotcndetn ntcyfz dyenhtyyzz cdzpm vt;le pljhjdmtv b cjc-
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;fotuj cjcnjzybz pljhjdmz b gbnfybz cfvb[ ;tyoby yf
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gbnfybz b gkj[juj cjcnjzybz pljhjdmz& Ytpfdbcbvj jn njuj^ xnj
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vfnthtq^ nfr b ltntq&
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rfr erfpfyj d Rjydtywbb j ghfdf[ ht,tyrf& Ltnb bvt.n ghfdj yf

5
 Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

fltrdfnyjt gbnfybt b yf ljcneg r ,tpjgfcysv b gbnfntkmysv

gbotdsv ghjlernfv^ b j,f ’nb vjvtynf bvt.n ceotcndtyyjt
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dscituj ehjdyz pljhjdmz& :tyobys^ d cdj. jxthtlm^ bvt.n
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rjhvbnm cdjb[ ltntq^ b yf gjkye. byajhvfwb. b cjjndtncn-
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htitybz& Dj vyjub[ ckexfz[ ’nb ghfdf tot yt htfkbpjdfys&
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ctkmcrb[ hfqjyf[^ rjnjhst hf,jnf.n yf ct,z bkb bvt.n
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yfuhepre ,tp rfrjq-kb,j j[hfys vfnthbycndf& Ntv dhtvtytv
hfpheif.ncz nhflbwbjyyst cnhernehs gjllth;rb ctvmb b
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Jghtltktybt wtkb b pflfx

6& Wtkm ’njq cnhfntubb pfrk.xftncz d ekexitybb gjchtlcndjv
jgnbvfkmyjuj rjhvktybz cjcnjzybz gbnfybz^ hjcnf b hfpdbnbz^
pljhjdmz b nfrbv j,hfpjv ds;bdfybz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj
djphfcnf&

6
 2& Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

7& Rjyrhtnyst pflfxb ’njq cnhfntubb nfrjds%

. gjdscbnm byajhvbhjdfyyjcnm d jnyjitybb jcyjdys[
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uj b hfyytuj djphfcnf*
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jnyjitybb jgnbvfkmyjq ghfrnbrb rjhvktybz ltntq uhelyjuj
b hfyytuj djphfcnf&
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1
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7
 Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

Cjltqcndbt yflkt;fotve rjhvktyb. ltntq

uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf
10& Uhelyjt dcrfhvkbdfybt zdkztncz yfbkexibv cgjcj,jv ghtljc-
nfdktybz bltfkmyjuj gbnfybz lkz pljhjdjuj hjcnf b hfpdbnbz
ltntq uhelyjuj djphfcnf* jyj nfr;t zdkztncz cjcnfdyjq xfcnm.
htghjlernbdyjuj ghjwtccf c df;ysvb gjcktlcndbzvb lkz plj-
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lbgkjvbhjdfyys[ rjycekmnfynjd gj kfrnfwbb^ rjnjhst vjuen
gjvjxm cjplfnm edthtyyjcnm e vfnthtq^ ekexibnm nt[ybre rjhv-
ktybz b ghtljndhfofnm bkb htifnm djpybrf.obt ghj,ktvs&
12& :tyobyfv^ yf[jlzobvcz yf jgkfxbdftvjq hf,jnt^ vj;yj
gjvjxm d ghjljk;tybb uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz gjchtlcndjv
j,tcgtxtybz b[ vbybvfkmysvb ,kfujghbznysvb eckjdbzvb^
yfghbvth gentv ghtljcnfdktybz jgkfxbdftvs[ jngecrjd gj
,thtvtyyjcnb b hjlfv^ cjukfitybq j ytgjkyjv hf,jxtv lyt^

1
Rfr cajhvekbhjdfyj d pfrk.xtybz[ b htrjvtylfwbz[ rjycekmnfnbdyjuj cjdtof-
ybz ’rcgthnjd (:tytdf^ 28-30 vfhnf 2001 u&)^ rjnjhjt pfdthibkj cbcntvfnbxtcrbq
j,pjh jgnbvfkmyjq ghjljk;bntkmyjcnb bcrk.xbntkmyj uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz
(cv& ljrevtyn A54/INF.DOC./4). ~v& nfr;t htpjk.wb. WHA54&2&

8
 2& Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

ghtljcnfdktybb zcktq^ gjvtotybq b chtlcnd lkz cwt;bdfybz b

[hfytybz uhelyjuj vjkjrf^ f nfr;t gththsdjd lkz rjhvktybz
uhelm. (cv& geyrn 28)&
13& Ltnb uhelyjuj djphfcnf jcj,tyyj ezpdbvs dj dhtvz gtht[jlyj-
uj gthbjlf^ rjulf yfxbyftncz ghbrjhv& Nfrbv j,hfpjv^ lkz
eljdktndjhtybz b[ gjnht,yjcntq d gbnfybb nht,etncz^ xnj,s
ghbrjhv ,sk%
. cdjtdhtvtyysv^ nj tcnm njulf^ rjulf gjnht,yjcnm d ’ythubb b
gbnfntkmys[ ’ktvtynf[ ghtdsiftn nj^ xnj vj;tn ,snm
ghtljcnfdktyj gjchtlcndjv bcrk.xbntkmyjuj b xfcnjuj
uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz*
. fltrdfnysv^ nj tcnm c ljcnfnjxysv rjkbxtcndjv ’ythubb^
,tkrjd b gbnfntkmys[ vbrhj’ktvtynjd lkz eljdktndjhtybz
djphfcnf.ob[ gjnht,yjcntq ht,tyrf d gbnfybb*
. ,tpjgfcysv^ nj tcnm^ xnj,s [hfybkcz b ujnjdbkcz d ububtyb-
xtcrb[ eckjdbz[ b rjhvktybt ghjbpdjlbkjcm xbcnsvb herfvb
bp xbcnjq gjcels^ f yt bp hj;rf c cjcrjq*
. ghfdbkmysv^ nj tcnm ht,tyrf rjhvzn d cjjndtncndbb c tuj
pfghjcfvb b ghbpyfrfvb yfcsotybz^ f xfcnjnf rjhvktybz b
vtnjl ghbtvf gbob --- ghb frnbdyjv gjjohtybb ht,tyrf lf;t
dj dhtvz ,jktpyb r tt gjnht,ktyb. herfvb^ kj;rjq bkb
cfvjcnjzntkmyj --- cjjndtncnde.n lfyyjve djphfcne&
14& Yflkt;fobq ghbrjhv nht,etn njxyjq byajhvfwbb b rdfkbabwb-
hjdfyyjq gjllth;rb cj cnjhjys ctvmb^ j,obys b cbcntvs
vtlbrj-cfybnfhyjq gjvjob& Ytljcnfnjxyst pyfybz d jnyjitybb
yflkt;fob[ ghjlernjd gbnfybz b ghfrnbrb rjhvktybz xfcnj
zdkz.ncz ,jktt ceotcndtyysv jghtltkz.obv afrnjhjv ytljc-
nfnjxyjcnb gbnfybz^ xtv jncencndbt gbob& Rhjvt njuj^
nht,e.ncz hfpyjj,hfpyst gjl[jls lkz j,tcgtxtybz ljcnegf r
ghjlernfv gbnfybz^ rjnjhst fltrdfnysv j,hfpjv eljdktndjhzn
’ythutnbxtcrbt b gbnfntkmyst gjnht,yjcnb hfcneob[ ltntq^
yfghbvth bcgjkmpjdfybt ljvfiytq b yfhjlyjq nt[yjkjubb lkz
gjdsitybz gbnfntkmyjcnb^ ,bjecdjztvjcnb bkb cjlth;fybz
ytj,[jlbvs[ vbrhj’ktvtynjd d vtcnys[ ghjlernf[ gbnfybz&
15& J,tcgtxtybt lj,hjrfxtcndtyyjuj b jhbtynbhe.otujcz yf rekm-
nehye. chtle rjycekmnbhjdfybz d j,kfcnb gbnfybz lkz vfnthtq
ltntq hfyytuj djphfcnf^ f nfr;t j,tcgtxtybt htrjvtylfwbq d
jnyjitybb rfr vj;yj ,jktt ibhjrjuj bcgjkmpjdfybz vtcnys[
ghjlernjd gbnfybz gjvj;tn j,tcgtxbnm nfrjt gjkj;tybt^ rjulf

9
 Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

vtcnyst gbotdst ghjlerns gjlujnjdktys b gjnht,kz.ncz

,tpjgfcysv j,hfpjv d ljvfiyb[ eckjdbz[& Ctkmcrj[jpzqcndty-
ysq ctrnjh ljk;ty csuhfnm jcj,j df;ye. hjkm d j,tcgtxtybb
njuj^ xnj,s ghjbpdjlbkbcm^ bvtkbcm d yfkbxbb b ,skb ljcnegys
gjl[jlzobt ghjlerns gbnfybz lkz bcgjkmpjdfybz d ghbrjhvt&
16& Rhjvt njuj^ ytljhjujq ghbrjhv^ ghbujnjdktyysq bp bvt.ob[cz
yf vtcnt cjcnfdys[ xfcntq^ d yt,jkmib[ rjkbxtcndf[ b d
ljvfiytq j,cnfyjdrt vj;tn gjvjxm eljdktndjhtyb. gj-
nht,yjcntq uhelys[ ltntq cnfhituj djphfcnf b ltntq hfyytuj
djphfcnf d j,kfcnb gbnfybz& Ghbrjhvs ghjvsiktyyjuj ghjbp-
djlcndf nfr;t vjuen bcgjkmpjdfnm nt vfnthb^ rjnjhst hfcgj-
kfuf.n chtlcndfvb lkz b[ gjregrb^ f nfr;t pyfybtv b
djpvj;yjcnzvb ,tpjgfcyjuj ghbujnjdktybz b gjnht,ktybz&
J,hf,jnfyyst gbotdst ghjlerns lkz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj
djphfcnf ljk;ys ghb ghjlf;t bkb ghb hfcghjcnhfytybb bysv
j,hfpjv jndtxfnm cjjndtncnde.obv cnfylfhnfv^ htrjvtylj-
dfyysv Rjvbccbtq gj Rjltrc fkbvtynfhbec^ f nfr;t Rjltrcjv
ububtybxtcrjq ghfrnbrb d jnyjitybb ghjlernjd gbnfybz lkz
ltntq uhelyjuj b cnfhituj djphfcnf Rjltrcf fkbvtynfhbec&
17& Njve^ xnj,s uhelyst ltnb ,jktt cnfhituj djphfcnf b ltnb
hfyytuj djphfcnf gjkexfkb fltrdfnyjt rjkbxtcndj gbnfntkmys[
’ktvtynjd^ vj;tn nfr;t cgjcj,cndjdfnm j,jufotybt gbotds[
ghjlernjd b j,obt bkb ds,jhjxyst lj,fdrb gbnfntkmys[
’ktvtynjd&

Lheubt fkmnthyfnbds rjhvktybz

18& Gjlfdkz.ott xbckj vfnthtq vjuen b ljk;ys rjhvbnm uhelm.^
b gjlfdkz.ott xbckj ltntq uhelyjuj djphfcnf vjuen b ljk;ys
dcrfhvkbdfnmcz uhelm.& Kbim d bcrk.xbntkmys[
j,cnjzntkmcndf[ vjkjrj vfnthb vj;tn cxbnfnmcz ytghbujlysv
lkz tt ht,tyrf& D ’nb[ htlrb[ cbnefwbz[^ cdzpfyys[ cj
pljhjdmtv^ rjulf uhelys[ ltntq ytdjpvj;yj b yt cktletn
rjhvbnm uhelm.^ ds,jh jgnbvfkmyjq fkmnthyfnbds ---
cwt;tyyjt vfnthbycrjt vjkjrj^ vjkjrj jn pljhjdjq rjhvb-
kbws bkb bp ,fyrf uhelyjuj vjkjrf^ kb,j pfvtybntkm uhelyjuj
vjkjrf^ rjnjhsv rjhvzn bp xfirb^ xnj zdkztncz ,jktt
,tpjgfcysv vtnjljv^ xtv rjhvktybt bp hj;rf^ --- pfdbcbn jn
bylbdblefkmys[ j,cnjzntkmcnd&
19& Xnj rfcftncz ltntq uhelyjuj djphfcnf^ rjnjhst yt gjkexf.n
uhelyjuj vjkjrf^ nj^ rfrbv j,hfpjv rjhvbnm ltntq gjl[jlzobv
pfvtybntktv uhelyjuj vjkjrf^ yfghbvth ltncrjq cvtcm.^ ghbuj-

10
 2& Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

njdktyyjq d cjjndtncndbb c ghbvtyztvsvb yjhvfvb Rjltrcf

fkbvtynfhbec^ bkb cvtcm.^ ghbujnjdktyyjq d ljvfiyb[ eckjdbz[^
c lj,fdrfvb gbnfntkmys[ vbrhj’ktvtynjd^ ljk;yj gjrfpsdfnmcz
kbim hf,jnybrfvb plhfdjj[hfytybz bkb lheubvb hf,jnybrfvb
j,obys ghb ytj,[jlbvjcnb b njkmrj ntv vfnthzv b lheubv
xktyfv ctvmb^ rjnjhst ljk;ys bvb gjkmpjdfnmcz* cjj,oftvst
ghb ’njv cdtltybz ljk;ys drk.xfnm d ct,z yflkt;fobt bycnher-
wbb d jnyjitybb cjjndtncnde.otq gjlujnjdrb^ f nfr;t d jnyjit-
ybb jgfcyjcntq lkz pljhjdmz d htpekmnfnt ytghfdbkmyjq gjluj-
njdrb b bcgjkmpjdfybz& Ltnzv uhelyjuj djphfcnf^ rjnjhs[ yt
rjhvzn uhelm. gj rfrbv-kb,j ghbxbyfv^ ytj,[jlbvj eltkznm
jcj,jt dybvfybt cj cnjhjys cbcntvs plhfdjj[hfytybz b cjwbfkm-
yjuj j,tcgtxtybz^ b,j jyb d[jlzn d uhegge hbcrf&

Rjhvktybt d bcrk.xbntkmyj nhelys[ eckjdbz[

20& Ctvmb^ yf[jlzobtcz d nhelys[ cbnefwbz[^ nht,e.n jcj,juj
dybvfybz b ghfrnbxtcrjq gjllth;rb^ c ntv xnj,s jyb vjukb
ghfdbkmyj rjhvbnm cdjb[ ltntq& D nfrb[ ckexfz[ gjdsiftncz
dthjznyjcnm bcrk.xtybz uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz^ f nfr;t
gjdsiftncz jgfcyjcnm bcreccndtyyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz b ytghf-
dbkmyjuj ghbrjhvf& Gj djpvj;yjcnb vfnthb b uhelyst ltnb
ljk;ys jcnfdfnmcz dvtcnt b bv ljk;yf jrfpsdfnmcz gjllth;rf^
rjnjhfz nht,etncz lkz yfb,jktt gjl[jlzotuj rjhvktybz d
lfyys[ eckjdbz[&
21& Ltnb uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf^ rjnjhst gjkexf.n ytljcnf-
njxyjt gbnfybt^ xfot dctuj yf[jlzncz d nfrb[ eckjdbz[^ ult
gjdsitybt rfxtcndf b rjkbxtcndf gjnht,ktybz gbob jcj,tyyj
ghj,ktvfnbxyj& Lkz ghtljndhfotybz htwblbdjd b ghtjljktybz
gjcktlcndbq [hjybxtcrjq ytljcnfnjxyjcnb gbnfybz ’nbv ltnzv
ytj,[jlbvj eltkznm ljgjkybntkmyjt dybvfybt rfr d ntxtybt
hfyytq afps htf,bkbnfwbb^ nfr b d ntxtybt ,jktt lkbntkmyjuj
chjrf& Gjcrjkmre vj;tn jrfpfnmcz jcj,tyyj nhelysv ljcnfnm
gbnfntkmyst b ,tpjgfcyst ghjlerns ghbrjhvf^ ’nbv ltnzv^
djpvj;yj^ gjnht,e.ncz lbtnbxtcrbt lj,fdrb& Lfkmytqitt
xfcnjt rjhvktybt uhelm. b^ d ckexft ytj,[jlbvjcnb^ htkfr-
nfwbz zdkz.ncz df;ysvb ghjabkfrnbxtcrbvb vthfvb^ gjc-
rjkmre ytljcnfnjxyjcnm gbnfybz xfcnj djpybrftn d htpekmnfnt
ytljcnfnjxyjuj b ghthsdftvjuj uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz&
22& Ljkz ltntq uhelyjuj djphfcnf c ybprjq vfccjq ntkf ghb hj;ltybb
rjkt,ktncz d ghtltkf[ jn 6¢ lj ,jktt 28¢ d pfdbcbvjcnb jn
cbnefwbb& <jkmibycndj ltntq hj;lf.ncz d chjr bkb gjxnb d chjr^

11
 Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

b b[ vj;yj rjhvbnm uhelm. d ghtltkf[ xfcf gjckt hj;ltybz&

Uhelyjt vjkjrj jcj,tyyj df;yj lkz ytljyjityys[ ltntq b lkz
yt,jkmijuj xbckf ljyjityys[ ltntq c jxtym ybprjq vfccjq ntkf
ghb hj;ltybb* jyb gjldthuf.ncz gjdsityyjve hbcre byatrwbb^
[hjybxtcrb jckf,ktyyjuj pljhjdmz b cvthnb&

23& Ltnb uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf yf[jlzncz chtlb yfb,jktt

ezpdbvs[ ;thnd cnb[bqys[ bkb fynhjgjutyys[ xhtpdsxfqys[
cbnefwbq& Ghthsdftvjt uhelyjt dcrfhvkbdfybt b ytghfdbkmysq
ghbrjhv gjdsif.n hbcr ytljegbnfyyjcnb^ ,jktpytq b cvthnb&
Ytrjynhjkbhetvjt hfcghjcnhfytybt pfvtybntktq uhelyjuj vj-
kjrf^ yfghbvth d kfuthz[ ,t;tywtd^ vj;tn ghbdtcnb r ght;ltd-
htvtyyjve b ytye;yjve ghtrhfotyb. uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz&
D jnyjitybb gjlfdkz.otuj ,jkmibycndf uhelys[ ltntq jcyjd-
yjt dybvfybt cktletn eltkznm j[hfyt^ gjjohtyb. b gjllth;rt
uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz b j,tcgtxtyb. cdjtdhtvtyyjuj^
,tpjgfcyjuj b yflkt;fotuj ghbrjhvf& Dctulf ,eltn ceotcndj-
dfnm yt,jkmijt xbckj ltntq uhelyjuj djphfcnf^ rjnjhs[
ytj,[jlbvj rjhvbnm pfvtybntkzvb uhelyjuj vjkjrf& Cktletn
j,tcgtxbdfnm gjl[jlzobvb pfvtybntkzvb^ rjnjhst gjc-
nfdkz.ncz^ hfcghtltkz.ncz b ghtljcnfdkz.ncz lkz rjhvktybz
d ,tpjgfcys[ eckjdbz[ d rfxtcndt xfcnb cnfylfhnyjuj gthtxyz
ghjlernjd gbnfybz b ktrfhcndtyys[ chtlcnd&

24& Cjukfcyj jwtyrfv^ t;tujlyj jn DBX-byabwbhjdfyys[ ;tyoby

hj;lftncz 1^6 vbkkbjyf ltntq^ ukfdysv j,hfpjv d cnhfyf[ c
ybprbvb lj[jlfvb& F,cjk.nysq hbcr gthtlfxb DBX-byatrwbb
gjchtlcndjv uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz d ntxtybt ,jktt jlyjuj
ujlf^ d ukj,fkmys[ vfcinf,f[ cjcnfdkz.obq 10¢-20¢^
ytj,[jlbvj cjhfpvthznm c edtkbxtybtv hbcrf pf,jktdftvjcnb
b cvthnyjcnb d nt[ ckexfz[^ rjulf ltntq uhelyjuj djphfcnf yt
rjhvzn uhelm.& Dct DBX-byabwbhjdfyyst vfnthb ljk;ys
gjkexfnm rjycekmnfwbb^ rjnjhst drk.xf.n ghtljcnfdktybt
j,otq byajhvfwbb j njv^ rfrjt gbnfybt ytj,[jlbvj bv cfvbv^
b j hbcrt b ghtbveotcndf[ hfpkbxys[ dbljd rjhvktybz^ f nfr;t
rjyrhtnyjt herjdjlcndj gj ds,jhe dfhbfynf rjhvktybz^
yfb,jktt gjl[jlzotuj lkz b[ cbnefwbb& Lkz ltntq DBX-
gjpbnbdys[ vfnthtq^ rjnjhst htibkb yt rjhvbnm b[ uhelm.^
ytj,[jlbvj fltrdfnyjt pfvtof.ott gbnfybt& "nj nht,etn
gj[jlzotuj pfvtybntkz uhelyjuj vjkjrf^ yfghbvth ltncrjq
gbnfntkmyjq cvtcb^ ghbujnjdktyyjq d cjjndtncndbb c ghbvtyb-
vsvb cnfylfhnfvb Rjltrcf fkbvtynfhbec^ bkb gbnfntkmyjq
cvtcb^ ghbujnjdktyyjq d ljvfiyb[ eckjdbz[^ c lj,fdrfvb

12
 2& Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

gbnfntkmys[ vbrhj’ktvtynjd& D ytrjnjhs[ ckexfz[ dfhbfynjv

vj;tn cke;bnm ghjitlitt nthvbxtcre. j,hf,jnre uhelyjt
vjkjrj bkb uhelyjt vjkjrj DBX-ytufnbdyjq vfnthb& Xnj,s yt
vtifnm ltzntkmyjcnb gj gjjohtyb. uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz
lkz gjlfdkz.otuj ,jkmibycndf ltntq^ j,tcgtxtybt pfvtyb-
ntkzvb uhelyjuj vjkjrf lkz nfrb[ ltntq ljk;yj cjjndtncndj-
dfnm ghbywbgfv b wtkzv Vt;leyfhjlyjuj cdjlf ghfdbk gj
c,sne pfvtybntktq uhelyjuj vjkjrf (cv& geyrn 19)& Lkz
vfnthtq^ ghjdthrf rjnjhs[ yf DBX-byatrwb. gjrfpfkf jnhbwf-
ntkmyst htpekmnfns bkb rjnjhst yt ghj[jlbkb ghjdthrb^
bcrk.xbntkmyj uhelyjt dcrfhvkbdfybt jcnftncz htrjvtylet-
vsv dfhbfynjv gbnfybz (cv& geyrn 10)&
25& Ltnb^ ;bdeobt d jcj,s[ eckjdbz[^ nfr;t nht,e.n ljgjkybntkm-
yjuj dybvfybz^ yfghbvth cbhjns b ghbtvyst ltnb^ f nfr;t ltnb
ytcjdthityyjktnyb[ vfnthtq^ ;tyoby^ bvt.ob[ cjvfnbxtcrbt
yfheitybz bkb evcndtyyst ytljcnfnrb^ yfhrjnbxtcre.#fkrj-
ujkmye. pfdbcbvjcnm^ bkb vfnthtq^ yf[jlzob[cz d pfrk.xtybb^
kb,j jnyjczob[cz r j,tpljktyysv bkb bysv j,hfpjv vfhuby-
fkbpjdfyysv uheggfv yfctktybz&

Ekexitybt ghfrnbrb rjhvktybz

26& Vfnthb^ jnws b lheubt kbwf^ jceotcndkz.obt e[jl pf ltnmvb^
ljk;ys bvtnm ljcneg r j,]trnbdyjq^ gjcktljdfntkmyjq b
gjkyjq byajhvfwbb j yflkt;fotq ghfrnbrt rjhvktybz^
cdj,jlyjq jn rjvvthxtcrjuj dkbzybz& D xfcnyjcnb^ jyb ljk;ys
pyfnm dct j htrjvtyljdfyyjv gthbjlt bcrk.xbntkmyjuj b
ghjljk;f.otujcz uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz* chjrb dtltybz^
dbl^ j,]tv b xfcnjnyjcnm ghbrjhvf* f nfr;t vtnjls
,tpjgfcyjuj rjhvktybz ’nbvb ghjlernfvb gbnfybz&
27& Vfnthb ljk;ys bvtnm ljcneg r rdfkbabwbhjdfyyjq gjllth;rt
lkz jrfpfybz bv gjvjob d yfxbyfybb b gjllth;fybb ghfrnbrb
yflkt;fotuj rjhvktybz^ f nfr;t lkz ghtleght;ltybz nhel-
yjcntq b ghtjljktybz b[ d nt[ ckexfz[^ rjulf jyb dcnhtxf.ncz&
Rdfkbabwbhjdfyyst hf,jnybrb plhfdjj[hfytybz bvt.n [j-
hjibt djpvj;yjcnb lkz jrfpfybz ’njq gjllth;rb^ rjnjhfz
ljk;ys ,snm j,zpfntkmyjq xfcnm. yt njkmrj yf,k.ltybz pf
,thtvtyysvb^ hjljd b e[jlf d gjcnyfnfkmyjv gthbjlt^ yj nfr;t
eckeu^ ghtljcnfdkztvs[ pljhjdsv b ,jkmysv ltnzv& D ’njv
jnyjitybb nfr;t df;ye. hjkm buhf.n ctnb yf ehjdyt j,oby^
ghtlkfuf.obt jhufybpfwb. uhegg dpfbvyjq gjllth;rb vf-
nthtq b gjlujnjdktyys[ rjycekmnfynjd gj djghjcfv uhelyjuj

13
 Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

dcrfhvkbdfybz^ hf,jnf.ob[ d cbcntvt vtlbrj-cfybnfhyjq

gjvjob bkb d ntcyjv cjnhelybxtcndt c ytq& D njv^ xnj rfcftncz
jnwjd^ nj yfexyst bccktljdfybz gjrfpsdf.n^ xnj uhelyjt
dcrfhvkbdfybt ekexiftncz d htpekmnfnt gjllth;rb b
lhe;tcrjuj jnyjitybz^ rjnjhjt jyb ghjzdkz.n d rfxtcndt
rjhvbkmwtd ctvtq b kbw^ jceotcndkz.ob[ e[jl pf ltnmvb&
28& Vfnthb ljk;ys nfr;t bvtnm djpvj;yjcnb lkz ghjljk;tybz
uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz b e[jlf pf cdjbvb ltnmvb gjckt njuj^ rfr
jyb djpdhfnzncz r jgkfxbdftvjq hf,jnt& "njuj vj;yj ljcnbxm
gjchtlcndjv ghbvtytybz pfrjyjlfntkmcndf b cjjndtncnde.ob[
vth d j,kfcnb j[hfys vfnthbycndf d cjjndtncndbb c Rjydtywbtq
VJN j, j[hfyt vfnthbycndf^ 2000 u&^ No& 183 b Htrjvtylfwbtq
VJN j, j[hfyt vfnthbycndf^ 2000 u&^ No& 191& Dctv ;tyobyfv^
hf,jnf.obv dyt ljvf^ ljk;ys ghtljcnfdkznmcz jngecrf gj
,thtvtyyjcnb b hjlfv^ djpvj;yjcnb gjvtcnbnm ht,tyrf d zckb b
jgkfxbdftvst gththsds lkz uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz&
29& Ytghthsdyst rkbybxtcrbt bccktljdfybz b bpextybt yfhjljyfctkt-
ybz^ f nfr;t bpextybt ghj,ktv gjdtltybz zdkz.ncz jcyjdjgjkf-
uf.obvb cjcnfdysvb xfcnzvb d ltkt ekexitybz ghfrnbrb
rjhvktybz& R htif.obv j,kfcnzv jnyjczncz% pfdthitybt b
ghbvtytybt yjds[ vt;leyfhjlys[ cghfdjxys[ lfyys[ d jnyjit-
ybb hjcnf^ ghjabkfrnbrf b ,jhm,f c ytljcnfnjxyjcnm. gbnf-
ntkmys[ vbrhj’ktvtynjd^ ghfuvfnbxtcrbt gjl[jls b vthjghbznbz
yf jcyjdt j,obys d wtkz[ ekexitybz uhelyjuj rjhvktybz b
ghfrnbrb ljgjkybntkmyjuj gbnfybz^ ekexitybt gbnfybz vfnthtq b
bc[jlf ,thtvtyyjcnb^ f nfr;t vthjghbznbz gj ghtleght;ltyb.
gthtlfxb DBX jn vfnthb ht,tyre d ghjwtcct rjhvktybz&

Ljcnb;tybt wtktq cnhfntubb

30& Gthdsq ifu r ljcnb;tyb. wtktq yfcnjzotq cnhfntubb pfrk.-
xftncz d gjlndth;ltybb frnefkmyjcnb bkb crjhtt bcrk.xbntkm-
yjq df;yjcnb jgthfnbdys[ wtktq Byyjxtynbqcrjq ltrkfhfwbb
j, j[hfyt^ gjjohtybb b gjllth;rt uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz1%
1
Yf cjdtofybb dj Akjhtywbb^ Bnfkbz^ d b.kt 1990 u& ghtlcnfdbntkb ghfdbntkmcnd^
jghtltkz.obt gjkbnbre^ bp ,jktt xtv 30 cnhfy ghbyzkb Byyjxtynbqcre.
ltrkfhfwb. j, j[hfyt^ gjjohtybb b gjllth;rt uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz& Cjhjr
xtndthnfz ctccbz Dctvbhyjq fccfv,ktb plhfdjj[hfytybz d 1991 u& ghbdtncndjdfkf
’ne Ltrkfhfwb. sd rfxtcndt jcyjds lkz vt;leyfhjlyjq gjkbnbrb b ltqcndbq d
j,kfcnb plhfdjj[hfytybz’ b ghtlkj;bkf Utythfkmyjve lbhtrnjhe ghjdtcnb
vjybnjhbyu ljcnb;tybz tt wtktq (htpjk.wbz WHA44&33)&

14
 2& Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

. yfpyfxtybt yfwbjyfkmyjuj rjjhlbyfnjhf gj djghjcfv uhel-

yjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz c cjjndtncnde.obvb gjkyjvjxbzvb b
exht;ltybt vyjujctrnjhfkmyjuj yfwbjyfkmyjuj rjvbntnf gj
djghjce uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz d cjcnfdt ghtlcnfdbntktq bp
cjjndtncnde.ob[ ghfdbntkmcndtyys[ ltgfhnfvtynjd^ ytghf-
dbntkmcndtyys[ jhufybpfwbq b fccjwbfwbq cgtwbfkbcnjd
plhfdjj[hfytybz*
. j,tcgtxtybt njuj^ xnj,s rf;ljt exht;ltybt^ ghtljcnfd-
kz.ott eckeub d j,kfcnb j[hfys vfnthbycndf^ gjkyjcnm.
dsgjkyzkj dct ‘Ltcznm ghbywbgjd ecgtiyjuj uhelyjuj
dcrfhvkbdfybz\^ bpkj;tyys[ d pfzdktybb DJP#>YBCTA
gj uhelyjve dcrfhvkbdfyb. b cke;,fv hjljdcgjvj;tybz1*
. cjltqcndbt jceotcndktyb. ghbywbgjd b wtktq Vt;leyf-
hjlyjuj cdjlf ghfdbk gj c,sne pfvtybntktq uhelyjuj vjkjrf
b gjcktle.ob[ htpjk.wbq Fccfv,ktb plhfdjj[hfytybz gj
’njve djghjce d b[ gjkyjv j,]tvt*
. ghbyznbt pfrjyjlfntkmcndf gj j[hfyt ghfd hf,jnf.ob[
;tyoby b j,tcgtxtybt chtlcnd tuj jceotcndktybz&
31& Vyjubt ghfdbntkmcndf ghtlghbyzkb df;yst ifub gj htfkbpfwbb
’nb[ wtktq^ b d htpekmnfnt ,skj ljcnbuyenj vyjujt^ bvtyyj
,kfujlfhz Bybwbfnbdt gj cjplfyb. d ,jkmybwf[ eckjdbq^
,kfujghbznys[ lkz uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz^ f nfr;t pfrjyjlf-
ntkmcnde b lheubv vthfv^ rjnjhst ,skb ghbyzns d jnyjitybb
c,snf pfvtybntktq uhelyjuj vjkjrf& Jlyfrj ljcnb;tybz yt
dtplt ,skb jlbyfrjdsvb^ b ceotcnde.n ghbpyfrb jckf,ktybz
j,zpfntkmcnd^ yfghbvth gthtl kbwjv gfyltvbb DBX#CGBLf^ f
nfr;t d jnyjitybb xbckf b cthmtpyjcnb ckj;ys[ xhtpdsxfqys[
gjkj;tybq^ jrfpsdf.ob[ dhtlyjt djpltqcndbt yf ltntq uhelyj-
uj b hfyytuj djphfcnf& Rhjvt njuj^ Byyjxtynbqcrfz ltrkfhfwbz
rjywtynhbhetncz bcrk.xbntkmyj yf uhelyjv dcrfhvkbdfybb&
Gj’njve nht,e.ncz ljgjkybntkmyst wtkb lkz jnhf;tybz rjv-
gktrcyjuj gjl[jlf r eljdktndjhtyb. gjnht,yjcntq d e[jlt b
rjhvktybb d ntxtybt gthds[ nht[ ktn ;bpyb gjchtlcndjv
ghtlghbyznbz ibhjrjuj hzlf dpfbvjcdzpfyys[ ltqcndbq&
32& D cdtnt yfrjgktyys[ yfexys[ lfyys[ b jgsnf d j,kfcnb
gjkbnbrb b ghjuhfvv yfcnegbkj dhtvz^ lkz njuj xnj,s
ghfdbntkmcndf ghb gjllth;rt vt;leyfhjlys[ jhufybpfwbq b
lheub[ pfbynthtcjdfyys[ cnjhjy%
1
J[hfyf^ gjjohtybt b gjllth;rf uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz% jcj,fz hjkm hjljdcgj-
vjufntkmys[ cke;,& Cjdvtcnyfz ltrkfhfwbz DJP#>YBCTA^ :tytdf^ DJP^ 1989 u&

15
 Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

. gthtcvjnhtkb djghjc j njv^ rfr yfbkexibv j,hfpjv

j,tcgtxbnm yflkt;fott rjhvktybt ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj
djphfcnf b djpj,yjdbnm cdjt rjkktrnbdyjt j,zpfntkmcndj
htibnm ’ne ghj,ktve*
. exhtlbnm ’aatrnbdyst dctj,]tvk.obt jhufys lkz herjdjl-
cndf jceotcndktybtv yfcnjzotq cnhfntubb d rfxtcndt crjjhlb-
ybhjdfyys[ vyjujctrnjhfkmys[ yfwbjyfkmys[ ltqcndbq dct[
pfbynthtcjdfyys[ cnjhjy d jndtn yf vyjujxbcktyyst ghj,-
ktvs rjhvktybz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf1*
. cjplfnm cbcntve htuekzhyjuj vjybnjhbyuf ghfrnbrb gbnfybz^
jwtyrb ntyltywbq^ bcgjkmpez lfyyst^ hfperhegytyyst gj
gjkjdjve ghbpyfre^ b djpltqcndbz jceotcndkztvs[ vthj-
ghbznbq&
33& C extnjv ’nb[ cjj,hf;tybq ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz ghtlecvf-
nhbdftn d rfxtcndt ghbjhbntnf lkz dct[ ghfdbntkmcnd ljc-
nb;tybt cktle.ob[ ljgjkybntkmys[ jgthfnbdys[ wtktq2%
. hfphf,jnfnm^ jceotcndkznm^ ghjdjlbnm vjybnjhbyu b jwtyre
rjvgktrcyjq gjkbnbrb d j,kfcnb gbnfybz ltntq uhelyjuj b
hfyytuj djphfcnf d rjyntrcnt yfwbjyfkmyjq gjkbnbrb b
ghjuhfvv gj gbnfyb.^ j[hfyt pljhjdmz ht,tyrf b htghjler-
nbdyjve pljhjdm.^ f nfr;t cjrhfotyb. ,tlyjcnb*
. ghtlghbyznm vths lkz j,tcgtxtybz njuj^ xnj,s ctrnjh
plhfdjj[hfytybz b lheubt cjjndtncnde.obt ctrnjhs j[hf-
yzkb^ gjjohzkb b gjllth;bdfkb bcrk.xbntkmyj uhelyjt
dcrfhvkbdfybt d ntxtybt itcnb vtczwtd b lfkmytqitt uhelyjt
dcrfhvkbdfybt lj djphfcnf lde[ bkb ,jktt ktn ghb jlyjdht-
vtyyjv ghtljcnfdktybb ;tyobyfv ljcnegf r njq gjllth;rt^
rjnjhfz bv nht,etncz^ --- d ctvmt^ j,obyt b yf hf,jxb[ vtcnf[
--- lkz ljcnb;tybz ’njq wtkb*
. cjltqcndjdfnm cdjtdhtvtyyjve^ fltrdfnyjve^ ,tpjgfcyjve b
yflkt;fotve ghbrjhve ghb ghjljk;tybb uhelyjuj
dcrfhvkbdfybz*

1
D cjjndtncndbb c ’njq wtkm. Byyjxtynbqcrjq ltrkfhfwbb ,jktt 100 cnhfy e;t
yfpyfxbkb yfwbjyfkmyjuj rjjhlbyfnjhf gj djghjcfv uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz b
exhtlbkb vyjujctrnjhfkmysq yfwbjyfkmysq rjvbntn& "nb vths^ djpvj;yj^
gjpdjkzn cajhvbhjdfnm jcyjde lkz cjplfybz yjdjuj jhufyf^ ghbpsd r rjnjhjve
pltcm cjlth;bncz&
2
Ghfdbntkmcndfv cktletn ecnfyfdkbdfnm htfkbcnbxyst chjrb ljcnb;tybz dct[
wtktq ukj,fkmyjq cnhfntubb b jghtltkznm gjllf.obtcz bpvthtyb. gjrfpfntkb^
xnj,s ljcnbxm ghjuhtccf d ’njv jnyjitybb&

16
 2& Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

. j,tcgtxbnm jhbtynbhs d jnyjitybb rjhvktybz ltntq uhelyj-

uj b hfyytuj djphfcnf d xhtpdsxfqyj nhelys[
j,cnjzntkmcndf[ b cdzpfyyjq c ybv gjllth;rb^ rjnjhfz
nht,etncz vfnthzv^ ctvmzv b lheubv kbwfv^ jceotcnd-
kz.obv e[jl pf ltnmvb*
. hfccvjnhtnm djghjc j njv^ rfrbt vjuen gjnht,jdfnmcz yjdst
pfrjyjlfntkmyst bkb lheubt gjl[jlzobt vths d rfxtcndt
xfcnb rjvgktrcyjq gjkbnbrb d j,kfcnb gbnfybz ltntq
uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf lkz djgkjotybz ghbywbgjd b
ljcnb;tybz wtkb Vt;leyfhjlyjuj cdjlf ghfdbk c,snf
pfvtybntktq uhelyjuj vjkjrf b gjcktle.ob[ htpjk.wbq
Fccfv,ktb plhfdjj[hfytybz gj ’njve djghjce&

Gthdjjxthtlyst ltqcndbz
34& Rjvgktrcyfz yfwbjyfkmyfz gjkbnbrf^ jcyjdfyyfz yf ofntkm-
yjq jwtyrt gjnht,yjcntq^ ljk;yf cgjcj,cndjdfnm cjplfyb.
j,cnfyjdrb^ rjnjhfz j[hfyztn^ gjjohztn b gjllth;bdftn
cjjndtncnde.oe. ghfrnbre rjhvktybz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyyt-
uj djphfcnf& "aatrnbdyfz gjkbnbrf d j,kfcnb rjhvktybz^
cjukfce.ofzcz c ecbkbzvb gj erhtgktyb. j,otq ,tpjgfcyjcnb
gbotds[ ghjlernjd d ljvfiytv [jpzqcndt^ nht,etn jceot-
cndktybz cktle.ob[ xhtpdsxfqyj df;ys[ vthjghbznbq%

D wtkz[ j[hfys
. ghbyznbt b vjybnjhbyu jceotcndktybz gjkbnbrb d jnyjit-
ybb j,tcgtxtybz j[hfys vfnthbycndf^ cjjndtncnde.otq
Rjydtywbb b Htrjvtylfwbb VJN gj j[hfyt vfnthbycndf^ c
ntv xnj,s j,ktuxbnm uhelyjt dcrfhvkbdfybt lkz ;tyoby yf
jgkfxbdftvjq hf,jnt^ drk.xfz ;tyoby^ rjnjhst^ d cj-
jndtncndbb c cjwbfkmysvb yjhvfvb^ hfccvfnhbdf.ncz rfr
pfyznst ytnbgbxysvb ajhvfvb pfdbcbvjuj nhelf^ yfghb-
vth ghb ytgjkyjv hf,jxtv lyt^ hf,jnt ljvf b dhtvtyyjq
hf,jnt*
. j,tcgtxtybt njuj^ xnj,s j,hf,jnfyyst ghjlerns ghbrjhvf
gjcnfdkzkbcm lkz bcgjkmpjdfybz d cjjndtncnde.otv djp-
hfcnt b xnj,s jyb ,skb ,tpjgfcysvb^ ghbtvktvsvb d
rekmnehyjv jnyjitybb^ ljcnegysvb gj cnjbvjcnb^ f nfr;t
fltrdfnysvb d gbnfntkmyjv jnyjitybb cjukfcyj
cjjndtncnde.obv cnfylfhnfv Rjltrcf fkbvtynfhbec*
. jceotcndktybt b vjybnjhbyu e;t ghtlghbybvftvs[ vth gj
dsgjkytyb. Vt;leyfhjlyjuj cdjlf ghfdbk gj c,sne pfvt-

17
 Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

ybntktq uhelyjuj vjkjrf b gjcktle.ob[ htpjk.wbq Fc-

cfv,ktb plhfdjj[hfytybz gj ’njve djghjce^ f d ckexft
ytj,[jlbvjcnb b[ erhtgktybt^ b ghbyznbt yjds[ vth*

D wtkz[ gjjohtybz
. j,tcgtxtybt njuj^ xnj,s dct jndtncndtyyst pf gjllth;fybt
cdzpb c ibhjrbvb ckjzvb yfctktybz^ drk.xfz ext,yst
pfdtltybz b chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb^ ghtljcnfdkzkb
njxye. b gjkye. byajhvfwb. j yflkt;fotq ghfrnbrt
rjhvktybz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf^ exbnsdfz
yfb,jktt ghtj,kflf.obt cjwbfkmyst^ rekmnehyst b ’rjkj-
ubxtcrbt eckjdbz*
D wtkz[ gjllth;rb xthtp cbcntvs vtlbrj-cfybnfhyjq gjvjob
. j,tcgtxtybt rdfkbabwbhjdfyys[ rjycekmnfwbq b gjvjob d
jnyjitybb rjhvktybz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf^
yfghbvth ghb gkfyjds[ vtljcvjnhf[^ [jlt bvveybpfwbb^ d
cnfwbjyfhys[ b fv,ekfnjhys[ vtlbrjcfybnfhys[ cke;,f[
lkz ltntq^ cke;,f[ gj djghjcfv gbnfybz^ htghjlernbdyjuj
pljhjdmz b d freithcrb[ cke;,f[*
. j,tcgtxtybt njuj^ xnj,s d cnfwbjyfhf[ dct ghjwtlehs jcnfdf-
kbcm bcrk.xbntkmyj ,kfujghbznysvb lkz ecgtiyjuj yfxfkf b
ghjljk;tybz uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz gjchtlcndjv jceot-
cndktybz Bybwbfnbds gj cjplfyb. d ,jkmybwf[ eckjdbq^
,kfujghbznys[ lkz uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz^ vjybnjhbyuf b
gthtjwtyrb hf,jns ,jkmybw^ rjnjhst cjplfkb nfrbt eckjdbz^ f
nfr;t hfcghjcnhfytybt Bybwbfnbds yf lheubt rkbybrb^ vtlb-
rjcfybnfhyst wtynhs b gtlbfnhbxtcrbt ,jkmybws*
. hfcibhtybt ljcnegf r ljhjljdjq gjvjob b ghjcdtotyb. gj
djghjcfv uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz^ ghfrnbrt hjljdcgj-
vj;tybz^ rjnjhfz cgjcj,cndetn uhelyjve dcrfhvkbdfyb.^ f
nfr;t r gjckthjljdjq gjvjob^ rjnjhfz gjvjuftn j,tcgtxbnm
ghjljk;tybt uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz*
. cjltqcndbt ghfdbkmyjve gbnfyb. ,thtvtyys[ b rjhvzob[
;tyoby*
. vjybnjhbyu hjcnf b hfpdbnbz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj
djphfcnf d rfxtcndt gkfyjdjq vths rjynhjkz pf gbnfybtv c
jghtltktybtv jcj,juj dybvfybz ,jkmysv b hjlbdibvcz c
ybprjq vfccjq ntkf ltnzv^ f nfr;t ltnzv DBX-gjpbnbdys[
vfnthtq^ j,tcgtxbdfz^ xnj,s vfnthb b ctvmb gjkexfkb
yflkt;fobt rjycekmnfwbb*

18
 2& Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

. ghtljcnfdktybt jhbtynbhjdjr gj cjjndtncnde.otve ghbrjh-

ve c frwtynjv yf bcgjkmpjdfybt gjl[jlzob[ vtcnys[
ghjlernjd gbnfybz^ ,tpjgfcyjt ghbujnjdktybt nfrb[ ghjler-
njd b ghfdbkmyjt rjhvktybt*
. cjltqcndbt fltrdfnyjve hfwbjye jcyjdys[ gbnfntkmys[
dtotcnd ,kfujlfhz ljcnege r gjl[jlzobv vtcnysv ghjler-
nfv^ drk.xfz^ d ckexft ytj,[jlbvjcnb^ j,jufotyyst ghj-
lerns^ f nfr;t lj,fdrb vbrhj’ktvtynjd*
. ghtljcnfdktybt vfnthzv djpvj;yjcnb jcnfdfnmcz cj cdjbvb
ujcgbnfkbpbhjdfyysvb ltnmvb^ c ntv xnj,s j,tcgtxbnm
ghjljk;tybt uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz b yflkt;fotuj ghb-
rjhvf^ f d nt[ ckexfz[^ rjulf ’nj djpvj;yj^ jcnfdkznm
uhelys[ ltntq c ujcgbnfkbpbhjdfyysvb vfnthzvb*
. j,tcgtxtybt ’aatrnbdyjuj nthfgtdnbxtcrjuj rjhvktybz
,jkmys[ b ytljegbnfyys[ ltntq^ drk.xfz ghtljcnfdktybt
rdfkbabwbhjdfyyjq gjllth;rb lkz ghjljk;tybz uhelyjuj
dcrfhvkbdfybz^ rjulf ’nj nht,etncz*
. gjlujnjdrf hf,jnybrjd plhfdjj[hfytybz^ jrfpsdf.ob[
gjvjom vfnthzv^ ltnzv b b[ ctvmzv d jnyjitybb%
7 yfdsrjd rjycekmnbhjdfybz b gjvjob gj nfrbv djghjcfv^
rfr uhelyjt dcrfhvkbdfybt^ ghbrjhv^ DBX b rjhvktybt
uhelys[ ltntq b^ d ytj,[jlbvs[ ckexfz[^ dcrfhvkbdfybt
pfvtybntkzvb uhelyjuj vjkjrf^
7 dcrfhvkbdfybt dj dhtvz ,jktpyb^
7 jndtncndtyyjcnb hf,jnybrjd plhfdjj[hfytybz^ djpkfuft-
vjq yf yb[ Vt;leyfhjlysv cdjljv ghfdbk c,snf pfvt-
ybntktq uhelyjuj vjkjrf*
. gthtcvjnh b htajhvbhjdfybt ext,ys[ ghjuhfvv gthdjyf-
xfkmyjq gjlujnjdrb lkz dct[ hf,jnybrjd plhfdjj[hfytybz^
cgtwbfkbcnjd gj gbnfyb. b cvt;ysv j,kfcnzv^ c ntv xnj,s
j,tcgtxbdfnm yflkt;foe. byajhvfwb. b cjdtns gj rjhvkt-
yb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf lkz ctvtq b nt[^ rnj
cdzpfy c gbnfybtv ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf*

D wtkz[ gjllth;rb d j,obyt

. cjltqcndbt cjplfyb. ctntq gjllth;rb yf ,fpt j,obys^ c ntv
xnj,s gjvjufnm j,tcgtxbdfnm yflkt;fott dcrfhvkbdfybt
ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf^ yfghbvth uheggs vfnthtq
bkb ytajhvfkmys[ rjycekmnfynjd^ r rjnjhsv cnfwbjyfhs b

19
 Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

lheubt vtlbwbycrbt exht;ltybz vjuen htrjvtyljdfnm vf-

nthzv j,hfofnmcz gjckt dsgbcrb*
. j,tcgtxtybt njuj^ xnj,s ctnb gjllth;rb yf ,fpt j,obys yt
njkmrj ,kfuj;tkfntkmyj djcghbybvfkbcm cbcntvfvb vtlbrj-
cfybnfhyjq gjvjob^ yj b frnbdyj exfcndjdfkb d gkfybhjdf-
ybb b jrfpfybb eckeu*

D wtkz[ gjllth;rb rjhvktybz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj

djphfcnf d jcj,j nhelys[ j,cnjzntkmcndf[
. j,tcgtxtybt hf,jnybrjd plhfdjj[hfytybz njxyjq b cfvjq
gjcktlytq byajhvfwbtq j gjkbnbrt b ghfrnbrt dcrfhvkbdf-
ybz uhelys[ ltntq^ c ntv xnj,s jyb j,kflfkb rjyrhtnysvb
pyfybzvb b yfdsrfvb^ nht,e.obvbcz lkz jrfpfybz gjl-
lth;rb djcgbnfntkzv b ltnzv gj dctv fcgtrnfv rjhvktybz
ltntq uhelyjuj b vkflituj djphfcnf d bcrk.xbntkmyj
nhelys[ j,cnjzntkmcndf[*
. cjplfybt eckjdbq^ rjnjhst cgjcj,cnde.n bcrk.xbntkmyj
uhelyjve dcrfhvkbdfyb.^ yfghbvth^ j,tcgtxbdfz e[jl pf
vfnthzvb^ ljgjkybntkmyjt gbnfybt b gbnmtde. djle lkz
,thtvtyys[ b rjhvzob[ ;tyoby^ f nfr;t gthcjyfk^ rjnjhsq
j,kflftn yfdsrfvb rjycekmnbhjdfybz gj uhelyjve dcrfhv-
kbdfyb.*
. j,tcgtxtybt gjl[jlzotuj^ ;tkfntkmyj ljcnegyjuj yf vtcnf[
ghbrjhvf d cjjndtncndbb c djphfcnjv b gjnht,yjcnzvb d
gbnfybb ,jktt cnfhib[ uhelys[ ltntq b ltntq hfyytuj
djphfcnf*
. frnbdyjt dszdktybt ytljegbnfyys[ ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj
djphfcnf^ c ntv xnj,s jghtltkbnm b[ cjcnjzybt b ghbyznm
rjhhtrnbdyst vths^ j,tcgtxbnm bv cjjndtncnde.ott gbnfybt
b jrfpfnm gjllth;re kbwfv^ jndtncndtyysv pf b[ cjlth;fybt*
. ghtljcnfdktybt jhbtynbhjd lkz dszdktybz ltntq^ rjnjhs[
ytj,[jlbvj rjhvbnm pfvtybntkzvb uhelyjuj vjkjrf^
j,tcgtxbdfz gjl[jlzobq pfvtybntkm b ,tpjgfcyjt rjhvktybt
d ntxtybt nfrjuj gthbjlf^ rjnjhsq ytj,[jlbv lkz nfrb[
ltntq^ yt ljgecrfz gthtdjlf yf bcreccndtyyjt gbnfybt ltntq^
rjnjhst d ’njv yt ye;lf.ncz*
. j,tcgtxtybt njuj^ xnj,s hf,jnybrb plhfdjj[hfytybz^ bv-
t.obt pyfybz b jgsn gj dctv fcgtrnfv uhelyjuj dcrfhvkb-
dfybz b pfvtof.otuj dcrfhvkbdfybz^ ,skb ljcnegys lkz
rjycekmnbhjdfybz DBX-gjkj;bntkmys[ ;tyoby*

20
 2& Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

. flfgnbhjdfybt Bybwbfnbds gj cjplfyb. d ,jkmybwf[ eckj-

dbq^ ,kfujghbznys[ lkz uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz^ c extnjv
DBX#CGBLf^ gentv j,tcgtxtybz njuj^ xnj,s kbwf^ jndtncn-
dtyyst pf ujnjdyjcnm r xhtpdsxfqysv cbnefwbzv^ bvtkb
[jhjie. gjlujnjdre^ gjpdjkz.oe. bv jrfpsdfnm gjl-
lth;re cjjndtncnde.otq ghfrnbrt rjhvktybz^ cjukf-
ce.otqcz c eybdthcfkmysvb ghbywbgfvb Bybwbfnbds*
. j,tcgtxtybt dszdktybz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf^
jrfpfdib[cz d bcrk.xbntkmyj nhelys[ j,cnjzntkmcndf[^ c
ntv xnj,s b[ vj;yj ,skj jgnbvfkmyj rjhvbnm b jrfpsdfnm
gjllth;re kbwfv^ jndtxf.obv pf b[ cjlth;fybt*

J,zpfyyjcnb b jndtncndtyyjcnm
35& Ghfdbntkmcndf^ vt;leyfhjlyst jhufybpfwbb b lheubt pfbynth-
tcjdfyyst cnjhjys d hfdyjq vtht ytcen jndtncndtyyjcnm pf
j,tcgtxtybt jceotcndktybz ghfdf ltntq yf ljcnb;tybt djpvj;yj
dscituj ehjdyz pljhjdmz b ghfdf ;tyoby yf gjkye. b
j,]trnbdye. byajhvfwb.^ f nfr;t yf vtlbrj-cfybnfhye.
gjvjom b gbnfybt& Rf;lsq gfhnyth ljk;ty ghbpyfnm b dsgjkyznm
djpkj;tyye. yf ytuj jndtncndtyyjcnm pf ekexitybt rjhvktybz
ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf b pf vj,bkbpfwb. nht,etvs[
htcehcjd& Dct gfhnyths ljk;ys cjnhelybxfnm d wtkz[ gjkyjuj
ljcnb;tybz wtkb b pflfx cnhfntubb^ drk.xfz j,hfpjdfybt gjk-
yjcnm. ghjphfxys[ yjds[ cj.pjd b gfhnythcnd^ d cjjndtncndbb c
ghbyznsvb ghbywbgfvb bcrk.xtybz rjkkbpbb bynthtcjd&

Ghfdbntkmcndf
36& Ghfdbntkmcndf^ d gthde. jxthtlm^ ytcen jndtncndtyyjcnm pf
dshf,jnre^ jceotcndktybt^ rjynhjkm b jwtyre rjvgktrcyjq
yfwbjyfkmyjq gjkbnbrb rjhvktybz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj
djphfcnf& D ljgjkytybt r gjkbnbxtcrjq ghbdth;tyyjcnb yf
cfvjv dscjrjv ehjdyt ecgt[ gjkbnbrb pfdbcbn jn ’aatrnbdyjq
yfwbjyfkmyjq rjjhlbyfwbb lkz j,tcgtxtybz gjkyjuj cjnhel-
ybxtcndf dct[ cjjndtncnde.ob[ ghfdbntkmcndtyys[ ex-
ht;ltybq^ vt;leyfhjlys[ jhufybpfwbq b lheub[
pfbynthtcjdfyys[ cnjhjy& "nj gjlhfpevtdftn gjcnjzyysq c,jh
b jwtyre frnefkmyjq byajhvfwbb j gjkbnbrt b ghfrnbrt
rjhvktybz& Htubjyfkmyst b vtcnyst ghfdbntkmcndf nfr;t
dsgjkyz.n df;ye. hjkm d jceotcndktybb ’njq cnhfntubb&
37& Nfrfz dctj,]tvk.ofz gjkbnbrf ljk;yf cjghjdj;lfnmcz gj-
lhj,ysv gkfyjv ltqcndbq^ drk.xf.obv ecnfyjdktyyst wtkb b

21
 Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

pflfxb^ chjrb b[ ljcnb;tybz^ hfcghtltktybt jndtncndtyyjcnb pf

jceotcndktybt gkfyf b gjllf.obtcz bpvthtyb. gjrfpfntkb lkz
vjybnjhbyuf b jwtyrb& D ’nb[ wtkz[ ghfdbntkmcndfv cktletn
cnhtvbnmcz d yflkt;fob[ ckexfz[ r cjnhelybxtcnde c cjjndtncn-
de.obvb vt;leyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb b lheubvb ex-
ht;ltybzvb^ drk.xfz ukj,fkmyst b htubjyfkmyst rhtlbnyst
exht;ltybz& Gkfy ljk;ty ,snm cjdvtcnbvsv c lheubvb
vthjghbznbzvb^ wtkm rjnjhs[ --- cjltqcndjdfnm jgnbvfkmyjve
gbnfyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b vkflituj djphfcnf b ,snm b[
ytjn]tvktvjq xfcnm.&
38& Gjnht,etncz jghtltkbnm b dsltkbnm fltrdfnyst k.lcrbt^
abyfycjdst b jhufybpfwbjyyst htcehcs lkz j,tcgtxtybz cdj-
tdhtvtyyjuj b ecgtiyjuj dsgjkytybz gkfyf& D ’njq cdzpb
jcj,tyyj df;ys rjycnhernbdysq lbfkju b frnbdyjt cjnhelyb-
xtcndj c cjjndtncnde.obvb uheggfvb^ pfybvf.obvbcz
j[hfyjq^ gjjohtybtv b gjllth;rjq yflkt;fotq ghfrnbrb
dcrfhvkbdfybz& Df;ysv rjvgjytynjv nfr;t zdkztncz gjl-
lth;rf ’gbltvbjkjubxtcrb[ b jgthfnbdys[ bccktljdfybq&

Lheubt pfbynthtcjdfyyst cnjhjys

39& Jghtltktybt rjyrhtnyjq jndtncndtyyjcnb d hfvrf[ j,otcndf ---
df;ytqib[ dpfbvjljgjkyz.ob[ b dpfbvjecbkbdf.ob[ hjktq
d wtkz[ j[hfys^ gjjohtybz b gjllth;rb yflkt;fotq ghfrnbrb
rjhvktybz --- ghtlcnfdkztn cj,jq ytxnj yjdjt& Uheggs^ rjnjhst
dsgjkyz.n df;ye. hjkm d ,jhm,t pf ghfdf ;tyoby b ltntq b d
cjplfybb lkz yb[ ,kfujghbzncnde.otq j,cnfyjdrb^ vjuen
hf,jnfnm gjjlbyjxrt^ dvtcnt b d cjnhelybxtcndt c ghfdbntkm-
cndfvb b vt;leyfhjlysvb jhufybpfwbzvb d wtkz[ ekexitybz
gjkj;tybz gentv jrfpfybz gjvjob d ecnhfytybb rfr rekm-
nehys[^ nfr b ghfrnbxtcrb[ ghtgzncndbq^ vtif.ob[ yflkt-
;fotq ghfrnbrt rjhvktybz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf&

Vtlbrj-cfybnfhyst exht;ltybz b jhufybpfwbb

40& Vtlbrj-cfybnfhyst exht;ltybz b jhufybpfwbb^ drk.xf.obt
vtlbwbycrbt afrekmntns^ irjks j,otcndtyyjuj plhfdjj[hfyt-
ybz^ ujcelfhcndtyyst b xfcnyst exht;ltybz^ j,tcgtxbdf.obt
gjlujnjdre hf,jnybrjd plhfdjj[hfytybz (drk.xfz freithjr^
vtlctcnth^ yenhbwbjybcnjd b lbtnjkjujd)^ f nfr;t ghjatccbj-
yfkmyst jhufybpfwbb ljk;ys ,snm jndtncndtyys gthtl ntvb^
rnj ghj[jlbn gjlujnjdre bkb exfcndetn d ’nb[ cnhernehf[^ pf
cktle.obt jcyjdyst j,kfcnb%

22
 2& Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

. j,tcgtxtybt njuj^ xnj,s gthdjyfxfkmyjt j,hfpjdfybt b

gjlujnjdrf dct[ hf,jnybrjd plhfdjj[hfytybz drk.xfkb
abpbjkjub. kfrnfwbb^ bcrk.xbntkmyjt b ghjljk;f.ottcz
uhelyjt dcrfhvkbdfybt^ ghbrjhv^ rjhvktybt d ckj;ys[
j,cnjzntkmcndf[^ eljdktndjhtybt gjnht,yjcntq d gbnfybb
uhelys[ ltntq^ rjnjhs[ ghb[jlbncz dcrfhvkbdfnm pfvtyb-
ntkzvb uhelyjuj vjkjrf^ Vt;leyfhjlysq cdjl ghfdbk gj
c,sne pfvtybntktq uhelyjuj vjkjrf^ pfrjyjlfntkmyst b
lheubt vths^ ghbybvftvst lkz tuj jceotcndktybz^ f nfr;t
gjcktlybt htpjk.wbb Fccfv,ktb plhfdjj[hfytybz gj lfyyj-
ve djghjce*
. j,tcgtxtybt rdfkbabwbhjdfyyjq gjllth;rb d wtkz[ bcrk.-
xbntkmyj uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz b lfkmytqituj uhelyjuj
dcrfhvkbdfybz ghb cjjndtncnde.otv ghbrjhvt dj dct[
cke;,f[^ cdzpfyys[ c ljhjljdsv e[jljv^ hjljdcgj-
vj;tybtv^ gtlbfnhbtq b htghjlernbdysv pljhjdmtv^ gbnf-
ybtv b j[hfyjq pljhjdmz d j,obyf[*
. cjltqcndbt ljcnb;tyb. b gjllth;fyb. cnfnecf
‘,kfujghbzncnde.ob[ uhelyjve dcrfhvkbdfyb.\ hj-
lbkmys[ ljvjd^ hjlbkmys[ jnltktybq b rkbybr d cjjndtncn-
dbb c 10 ghbywbgfvb ecgtiyjuj uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz1 b
ghbywbgjv jnrfpf jn ,tcgkfnys[ bkb kmujnys[ gjcnfdjr
pfvtybntktq uhelyjuj vjkjrf^ hj;rjd b cjcjr*
. gjkyjt cj,k.ltybt j,zpfyyjcntq^ dsntrf.ob[ bp
Vt;leyfhjlyjuj cdjlf ghfdbk gj c,sne pfvtybntktq uhel-
yjuj vjkjrf b cjjndtncnde.ob[ htpjk.wbq Dctvbhyjq
fccfv,ktb plhfdjj[hfytybz b yfwbjyfkmys[ vth^ ghbyzns[
lkz jceotcndktybz Cdjlf b egjvzyens[ htpjk.wbq*
. gjjohtybt^ cjplfybt b ghbpyfybt uhegg gjllth;rb d j,obyf[
b yfghfdktybt vfnthtq d ’nb uheggs&

Ytghfdbntkmcndtyyst jhufybpfwbb^ drk.xfz uheggs gjllth;rb

yf ,fpt j,obys
41& Wtkb b pflfxb ibhjrjuj rheuf ytghfdbntkmcndtyys[ jhuf-
ybpfwbq^ hf,jnf.ob[ yf vtcnyjv^ yfwbjyfkmyjv b
vt;leyfhjlyjv ehjdyz[^ drk.xf.n ghjgfufyle
cjjndtncnde.ob[ gjnht,yjcntq d ghjljdjkmcndbb b gbnfybb

1
J[hfyf^ gjjohtybt b gjllth;rf uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz% jcj,fz hjkm hjljdcgj-
vjufntkmys[ cke;,& Cjdvtcnyjt pfzdktybt DJP#>YBCTA^ :tytdf^ DJP^ 1989 u&

23
 Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

ltntq vkflituj djphfcnf b ctvtq& Yfghbvth^

,kfujndjhbntkmyst b htkbubjpyst jhufybpfwbb^ fccjwbfwbb
gjnht,bntktq^ uheggs cfvjgjvjob vfnthtq^ ctvtqyst rke,s b
rjjgthfnbds gj e[jle pf ltnmvb hfcgjkfuf.n ,jkmibvb
djpvj;yjcnzvb lkz cjltqcndbz jceotcndktyb. lfyyjq cnhfnt-
ubb& Yfghbvth^ gjchtlcndjv%
. j,tcgtxtybz cdjb[ xktyjd njxyjq yjdtqitq byajhvfwbtq j
rjhvktybb ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf*
. drk.xtybz rdfkbabwbhjdfyyjq gjllth;rb rjhvktybz ltntq
uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf d j,obyyst vthjghbznbz b
j,tcgtxtybz ’aatrnbdyjq cdzpb c cbcntvjq vtlbrj-cfybnfh-
yjq gjvjob*
. cjltqcndbz cjplfyb. d j,obyf[ lj,hj;tkfntkmyjuj jnyjit-
ybz r vfnthb b ht,tyre b nfrjq j,cnfyjdrb yf hf,jnt^ rjnjhfz
cfvf gj ct,t gjllth;bdftn yflkt;fott rjhvktybt ltntq
uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf*
. ghbyznbz vth lkz gjkyjuj jceotcndktybz ghbywbgjd b wtktq
Vt;leyfhjlyjuj cdjlf ghfdbk gj c,sne pfvtybntktq uhel-
yjuj vjkjrf b cjjndtncnde.ob[ htpjk.wbq Dctvbhyjq
fccfv,ktb plhfdjj[hfytybz^ ghbyzns[ dgjcktlcndbb&
42& Hjlbntkb bkb djcgbnfntkb^ d gthde. jxthtlm^ ytcen jndtncndty-
yjcnm pf dcrfhvkbdfybt ltntq& {jnz hjlbntkb dctulf cnhtvzncz
gjkexbnm cfve. njxye. byajhvfwb. lkz ghbyznbz cjjndtncn-
de.ob[ htitybq d jnyjitybb dcrfhvkbdfybz^ jyb^ ntv yt
vtytt^ juhfybxtys jrhe;f.obvb b[ eckjdbzvb& Gjcrjkmre d
ntxtybt gthds[ lde[ ktn ;bpyb ht,tyrf jyb^ djpvj;yj^ ytxfcnj
rjynfrnbhe.n c cbcntvjq vtlbrj-cfybnfhyjq gjvjob^ jyb
vjuen jrfpfnmcz d ,jkmitq vtht gjl dkbzybtv j,sxftd d
j,obyt^ xtv htrjvtylfwbq hf,jnybrjd plhfdjj[hfytybz&
43& Ljgjkybntkmysvb bcnjxybrfvb byajhvfwbb b gjllth;rb
vjuen cnfnm hfpkbxyst ajhvfkmyst b ytajhvfkmyst uheggs^
drk.xfz ctnb gjllth;rb uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz b e[jlf pf
ltnmvb^ rke,s b htkbubjpyst fccjwbfwbb& Gjllth;rf yf ,fpt
j,obys^ drk.xfz gjllth;re cj cnjhjys lheub[ vfnthtq^
ytghjatccbjyfkmys[ cjdtnybrjd gj uhelyjve dcrfhvkbdfyb.
b jabwbfkmys[ lbgkjvbhjdfyys[ rjycekmnfynjd gj kfrnfwbb^
vj;tn gjvjxm ;tyobyfv yflkt;fobv j,hfpjv dcrfhvkbdfnm
cdjb[ ltntq& D ,jkmijv xbckt j,oby ceotcnde.n nhflbwbb
cfvjgjvjob^ rjnjhst vjuen cke;bnm jcyjdjq lkz cjplfybz bkb

24
 2& Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

hfcibhtybz gjl[jlzob[ cbcntv gjllth;rb^ cgjcj,ys[ gjvjxm

ctvmzv d ’njv jnyjitybb&

Rjvvthxtcrbt ghtlghbznbz
44& Bpujnjdbntkb b hfcghjcnhfybntkb j,hf,jnfyys[ ghjvsikty-
ysv cgjcj,jv gbotds[ ghjlernjd^ ghtlyfpyfxtyys[ lkz ltntq
uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf^ nfr;t vjuen csuhfnm rjycnher-
nbdye. hjkm d ljcnb;tybb wtktq ’njq cnhfntubb& Jyb ljk;ys
j,tcgtxbnm^ xnj,s j,hf,jnfyyst gbotdst ghjlerns lkz ltntq
uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf^ dsgecrftvst d ghjlf;e^ jndtxfkb
cjjndtncnde.obv yjhvfv Rjltrcf fkbvtynfhbec^ f nfr;t
Rjltrc ububtybxtcrjq ghfrnbrb d jnyjitybb ghjlernjd gbnfybz
lkz ltntq uhelyjuj b cnfhituj djphfcnf Rjltrcf fkbvtynfhbec&
Rhjvt njuj^ dct ghjbpdjlbntkb b hfcghjcnhfybntkb ghjlernjd^
gjgflf.ob[ d cathe ltqcndbz Vt;leyfhjlyjuj cdjlf ghfdbk
gj c,sne pfvtybntktq uhelyjuj vjkjrf^ drk.xfz hj;rb b cjcrb^
ytckb jndtncndtyyjcnm pf vjybnjhbyu cdjtq ghfrnbrb c,snf d
cjjndtncndbb c ghbywbgfvb b wtkm. Cdjlf& Jyb ljk;ys
j,tcgtxbdfnm^ xnj,s b[ gjdtltybt yf rf;ljv ehjdyt
cjjndtncndjdfkj Cdjle ghfdbk^ gjcktle.obv htpjk.wbzv
Fccfv,ktb plhfdjj[hfytybz b yfwbjyfkmysv vthfv^ rjnjhst
,skb ghbyzns lkz b[ ghjdtltybz d ;bpym&

Cjwbfkmyst gfhnyths
45& Hf,jnjlfntkb ljk;ys j,tcgtxbnm nfrjt gjkj;tybt^ xnj,s
cdzpfyyst c vfnthbycndjv ghfdf dct[ ;tyoby^ hf,jnf.ob[ gj
yfqve^ cj,k.lfkbcm^ drk.xfz gththsds lkz rjhvktybz bkb
lheubt vthjghbznbz yf hf,jxb[ vtcnf[^ yfghbvth djpvj;yjcnb
lkz cwt;bdfybz b [hfytybz uhelyjuj vjkjrf ghb gjcktle.otv
dcrfhvkbdfybb ntv kbwjv^ rjnjhjt jceotcndkztn e[jl^ lkz njuj
xnj,s j,ktuxbnm uhelyjt dcrfhvkbdfybt^ gjckt njuj rfr
pfrfyxbdftncz jngecr gj ,thtvtyyjcnb b hjlfv& Ghjacj.ps
yfltktys ytgjchtlcndtyyjq hjkm. d djghjct j,ce;ltybz
ytj,[jlbvs[ ghfd^ cdzpfyys[ c vfnthbycndjv^ b ,tpjgfcyjcnm.
pfyzns[ ;tyoby htghjlernbdyjuj djphfcnf (cv& geyrns 28 b 34)&

Lheubt uheggs
46& Vyjubt rjvgjytyns j,otcndf vjuen csuhfnm df;ye. hjkm d
cjltqcndbb yflkt;fotq ghfrnbrt dcrfhvkbdfybz& "nb rjvgj-
ytyns drk.xf.n%
. jhufys ghjcdtotybz^ rjnjhst cgjcj,cnde.n ajhvbhjdfyb.
ecnfyjdjr e ltntq b gjlhjcnrjd d jnyjitybb rjhvktybz ltntq

25
 Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf* xthtp irjks b lheubt rfyfks

j,hfpjdfybz cktletn j,tcgtxbdfnm njxye. byajhvfwb. lkz
cjltqcndbz ,jkmitve gjybvfyb. ghj,ktvs b gjpbnbdyjve
gjl[jle*
. chtlcndf vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb^ rjnjhst dkbz.n yf ecnfyjdrb
yfctktybz d jnyjitybb djcgbnfybz^ e[jlf pf ltnmvb b
ghjlerwbb^ gjgflf.otq d cathe Vt;leyfhjlyjuj cdjlf
ghfdbk c,snf pfvtybntktq uhelyjuj vjkjrf& Byajhvfwbz^
gjcnegf.ofz jn yb[ gj ’nbv djghjcfv^ b^ xnj yt vtytt df;yj^
nj^ rfr d yb[ jnj,hf;ftncz hjkm hjlbntktq^ e[jl pf ltnmvb b
ghjlerwbz^ ljk;yf ,snm njxyjq^ cjdhtvtyyjq^ j,]trnbdyjq b
cjjndtncnde.otq ghbywbgfv b wtkb Cdjlf ghfdbk*
. ltncrbt exht;ltybz^ rjnjhst gjpdjkz.n hf,jnf.obv vf-
nthzv j,tcgtxbdfnm e[jl pf cdjbvb ltnmvb uhelyjuj b
hfyytuj djphfcnf^ ljk;ys cgjcj,cndjdfnm ghjljk;tyb.
uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz b dcrfhvkbdfybz uhelysv vjkjrjv
b jrfpsdfnm gjllth;re ’njve&

Vt;leyfhjlyst jhufybpfwbb
47& Vt;leyfhjlyst jhufybpfwbb^ drk.xfz ukj,fkmyst b htubj-
yfkmyst exht;ltybz rhtlbnjdfybz^ ljk;ys cnfdbnm djghjc j
rjhvktybb ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf yf dblyjt vtcnj d
ukj,fkmyjq gjdtcnrt j,otcndtyyjuj plhfdjj[hfytybz d rfx-
tcndt ghbpyfybz tuj df;yjuj pyfxtybz lkz jceotcndktybz ghfd
ltntq b ;tyoby* jyb ljk;ys ,jhjnmcz pf dsltktybt ,ekmib[
k.lcrb[^ abyfycjds[ b jhufybpfwbjyys[ htcehcjd d wtkz[
jceotcndktybz lfyyjq cnhfntubb gjdc.le b^ gj djpvj;yjcnb^
ghtljcnfdkznm ljgjkybntkmyst htcehcs lkz ’njuj&
48& Rjyrhtnysq drkfl vt;leyfhjlys[ jhufybpfwbq d cjltqcndbt
hf,jnt ghfdbntkmcnd drk.xftn cktle.ott%

Hfphf,jnrf yjhv b cnfylfhnjd

. hfphf,jnrf herjdjlzob[ ghbywbgjd yf jcyjdt afrnbxtcrb[
lfyys[ lkz cjltqcndbz ljcnb;tyb. jgthfnbdys[ wtktq
cnhfntubb*
. jrfpfybt gjllth;rb ’gbltvbjkjubxtcrbv b jgthfnbdysv
bccktljdfybzv*
. cjltqcndbt cbcntvfnbxtcrjve bcgjkmpjdfyb. j,ob[
ukj,fkmys[ gjrfpfntktq lkz vjybnjhbyuf b jwtyrb ntylty-
wbq d rjhvktybb ltntq*

26
 2& Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

. hfphf,jnrf yjds[ gjrfpfntktq^ yfghbvth d jnyjitybb fltr-

dfnyjuj ghbrjhvf*
. gjdsitybt rfxtcndf hfperhegytyys[ gj gjkjdjve ghbpyfre
ukj,fkmys[^ htubjyfkmys[ b yfwbjyfkmys[ lfyys[ b
hfcibhtybt ljcnegf r ybv*

Gjllth;rf yfhfobdfybz yfwbjyfkmyjuj gjntywbfkf

. byajhvbhjdfybt b gjlujnjdrf hfphf,jnxbrjd gjkbnbrb
plhfdjj[hfytybz b herjdjlbntktq vtlbrj-cfybnfhys[ cke;,*
. gjdsitybt rdfkbabrfwbb hf,jnybrjd plhfdjj[hfytybz d
jnyjitybb gjllth;rb jgnbvfkmyjve rjhvktyb. ltntq
uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf*
. gthtcvjnh^ d ckexft ytj,[jlbvjcnb^ cjjndtncnde.ob[ ghj-
uhfvv j,extybz lkz dhfxtq^ vtlctcnth^ freithjr^ cgtwbfkbc-
njd gj gbnfyb. b lbtnjkjujd^ cfybnfhjd b lheub[ cdzpfyys[
cj plhfdjj[hfytybtv ghjatccbq*
. gkfybhjdfybt b vjybnjhbyu Bybwbfnbds gj cjplfyb. d
,jkmybwf[ eckjdbq^ ,kfujghbznys[ lkz uhelyjuj dcrfhvkb-
dfybz b hfcghjcnhfytybt tt pf ghtltks cke;, hjljdcgj-
vj;tybz*
. jrfpfybt cjltqcndbz gj j,tcgtxtyb. ljcnfnjxys[ htcehcjd
lkz ’njq wtkb^ d jcj,tyyjcnb d cnhfyf[ c dscjrjq pf-
ljk;tyyjcnm.*

Gjllth;rf hfphf,jnrb b dytlhtybz gjkbnbrb

. gjllth;rf vthjghbznbq gj cjwbfkmyjq vj,bkbpfwbb^ yfghb-
vth c bcgjkmpjdfybtv chtlcnd vfccjdjq byajhvfwbb^ lkz
cjltqcndbz yflkt;fotq ghfrnbrt dcrfhvkbdfybz uhelys[
ltntq b ghjcdtotybt ghtlcnfdbntktq chtlcnd byajhvfwbb*
. ,jhm,f pf hfnbabrfwb. Rjydtywbb VJN j pfobnt vfnt-
hbycndf No& 183^ 2000 u& b ghbvtytybt Htrjvtylfwbb No& 191^
2000 u&^ d njv xbckt lkz ;tyoby^ pfyzns[ ytnbgbxysvb
ajhvfvb pfdbcbvjuj nhelf*
. ghbpsd r jceotcndktyb. Vt;leyfhjlyjuj cdjlf ghfdbk gj
c,sne pfvtybntktq uhelyjuj vjkjrf b gjcktle.ob[ cjjn-
dtncnde.ob[ htpjk.wbq Fccfv,ktb plhfdjj[hfytybz^ f
nfr;t ghtljcnfdktybt cjjndtncnde.otq nt[ybxtcrjq gjl-
lth;rb gj pfghjcfv*

27
 Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

. j,tcgtxtybt nfrjuj gjkj;tybz^ xnj,s dct yjhvs Rjltrcf

fkbvtynfhbec^ cdzpfyyst c ’nbv ntrcnjv^ rfcf.obtcz ghj-
lernjd gbnfybz lkz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf^
gjkyjcnm. exbnsdfkb gjkbnbre DJP^ rfcf.oe.cz cjjndtn-
cnde.otuj c,snf b hfcghtltktybz^ htrjvtyljdfyyjuj djp-
hfcnf^ bcgjkmpjdfybz b ,tpjgfcyjq gjlujnjdrb b rjhvktybz^
drk.xfz nj^ xnj jnhf;tyj d Vt;leyfhjlyjv rjltrct gj
c,sne pfvtybntktq uhelyjuj vjkjrf b gjcktle.ob[ htpj-
k.wbz[ Fccfv,ktb plhfdjj[hfytybz gj lfyyjve djghjce*
. j,tcgtxtybt njuj^ xnj,s Vt;leyfhjlysq rjltrc gj c,sne
pfvtybntktq uhelyjuj vjkjrf b gjcktle.obt htpjk.wbb
Fccfv,ktb plhfdjj[hfytybz gj lfyyjve djghjce gjkyjcnm.
exbnsdfkbcm d [jlt jceotcndktybz njhujdjq gjkbnbrb b
gthtujdjhjd*
. gjllth;rf bccktljdfybq d jnyjitybb ghfrnbrb c,snf b
Vt;leyfhjlyjuj rjltrcf&

Pfrk.xtybt
49& "nf cnhfntubz cjlth;bn jgbcfybt jcyjdys[ vthjghbznbq gj
j[hfyt^ gjjohtyb. b gjllth;rt yflkt;fotuj dcrfhvkbdfybz
ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf& Jyf cjchtljnjxtyf yf
pyfxtybb bydtcnbwbq d ’ne df;ye. j,kfcnm lkz j,tcgtxtybz b
gjkyjuj hfpdbnbz gjntywbfkf ltntq^ jcdj,j;ltybz b[ jn
yt,kfujghbznys[ gjcktlcndbq ytljcnfnjxyjuj bkb ytgjkyjwty-
yjuj gbnfybz b ,jktpytq^ rjnjhst vj;yj ghtleghtlbnm& Cnhf-
ntubz rjywtynhbhetncz yf hjkb jcyjdys[ gfhnythjd ---
ghfdbntkmcnd^ vt;leyfhjlys[ jhufybpfwbq b lheub[ pfbynt-
htcjdfyys[ cnjhjy --- b djpkfuftn jcj,e. jndtncndtyyjcnm yf
rf;ljuj bp yb[ lkz j,tcgtxtybz njuj^ xnj,s cevvf b[ rjkktr-
nbdys[ ltqcndbq cgjcj,cndjdfkf gjkyjve ljcnb;tyb. wtkb b
pflfx cnhfntubb& Jyf cnhjbncz yf ceotcnde.ob[ gjl[jlf[^
rjnjhst^ ghb ytj,[jlbvjcnb^ hfcibhz.ncz b j,tcgtxbdf.n
cnhernehe lkz cbythubxtcrjq cdzpb drkflf hfpkbxys[ ghj-
uhfvvys[ j,kfcntq^ drk.xfz gbnfybt^ pljhjdmt b hfpdbnbt
ht,tyrf^ f nfr;t pljhjdmt vfnthtq b htghjlernbdyjuj pljhjdmz&
Ntgthm ’ne cnhfntub. ytj,[jlbvj djgkjnbnm d ghfrnbre&
50& Bvt.ncz e,tlbntkmyst lfyyst cj dctuj vbhf jnyjcbntkmyjuj
njuj^ xnj ghfdbntkmcndf ghb gjllth;rt vt;leyfhjlyjuj
cjj,otcndf b lheub[ pfbynthtcjdfyys[ cnjhjy cthmtpyj jn-
yjczncz r cdjtq j,zpfyyjcnb j[hfyznm b erhtgkznm pljhjdmt b
fkbvtynfhyjt ,kfujcjcnjzybt ltntq hfyytuj b uhelyjuj djp-

28
 2& Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

hfcnf^ ,thtvtyys[ b rjhvzob[ ;tyoby1& Jlby bp ecnjqxbds[^

joenbvs[ htpekmnfnjd Vt;leyfhjlyjq rjydtywbb gj gbnfyb.^
f bvtyyj Dctvbhyfz ltrkfhfwbz gj gbnfyb.^ ghtlkfuftn
dgtxfnkz.oe. rfhnbye ghtj,hfpjdfyyjuj vbhf& Ntv dhtvtytv
Gkfy ltqcndbq gj gbnfyb. gjrfpsdftn yflt;ysq genm r
ljcnb;tyb. ’nb[ ghtj,hfpjdfybq2&
51& Pf ltcznm ktn gjckt ghbyznbz ’nb[ ljrevtynjd 159 ujcelfhcnd-
xktyjd (83¢) ghjltvjycnhbhjdfkb cdj. htibvjcnm ghtlghbyb-
vfnm ltqcndbz^ hfphf,jnfd bkb erhtgbd cdjb yfwbjyfkmyst
gjkbnbxtcrbt rehcs b gkfys d j,kfcnb gbnfybz& <jktt gjkjdbys
(59¢) drk.xbkb cgtwbabxtcrbt cnhfntubb gj ekexityb. ghfr-
nbrb rjhvktybz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf& "njn
j,yflt;bdf.obq htpekmnfn ytj,[jlbvj gjlrhtgbnm b hfcib-
hbnm^ c ntv xnj,s drk.xbnm dct ujcelfhcndf-xktys gj vtht tuj
gthtcvjnhf b j,yjdktybz b j,tcgtxbnm gjkysq extn ysytiytq
dctj,]tvk.otq gjdtcnrb lyz& Jxtdblyj^ jlyfrj^ xnj lkz
ljcnb;tybz wtkb b pflfx ’njq cnhfntubb^ f nfr;t htitybz
ysytiyb[ b ,eleob[ ghj,ktv d j,kfcnb gbnfybz nht,etncz
ujhfplj ,jkmitt&
52& Lfyyfz ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz lftn ghfdbntkmcndfv b lheubv
ukfdysv ltqcnde.obv kbwfv j,otcndf rfr wtyye. djp-
vj;yjcnm^ nfr b ghfrnbxtcrbq bycnhevtyn lkz bylbdblefkmyjuj
b rjkktrnbdyjuj j,yjdktybz j,zpfntkmcnd gj j[hfyt^ gj-
johtyb. b gjllth;rt ,tpjgfcyjuj b fltrdfnyjuj dcrfhvkbdf-
ybz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf gjdc.le&

1
Ljrevtyn F55#14&
2
Dctvbhyfz ltrkfhfwbz b Gkfy ltqcndbq d j,kfcnb gbnfybz& Vt;leyfhjlyfz
rjyathtywbz gj gbnfyb.^ Hbv^ AFJ#DJP^ 1992 u&

29
GHBKJ:TYBT
Htpjk.wbz WHA55&25% Gbnfybt ltntq
uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf
Gznmltcznfz ctccbz Dctvbhyjq fccfv,ktb plhfdjj[hfytybz^
hfccvjnhtd ghjtrn ukj,fkmyjq cnhfntubb gj rjhvktyb. ltntq
uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf*
uke,jrj j,tcgjrjtyyfz ntv^ xnj juhjvyjve xbcke ltntq uhelyj-
uj b hfyytuj djphfcnf dct tot yt j,tcgtxtyj fltrdfnyjuj gbnfybz b
xnj d htpekmnfnt ’njuj cjcnjzybt b[ gbnfybz^ hjcn b hfpdbnbt^
pljhjdmt b cfve ds;bdfybt cnfdzncz gjl euhjpe*
cjpyfdfz^ xnj t;tujlyj lj 55¢ cvthntq ltntq uhelyjuj djphfcnf
jn lbfhtqys[ ,jktpytq b jcnhs[ htcgbhfnjhys[ byatrwbq vjuen
,snm htpekmnfnjv ytcjjndtncnde.otq ghfrnbrb rjhvktybz b xnj
vtytt 35¢ ltntq uhelyjuj djphfcnf d vbht dcrfhvkbdf.ncz
bcrk.xbntkmyj uhelm. [jnz ,s d ntxtybt gthds[ xtnsht[ vtczwtd
;bpyb^ f nfr;t xnj pfxfcne. ghbrjhv ddjlbncz ytcdjtdhtvtyyj^
ytcjjndtncnde.obv b yt,tpjgfcysv j,hfpjv*
j,tcgjrjtyyfz njq cntgtym.^ d rjnjhjq ytcjjndtncnde.ofz
ghfrnbrf rjhvktybz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf cgj-
cj,cndetn j,otve ,htvtyb ,jktpytq^ drk.xfz ytljcnfnjxyjcnm
gbnfybz b nfrbt tuj gjcktlcndbz^ rfr cktgjnf b cvthnyjcnm d
htpekmnfnt ytljcnfnjxyjcnb dbnfvbyf F^ yfheitybt gcb[jvjnjh-
yjuj hfpdbnbz d htpekmnfnt ytljcnfnrf ;tktpf b fytvbb^
ytj,hfnbvst gjdht;ltybz ujkjdyjuj vjpuf dcktlcndbt ytljcnfnjx-
yjcnb qjlf b vfccjdjt djpltqcndbt yf pf,jktdftvjcnm b cvthnyjcnm
,tkrjdj-’ythutnbxtcrjq ytljcnfnjxyjcnb gbnfybz^ f nfr;t gj-
cktlcndbz ltncrjuj j;bhtybz lkz lfkmytqitq ;bpyb*
ghbpyfdfz^ xnj cyb;tybz cvthnyjcnb ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj
djphfcnf vj;yj lj,bnmcz gjchtlcndjv ekexitybz gbnfybz ;tyoby
htghjlernbdyjuj djphfcnf^ jcj,tyyj dj dhtvz ,thtvtyyjcnb^ b
bcrk.xbntkmyj uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz d ntxtybt gthds[ itcnb
vtczwtd ;bpyb c fltrdfnysv d gbnfntkmyjv jnyjitybb b
,tpjgfcysv ghbrjhvjv ,kfujlfhz ddtltyb. ,tpjgfcys[ b cjjn-
dtncnde.ob[ j,]tvjd vtcnyjuj ghjljdjkmcndbz b vtcnys[ gbot-
ds[ ghjlernjd ghb ghjljk;tybb uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz lj
djphfcnf lde[ ktn b ,jktt*
exbnsdfz ghj,ktvs^ djpybrf.obt d cdzpb c gjcnjzyyj hfc-
neobv xbckjv kbw^ gjldthuf.ob[cz djpltqcndb. cthmtpys[ xhtp-
dsxfqys[ cbnefwbq^ gfyltvb. DBX#CGBLf b ckj;yjcnb

31
 Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

cjdhtvtyyjuj j,hfpf ;bpyb d cjxtnfybb c lfkmytqibv hfcghjcnhf-

ytybtv ytj,jcyjdfyyjq byajhvfwbb d jnyjitybb gbnfybz ltntq
uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf*
jcjpyfdfz^ xnj ytcjjndtncnde.ofz ghfrnbrf dcrfhvkbdfybz b tt
gjcktlcndbz zdkz.ncz cthmtpysvb ghtgzncndbzvb r ecnjqxbdjve
cjwbfkmyj-’rjyjvbxtcrjve hfpdbnb. b evtymityb. ,tlyjcnb*
dyjdm gjlndth;lfz^ xnj vfnthb b ltnb ghtlcnfdkz.n cj,jq
ytltkbve. ,bjkjubxtcre. b cjwbfkmye. tlbybwe b xnj pljhjdmt b
gbnfybt jlyb[ ytjnltkbvj jn pljhjdmz b gbnfybz lheub[*
yfgjvbyfz j njv^ xnj Fccfv,ktz plhfdjj[hfytybz jlj,hbkf
(htpjk.wbz WHA33&32) gjkyst ntrcns pfzdktybz b htrjvtylfwbq
cjdvtcnyjuj Cjdtofybz DJP#>YBCTA gj dcrfhvkbdfyb. ltntq
uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf^ ghjdtltyyjuj d 1979 u&* ghbyzkf
Vt;leyfhjlysq cdjl ghfdbk gj c,sne pfvtybntktq uhelyjuj
vjkjrf (htpjk.wbz WHA34&22) b gjlxthryekf^ xnj ghbyznbt b
dsgjkytybt ’njuj Cdjlf ghfdbk zdkztncz vbybvfkmysv
nht,jdfybtv* ghbdtncndjdfkf Byyjxtynbqcre. ltrkfhfwb. j
pfobnt^ gjjohtybb b gjllth;rt uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz d rfxtcndt
vt;leyfhjlyjq gjkbnbrb b ghfrnbrb plhfdjj[hfytybz (htpjk.wbz
WHA44&33)* gjcnjzyyj gjjohzkf b gjllth;bdfkf dct ujcelfhcn-
dtyyst b xfcnyst vtlbrj-cfybnfhyst exht;ltybz^ bvt.obt hj-
lbkmyst jnltktybz^ c ntv xnj,s jyb cjltqcndjdfkb uhelyjve
dcrfhvkbdfyb. (htpjk.wbz WHA45&34)* gjcnjzyyj ghbpsdfkf r
hfnbabrfwbb b jceotcndktyb. Rjydtywbb j ghfdf[ ht,tyrf d
rfxtcndt chtlcndf hfpdbnbz j[hfys pljhjdmz ctvmb (htpjk.wbz
WHA46&27)* b jlj,hbkf gjkysq ntrcn Dctvbhyjq ltrkfhfwbb b
Gkfyf ltqcndbq d j,kfcnb gbnfybz^ ghbyzns[ Vt;leyfhjlyjq
rjyathtywbtq gj gbnfyb. (Hbv^ 1992 u&) (htpjk.wbz WHA46&7)*
yfgjvbyfz nfr;t htpjk.wbb WHA35&26^ WHA37&30^ WHA39&28^
WHA41&11^ WHA43&3^ WHA45&34^ WHA46&7^ WHA47&5^ WHA49&15 b
WHA54&2 j gbnfybb ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf^
cjjndtncnde.otq ghfrnbrt dcrfhvkbdfybz b cdzpfyys[ c ’nbv
djghjcf[*
ghbpyfdfz ytj,[jlbvjcnm dj dctj,]tvk.otq yfwbjyfkmyjq
gjkbnbrt d j,kfcnb gbnfybz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf^
drk.xfz herjdjlzobt ghbywbgs lkz j,tcgtxtybz cjjndtncnde.ot-
uj rjhvktybz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf d bcrk.xbntkmyj
nhelys[ eckjdbz[*
,elexb e,t;ltyf^ xnj ghbikj dhtvz^ rjulf ghfdbntkmcndfv
cktletn j,yjdbnm cdj. ghbdth;tyyjcnm j,tcgtxtyb. jgnbvfkmyjuj
gbnfybz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf^

32
GHBKJ:TYBT Htpjk.wbz WHA55&25% Gbnfybt ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

1& ENDTH:LFTN ukj,fkmye. cnhfntub. gj rjhvktyb. ltntq

uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf*
2& GHBPSDFTN ujcelfhcndf-xktys ,tpjnkfufntkmyj%
(1) ghbyznm b jceotcndkznm ukj,fkmye. cnhfntub. c extnjv
yfwbjyfkmys[ eckjdbq b ghb edf;tybb gjkj;bntkmys[ vtcnys[
nhflbwbq b wtyyjcntq d rfxtcndt xfcnb b[ j,otq gjkbnbrb b
ghjuhfvv gbnfybz b j[hfys pljhjdmz ltntq^ c ntv xnj,s
j,tcgtxbnm jgnbvfkmyjt dcrfhvkbdfybt dct[ ltntq uhelyjuj b
hfyytuj djphfcnf b cjrhfnbnm hbcrb^ cdzpfyyst c nexyjcnm. b
lheubvb gjcktlcndbzvb ytghfdbkmyjuj gbnfybz*
(2) erhtgkznm ceotcnde.obt bkb cjplfdfnm yjdst cnhernehs
lkz jceotcndktybz ukj,fkmyjq cnhfntubb d hfvrf[ ctrnjhf
plhfdjj[hfytybz b lheub[ cjjndtncnde.ob[ ctrnjhjd lkz
vjybnjhbyuf b jwtyrb tt ’aatrnbdyjcnb b lkz yfghfdktybz
bydtcnbwbq b bcgjkmpjdfybz htcehcjd d wtkz[ ekexitybz
dcrfhvkbdfybz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf*
(3) lkz ’njuj d cjjndtncndbb c yfwbjyfkmysvb eckjdbzvb%
(a) ecnfyjdbnm yfwbjyfkmyst wtkb b pflfxb^
(b) jghtltkbnm htfkbcnbxyst chjrb b[ ljcnb;tybz^
(c) hfphf,jnfnm gjllf.obtcz bpvthtyb. gjrfpfntkb ec-
gt[jd b htpekmnfnbdyjcnb^ rjnjhst gjpdjkzn ghjdjlbnm
njxysq vjybnjhbyu b jwtyre ghtlghbybvftvs[ ltqcn-
dbq b ,scnhjt htfubhjdfybt yf dszdkztvst gj-
nht,yjcnb*
(4) j,tcgtxbnm^ xnj,s vths gj ddtltyb. vbrhj’ktvtynjd d
gbnfybt b c,sn gbnfntkmys[ lj,fdjr yt gjlvtyzkb b yt
gjlhsdfkb gjllth;re ecnjqxbdjq ghfrnbrt bcrk.xbntkmyj
uhelyjuj dcrfhvkbdfybz b jgnbvfkmyjuj ghbrjhvf*
(5) vj,bkbpjdfnm cjwbfkmyst b ’rjyjvbxtcrbt htcehcs d
hfvrf[ j,otcndf b frnbdyj djdktrfnm b[ d jceotcndktybt
ukj,fkmyjq cnhfntubb b d ljcnb;tybt tt wtktq b pflfx d le[t
htpjk.wbb WHA49&15*
3& GHBPSDFTN lheubt vt;leyfhjlyst jhufybpfwbb b ex-
ht;ltybz^ d xfcnyjcnb VJN^ AFJ^ >YBCTA^ EDR<^ >YAGF
b >Y"QLC^ jnlfdfnm dscjrbq ghbjhbntn d hfvrf[ cdjb[
cjjndtncnde.ob[ vfylfnjd b ghjuhfvv^ d cjjndtncndbb c
herjdjlzobvb ghbywbgfvb d jnyjitybb rjyakbrnf bynthtcjd^
jrfpfyb. gjllth;rb ghfdbntkmcndfv d jceotcndktybb
ukj,fkmyjq cnhfntubb b ghtlkfuftn ljyjhfv j,tcgtxbnm fltr-
dfnyjt abyfycbhjdfybt ytj,[jlbvs[ vth*

33
 Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf

4& GHTLKFUFTN Rjvbccbb gj Rjltrc fkbvtynfhbec b lfktt d

gjkyjq vtht ghtlecvfnhbdfnm d hfvrf[ cdjtuj jgthfnbdyjuj
vfylfnf ltqcndbz^ rjnjhst jyf vjukf ,s ghtlghbyznm lkz
ekexitybz cnfylfhnjd rfxtcndf ghjvsiktyyj gththf,jnfyys[
ghjlernjd gbnfybz lkz ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf^ b
cjltqcndjdfnm ,tpjgfcyjve b ghfdbkmyjve b[ bcgjkmpjdfyb. d
yflkt;fotv djphfcnt^ d njv xbckt gjchtlcndjv fltrdfnyjq
vfhrbhjdrb^ d cjjndtncndbb c gjkbnbrjq DJP^ d xfcnyjcnb cj
Cdjljv ghfdbk c,snf pfvtybntktq uhelyjuj vjkjrf^ htpj-
k.wbtq WHA54&2 b lheubvb cjjndtncnde.obvb htpjk.wbzvb
Fccfv,ktb plhfdjj[hfytybz*
5& GHTLKFUFTN Utythfkmyjve lbhtrnjhe%
(1) jrfpsdfnm ujcelfhcndfv-xktyfv gjllth;re gj b[ ghjcm,fv d
jceotcndktybb lfyyjq cnhfntubb^ f nfr;t vjybnjhbyut b jwtyrt
tt djpltqcndbz*
(2) ghjljk;fnm c extnjv vfcinf,jd b xfcnjns cthmtpys[
xhtpdsxfqys[ cbnefwbq dj dctv vbht jceotcndkznm c,jh
rjyrhtnyjq byajhvfwbb b hfphf,jnre ext,ys[ vfnthbfkjd^
ghtlyfpyfxtyys[ lkz j,tcgtxtybz eljdktndjhtybz gj-
nht,yjcntq ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf d gbnfybb d
bcrk.xbntkmyj nhelys[ eckjdbz[*
(3) erhtgkznm vt;leyfhjlyjt cjnhelybxtcndj c lheubvb jhuf-
ybpfwbzvb cbcntvs JJY b ldecnjhjyybvb exht;ltybzvb^
pfybvf.obvbcz djghjcfvb hfpdbnbz^ d wtkz[ cjltqcndbz yflkt-
;fotve dcrfhvkbdfyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf*
(4) cgjcj,cndjdfnm lfkmytqitve cjnhelybxtcnde cj dctvb
pfbynthtcjdfyysvb cnjhjyfvb b vt;le ybvb d jceotcndktybb
ukj,fkmyjq cnhfntubb&

Jlj,htybt Bcgjkybntkmysv cjdtnjv >YBCTA

Dnjhfz jxthtlyfz ctccbz Bcgjkybntkmyj cjdtnf >YBCTA
17 ctynz,hz 2002 u&
2002#12& Ukj,fkmyfz cnhfntubz gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj b
hfyytuj djphfcnf
Bcgjkybntkmysq cjdtn
Jlj,hztn ukj,fkmye. cnhfntub. gj rjhvktyb. ltntq uhelyjuj
b hfyytuj djphfcnf^ ghtlcnfdktyye. d ljrkflt Gbnfybt ltntq
uhelyjuj b hfyytuj djphfcnf (F55#15 jn 16 fghtkz 2002 u&) b
endth;ltyye. Gznmltczn gznjq ctccbtq Dctvbhyjq fccfv,ktb
plhfdjj[hfytybz d htpjk.wbb WHA55&25 jn 18 vfz 2002 ujlf&

34