Day01 01 Distribution Basics

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OpenDSS Virtual Training and use participant code
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EPRI Grid Operations & Planning

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August 2020 – Panelist will either answer in
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– Panelist will voice the
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1 w w w . ewpwrwi .. c
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i.co © 2020©Electric
2020 Electric
Power Power Research Institute,
Research Institute, Inc.Inc.
All rights reserved.
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OpenDSS Training
Workshop
Distribution System Basics
Roger C. Dugan
EPRI Knoxville, TN
August 24, 2020
www w .we.perp
i . rci o
. c o m © 2020 © 2020Power
Electric Electric Power
Research Research
Institute, Inc. Institute, Inc. All rights reserved.
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Instructor
▪ Roger C. Dugan, Life Fellow, IEEE

▪ Roger is a Sr. Technical Executive with EPRI in Knoxville, Tennessee USA. He has over 45 years of
combined experience in distribution engineering with EPRI, Electrotek Concepts, and Cooper
Power Systems. He holds the BSEE degree from Ohio University and the Master of Engineering in
Electric Power Engineering degree from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, NY. Roger has
worked on many diverse aspects of power engineering over his career because of his interests in
applying computer methods to power system simulation. Beginning with a student internship
with Columbus and Southern Ohio Electric Co, his work has been focused on Distribution
Engineering. He was elected a Fellow of the IEEE for his contributions in harmonics and transients
analysis. Recently, he has been very active in distributed generation, particularly as it applies to
utility distribution systems and distribution system analysis. He was the 2005 recipient of the
IEEE Excellence in Distribution Engineering Award. He is coauthor of Electrical Power Systems
Quality published by McGraw-Hill, now in its 3rd edition. He serves on the IEEE PES Distribution
System Analysis Subcommittee and is active in the Distribution Test Feeders WG.
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OpenDSS Virtual Training 2020
Date Time (NY time) Session Topic

August 24 11:30 am – 12:00 pm Distribution System Basics
12:00 pm – 12:30 pm Intro to OpenDSS
12:30 pm – 1:00 pm OpenDSS Basics and Scripting
August 25 11:30 am – 12:00 pm Intro to OpenDSS-G
12:00 pm – 12:30 pm APIs, COM interface, etc.
August 26 11:30 am – 12:30 pm PVSystem, InvControl, Storage, Storagecontroller
August 27 11:30 am – 12:30 pm Advanced Topics
12:30 pm – 1:00 pm Applying OpenDSS in R&D
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Today’s Agenda
▪ Distribution System Basics

– Primarily for Students who are new to Distribution
▪ Introduction to OpenDSS
▪ OpenDSS Basics and Scripting
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Introduction to
Distribution System Basics
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One-Line Diagram of Power Delivery System from Generator
to Load
The Transformer connections are important!

Also, note locations of breakers and arresters.
There is a good reason for everything!
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GSU Transformers are Nearly Always Delta/Wye
▪ Delta blocks 3rd harmonic current

– Produced by generator from imperfect generator voltage
– Keeps load-produced zero-sequence harmonics out of generator
– Allows for sensitive ground fault generator protection
▪ Wye-grounded/Delta (as seen from transmission side) provides a
very strong ground source
– Keeps unfaulted phase overvoltages < arrester discharge level for single-
line-to-ground faults
– Allows use of lower BIL for equipment and saves much $$$
▪ BIL = Basic Impulse Insulation Level
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Many Transmission Substation Transformers are
Autotransformers
▪ More economical; less copper and steel than conventional two-

winding transformer
▪ Effectively a grounded-YY connection (No phase shift)
– Always has a grounded neutral
▪ Many have a Delta-connected “Tertiary” winding
– Adds a “ground source”
– Keeps transient overvoltages down
– Helps control some harmonics
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Most Distribution Substation Transformers are Delta/Wve
▪ Provides a well-grounded source for distribution MV system

▪ Short circuits zero-sequence harmonics coming from loads
▪ Has a 30-degree phase shift from HV to MV
– By ANSI standards: MV lags HV by 30 degrees (Dyn1)
– In Europe, MV leads by 30 degrees (Dyn11 or Dyn5)
▪ Some distribution sub transformers are Wye/Wye/Delta (Ynynd1)
– Typically used where transmission system is, or was, weak and needs
stronger ground source to help limit overvoltages and protect arresters
during ground faults
– Delta winding is often “buried” and not loaded
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Transformers Serving Commercial 3-phase Loads
▪ These transformers may have many

different winding connections
▪ Grounded-YY is most common in US today

– Avoids most ferroresonance in cable-fed situations
▪ Many legacy Delta/grounded-Y transformers still in service
▪ Ungrounded-Y/Delta with center-tapped leg is commonly used for
small commercial buildings
– Serves 120-V office loads and 3-phase 240-V motor
– Have to leave the neutral ungrounded to prevent failure upon ground
faults on the distribution feeder
▪ The Open-Y/Open-Delta connection is used in rural areas
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The Typical North American Distribution System is a
4-wire multi-grounded neutral system
Many elements are connected to the neutral
SUBSTATION
RESIDENTIAL LOAD
Solidly Grounded
Neutral
Unigrounded/Delta 3-wire also common on the West Coast
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The North American Distribution System is Often Very
Unbalanced
Transmission System analysis is often performed assuming
balanced 3-phase systems (Positive-Sequence model)
But this takes more than a positive-sequence model:
Open-Delta
Could Have a Neutral Regulator
Reactor
Capacitor Bank with Both L-N and L-L
Blown Fuse Loads
OpenDSS was designed to handle this model … and more!

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The Typical European Style System
– 3-wire unigrounded primary (MV)
Three-phase throughout, including secondary (LV)
MV
Neutral Reactor LV
(Hi-Z)
(400 V)
Dyn11 MV/LV
-or-
Transformers
Ynd11 Transformer +
Serving LV
Zig-Zag for grounding)
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Comparisons of Systems
European-Style System
MV
LV
North American System
MV (ALL)
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Comparison of Distribution Systems
▪ North American System ▪ European Style System

– Primary (MV) system is – MV System has simpler
extensive, complex structure
– Secondary (LV) is short
– LV System (400 V) is extensive
– 4-5 houses per distribution
– Perhaps 100 residences on
transformer
▪ 120/240 V single-phase (“split phase”)
MV/LV transformer
service ▪ 230/400 V 3-phase
– 1 Industrial customer per – Extended by adding wire
distribution transformer ▪ Fewer transformers
▪ Or multiple transformers per customer
– Extended by adding
transformer + wire
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138 kV Transmission Supply
Urban
Low-Voltage 26.4 kV Distribution
Network
Systems
FEEDERS
LOAD
LOW-VOLTAGE GRID NETWORK

(MESHED)
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Urban LV Network Systems – Another View
SUBSTATION
PRIMARY FEEDERS
TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM
FEEDER BREAKER
OR RECLOSER
LOW-VOLTAGE NETWORK
NETWORK
PROTECTOR
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Urban LV Network Systems
▪ Used in downtown areas (e.g., Manhattan) requiring

extraordinary reliability
▪ In a number of major cities
– New York
– Seattle
– Chicago
▪ Reliability is on the order of 100 times better than radial
▪ Much more costly to build
▪ Uses devices not found on other distribution systems
– Network transformer and network protectors
▪ Most distribution systems in the world are radial
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Why are most distribution systems radial?
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Utility Fault-Clearing Practices
• This explains why most systems are radial
▪ Important to understand this for DER application on the

“Integrated Grid”
– Lower-cost protection for the inevitable short circuit
▪ This is where many of the operating conflicts arise !!
▪ DER response during faults can

– Affect utility practices, fault clearing
– Be damaged by fault clearing practices
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Radial Distribution Fault Protection Requires Only One Device
to Operate
Series Overcurrent Devices
LINE FUSE
BREAKER RECLOSER
(current is expected
from only one
source)
Only one device operates to clear fault
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Transmission Fault Protection Typically Requires Two Breakers
to Operate
The Transmission System is designed to accommodate

multiple generation sources
Multiple
Sources
Two Devices Must
Operate to Clear Fault
The fault can often be cleared without interrupting loads.
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Radial Circuit Economics
▪ Most distribution systems are radially configured because the

protection system is
– Simpler to operate
– Less expensive to build
▪ Smart, or “Integrated”, Grid with multiple sources is changing that

– Current flows in more than one direction
– Overcurrent relaying/fuses inadequate on microgrids
▪ May not have sufficient fault current to blow fuses, operate relays
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Radial System Protection Principles
▪ Radial Distribution Systems are employed because protection is

economical
▪ DER provides multiple sources for faults
▪ System must revert to radial configuration for the fault clearing to

proceed when using conventional radial system overcurrent
protection.
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LV Network Systems
THESE DEVICES
MUST OPERATE
FAULT
SUBSTATION
PRIMARY FEEDERS
TRANSMISSION
SYSTEM
FEEDER BREAKER
OR RECLOSER
LOW-VOLTAGE NETWORK
NETWORK
PROTECTOR
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LV Network Protection Principles
▪ Designed for higher reliability than a radial system

– Can withstand more failures (2 or more)
▪ Network protectors open very quickly on reverse power

– Assumption: The only time the power will reverse is for a fault
– Have to shut off all sources of fault current
– This makes it very difficult to accommodate much DER on urban LV
networks
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Reclosing on Overhead Radial Circuits
▪ Most faults on primary distribution (MV) are temporary

– Lightning
– Trees blow into lines
▪ Reclosing allows for prompt restoration of service

– Interrupt the current and allow arc to disperse
– Automatically reclose to restore service
▪ Very common on North American distribution systems
▪ Typically do not reclose on underground cable systems
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Reclosing can save sustained interruptions
Fault Current Interruption
Reclose Interval
Reclose
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DER Must Disconnect Early in the
First Reclose Interval
First Operation
Reclose Interval
Reclose
DER Must Disconnect Here
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Summary: Distribution Systems
▪ Structure and operations are dictated by the economics of the

protection system and desired Reliability
▪ It will be too costly to modify the protection system just to
accommodate DER devices
▪ DER must disconnect for fault clearing on same feeder or LV
network
▪ The greater value for DER is generally on the end-user side or to
subtransmission feed to distribution
▪ DER can economically defer investments in distribution
infrastructure under some circumstances
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Together…Shaping the Future of Electricity
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Meeting Logistics

▪ You are Muted on Entry

EPRI Grid Operations & Planning

Red Means ▪ Polling window

August 24, 2020

▪ Roger C. Dugan, Life Fellow, IEEE

Date Time (NY time) Session Topic

▪ Distribution System Basics

▪ OpenDSS Basics and Scripting

The Transformer connections are important!

▪ Delta blocks 3rd harmonic current

▪ More economical; less copper and steel than conventional two-

▪ Provides a well-grounded source for distribution MV system

▪ These transformers may have many

▪ Grounded-YY is most common in US today

Many elements are connected to the neutral

Unigrounded/Delta 3-wire also common on the West Coast

But this takes more than a positive-sequence model:

OpenDSS was designed to handle this model … and more!

– 3-wire unigrounded primary (MV)

Three-phase throughout, including secondary (LV)

North American System

▪ North American System ▪ European Style System

LOW-VOLTAGE GRID NETWORK

▪ Used in downtown areas (e.g., Manhattan) requiring

• This explains why most systems are radial

▪ Important to understand this for DER application on the

▪ This is where many of the operating conflicts arise !!

▪ DER response during faults can

Series Overcurrent Devices

Only one device operates to clear fault

The Transmission System is designed to accommodate

The fault can often be cleared without interrupting loads.

▪ Most distribution systems are radially configured because the

▪ Smart, or “Integrated”, Grid with multiple sources is changing that

▪ Radial Distribution Systems are employed because protection is

▪ DER provides multiple sources for faults

▪ System must revert to radial configuration for the fault clearing to

▪ Designed for higher reliability than a radial system

▪ Network protectors open very quickly on reverse power

▪ Most faults on primary distribution (MV) are temporary

▪ Reclosing allows for prompt restoration of service

▪ Very common on North American distribution systems

▪ Typically do not reclose on underground cable systems

Fault Current Interruption

DER Must Disconnect Here

▪ Structure and operations are dictated by the economics of the

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