I.

CROSS-SECTIONAL STUDY DESIGN

Dementia is a psychiatric condition characterized by a gradual loss in cognitive capacity and the
ability to live independently. Dementia affects memory, thought, actions, and the ability to carry out
everyday tasks, leading to impairment in older people. Excessive alcohol consumption is a leading risk
factor for several chronic diseases. The study aims to determine whether excessive alcohol consumption
increases the risk of dementia among individuals. A cross-sectional study is conducted in Barangay
Sampaloc where the researchers will assess whether excessive alcohol consumption increases the risk of
having dementia. The study is conducted from March 1 to April 10, 2020 where there will be 100
participants. Among the 100 participants, 50 study participants should be considered alcoholic with an
average age of 72, and 50 healthy controls. Inclusion criteria of the study participants from Barangay
Sampaloc were the age of 72 and over and the presence of dementia. Quota sampling will be used
wherein the study population will be a group that is of great interest to the study.

Dementia is a neurological condition caused by brain damage and characterized by a progressive

loss of cognitive capacity and independent living and functioning abilities. It is a chronic disease that
affects 5–7 percent of people 60 years of age and older worldwide and is a leading cause of disability in
people 60 years of age. On the other hand, alcoholism involves the inability to manage drinking habits,
which is categorized into mild, moderate, and severe. Individuals struggling with alcoholism often feel as
though they cannot function normally without alcohol. Confounding bias can happen in the study as the
researcher’s study of whether excessive alcohol consumption affects dementia. This could occur as we
encounter confounding variables which influence dementia.

II. CASE-CONTROL STUDY DESIGN

Dementia is a psychiatric condition characterized by a gradual loss in cognitive capacity and the
ability to live independently. Dementia affects memory, thought, actions, and the ability to carry out
everyday tasks, leading to impairment in older people. Excessive alcohol consumption is a leading risk
factor for several chronic diseases. The study aims to determine the prevalence of dementia to those
individuals who excessively consume alcohol. A case control study is conducted in Barangay Sampaloc
wherein it is known to be a large area with diverse people and where a large group of alcoholics resides.
Study participants will be recruited in March 1, 2020. There will be 100 participants. Among the 100
participants, 50 study participants should be considered alcoholic with an average age of 72, and 50 who
are not. Inclusion criteria of the study participants from Barangay Sampaloc were the age of 72 and
over and the presence of dementia. Quota sampling and random sampling will be used. The quota
sampling will be used to select 50 alcoholics wherein the study population will be a group that is of great
interest to the study. On the other hand, random sampling will be used to select the 50 non-alcoholic
individuals or the controls for an equal chance to be selected as part of the population.

Dementia is a neurological condition caused by brain damage and characterized by a progressive

loss of cognitive capacity and independent living and functioning abilities. It is a chronic disease that
affects 5–7 percent of people 60 years of age and older worldwide and is a leading cause of disability in
people 60 years of age. On the other hand, alcoholism involves the inability to manage drinking habits,
which is categorized into mild, moderate, and severe. Individuals struggling with alcoholism often feel as
though they cannot function normally without alcohol. Confounding bias can happen in the study as the
researcher’s study of whether excessive alcohol consumption affects dementia. This could occur as we
encounter confounding variables which influence dementia. Selection bias may also occur as random
sampling will be used to select subjects for the study.

III. COHORT STUDY

Dementia is a psychiatric condition characterized by a gradual loss in cognitive capacity and the
ability to live independently. Dementia affects memory, thought, actions, and the ability to carry out
everyday tasks, leading to impairment in older people. Excessive alcohol consumption is a leading risk
factor for several chronic diseases. The study aims to determine the prevalence of dementia to those
individuals who excessively consume alcohol. A case control study is conducted in Barangay Sampaloc
wherein it is known to be a large area with diverse people and where a large group of alcoholics resides.
The study is conducted between 2020-2025. There will be 100 participants. Among the 100 participants,
50 study participants should be considered alcoholic with an average age of 72, and 50 who are not. An
average follow-up of 5 years will be done by the researchers to compare the data that will be obtained
among the participants. Inclusion criteria of the study participants from Barangay Sampaloc were the
age of 72 and over and the presence of dementia. A randomized sampling technique is used to study the
link between alcohol and dementia among older adults.

Dementia is a neurological condition caused by brain damage and characterized by a progressive

loss of cognitive capacity and independent living and functioning abilities. It is a chronic disease that
affects 5–7 percent of people 60 years of age and older worldwide and is a leading cause of disability in
people 60 years of age. On the other hand, alcoholism involves the inability to manage drinking habits,
which is categorized into mild, moderate, and severe. Individuals struggling with alcoholism often feel as
though they cannot function normally without alcohol. Selection bias may also occur as random
sampling will be used to select subjects for the study.

IV. EXPERIMENTAL STUDY

Liver cirrhosis represents a worldwide health problem and is a major cause of mortality. Cirrhosis is
the common end for chronic alcohol abuse and hepatitis C and B virus infections. Patients who have
cirrhosis have varying degrees of compensated liver function, and clinicians need to differentiate
between those who have stable, compensated cirrhosis and those who have decompensated cirrhosis. It
is shown various complications: portal hypertension, hepatocellular carcinoma, hepato-renal syndrome,
etc. However, people with early-stage cirrhosis of the liver usually don't have symptoms. Often, cirrhosis
is first detected through a routine blood test or checkup. To help confirm a diagnosis, a combination of
laboratory and imaging tests is usually done. The aim of this study is to establish a scoring model for
liver cirrhosis disease (SLCD) in experimental rats, so as to provide evidence for early clinical prevention
and treatment of liver cirrhosis diseases. This study will be an experimental study of the liver cirrhosis
disease on experimental rats. The liver cirrhosis model was induced in rats by composite factor method.
The damages of hepatic tissues and the changes of serological liver function were observed in different
phases of the rat liver cirrhosis model.

Cirrhosis is a late stage of scarring (fibrosis) of the liver caused by many forms of liver diseases and
conditions, such as hepatitis and chronic alcoholism. Each time the liver is injured — whether by
disease, excessive alcohol consumption or another cause — it tries to repair itself. In the process, scar
tissue forms. As cirrhosis progresses, more and more scar tissue forms, making it difficult for the liver to
function (decompensated cirrhosis). Advanced cirrhosis is life-threatening.