Y

Yacht
A 6-POLYIAMOND.
References
Golomb, S. W. Polyominoes: Puzzles, Patterns, Problems,
and Packings, 2nd ed. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, p. 92, 1994.
Yahtzee
See also DICE
Yanghui Triangle
PASCAL’S TRIANGLE
Yang-Mills Equation
References
Ablowitz, M. J.; Costa, D. G.; and Tenenblat, K. "Solutions
of Multidimensional Extensions of the Anti-Self-Dual
Yang-Mills Equation." Stud. Appl. Math. 77, 37/46 1987.
Zwillinger, D. Handbook of Differential Equations, 3rd ed.
Boston, MA: Academic Press, p. 139, 1997.
y-Axis
See also ABSCISSA, ORDINATE, X -AXIS, Z -AXIS
Yff Center of Congruence

See also CONGRUENT ISOSCELIZERS POINT, ISOSCELIZER, YFF CENTRAL TRIANGLE

References
Kimberling, C. "Yff Center of Congruence." http://cedar.evansville.edu/~ck6/tcenters/recent/yffcc.html.
Yff Central Triangle

See also ISOSCELIZER, YFF CENTER OF CONGRUENCE

Yff Points

See also BROCARD POINTS, YFF TRIANGLES

References
Yff, P. "An Analog of the Brocard Points." Amer. Math.
Monthly 70, 495/501, 1963.
Yff Triangles
See also YFF POINTS
References
Yff, P. "An Analog of the Brocard Points." Amer. Math.
Monthly 70, 495/501, 1963.
y-Intercept
See also LINE, X -INTERCEPT
Yin-Yang
See also BASEBALL COVER, CIRCLE, PIECEWISE CIRCULAR CURVE, SEMICIRCLE
References
Dixon, R. Mathographics. New York: Dover, p. 11, 1991.
Gardner, M. "Mathematical Games: A New Collection of
‘Brain-Teasers."’ Sci. Amer. 203, 172/180, Oct. 1960.
Gardner, M. "Mathematical Games: More About the Shapes
that Can Be Made with Complex Dominoes." Sci. Amer.
203, 186/198, Nov. 1960.
Young Diagram
FERRERS DIAGRAM, YOUNG TABLEAU
Young Girl-Old Woman Illusion
See also RABBIT-DUCK ILLUSION
References
Pappas, T. The Joy of Mathematics. San Carlos, CA: Wide
World Publ./Tetra, p. 173, 1989.
Young Tableau

See also BUMPING ALGORITHM, DURFEE SQUARE,

HOOK LENGTH FORMULA, INVOLUTION (PERMUTATION), PARTITION, PARTITION FUNCTION P, RANDOM
TABLEAU SCHENSTED CORRESPONDENCE, TABLEAU
CLASS
References
Bressoud, D. and Propp, J. "How the Alternating Sign
Matrix Conjecture was Solved." Not. Amer. Math. Soc.
46, 637/646.
Comtet, L. "Standard Tableaux." Ch. 2, Exercise 26 in
Advanced Combinatorics: The Art of Finite and Infinite
Expansions, rev. enl. ed. Dordrecht, Netherlands: Reidel,
pp. 125/126, 1974.
Fulton, W. Young Tableaux with Applications to Representation Theory and Geometry. New York: Cambridge University Press, 1997.
Kreweras, G. "Sur une class de proble`mes de de´nombrement
lie´s au treillis des partitions d’entiers." Cahiers Buro 6, 2/
107, 1965.
Kreweras, G. "De´nombrements de chemins minimaux a`
sauts impose´s." Comptes rendus 263, 1/3, 1966.
Kreweras, G. "Sur une extension du proble`me dir ‘de Simon
Newcomb’." Comptes rendus 263, 43/45, 1966.
Kreweras, G. "Traitement simultane´ du ‘proble`me de Young’
et du ‘proble`me de Simon Newcomb’." Cahiers Buro 10,
23/31, 1967.
Messiah, A. Appendix D in Quantum Mechanics, Vol. 2.
Amsterdam, Netherlands: North-Holland, p. 1113, 1961/
62.
Ruskey, F. "Information on Permutations." http://
www.theory.csc.uvic.ca/~cos/inf/perm/PermInfo.html#Tableau.
Skiena, S. "Young Tableaux." §2.3 in Implementing Discrete
Mathematics: Combinatorics and Graph Theory with
Mathematica. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, pp. 63/76,
1990.
Skiena, S. S. The Algorithm Design Manual. New York:
Springer-Verlag, pp. 254/255, 1997.
Sloane, N. J. A. Sequences A000085/M1221 in "An On-Line
Version of the Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences." http://
www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/eisonline.html.
Stanley, R. P. Enumerative Combinatorics, Vol. 1. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1999.
Wilf, H. "The Computer-Aided Discovery of a Theorem about
Young Tableaux." J. Symb. Comput. 20, 731/735, 1995.
Young’s Inequality
References
Cooper, R. "Notes on Certain Inequalities. I." J. London
Math. Soc. 2, 17/21, 1927.
Cooper, R. "Notes on Certain Inequalities. II." J. London
Math. Soc. 2, 159/163, 1927.
Hardy, G. H.; Littlewood, J. E.; and Po´lya, G. "A Theorem of
W. H. Young." §8.3 in Inequalities, 2nd ed. Cambridge,
England: Cambridge University Press, pp. 198/200, 1988.
Mitrinovic, D. S. "Young’s Inequality." §2.7 in Analytic
Inequalities. New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 48/50,
1970.
Oppenheim, A. "Note on Mr. Cooper’s Generalization of
Young’s Inequality." J. London Math. Soc. 2, 21/23, 1927.
Riesz, F. "Su alcune disuguaglianze." Boll. Un. Mat. Ital. 7,
77/79, 1928.
Takahashi, T. "Remarks on Some Inequalities." Toˆhoku
Math. J. 36, 99/106, 1932.
Young, W. H. "On Classes of Summable Functions and Their
Fourier Series." Proc. Roy. Soc. London Ser. A 87, 225/
229, 1912.
Young’s Integral
References
Gradshteyn, I. S. and Ryzhik, I. M. Tables of Integrals,
Series, and Products, 6th ed. San Diego, CA: Academic
Press, p. 1099, 2000.
Young’s Lattice
Young’s lattice Yp is the PARTIAL ORDER of partitions
CONTAINED within a PARTITION p ordered by containment (Stanton and White 1986; Skiena 1990, p. 77).
See also CONTAINED PARTITION, PARTITION
References
Skiena, S. Implementing Discrete Mathematics: Combinatorics and Graph Theory with Mathematica. Reading, MA:
Addison-Wesley, 1990.
Stanton, D. and White, D. Constructive Combinatorics. New
York: Springer-Verlag, 1986.

ZZ
See also C, C*, COUNTING NUMBER, I, N, NATURAL
NUMBER, Q, R, WHOLE NUMBER, Z, Z
References
Dummit, D. S. and Foote, R. M. Abstract Algebra, 2nd ed.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 1, 1998.
Z
The NEGATIVE INTEGERS ..., 3, 2, 1.
See also COUNTING NUMBER, NATURAL NUMBER,
NEGATIVE, WHOLE NUMBER, Z, Z, Z*
Z
The POSITIVE INTEGERS 1, 2, 3, ..., equivalent to N.
See also COUNTING NUMBER, N, NATURAL NUMBER,
POSITIVE, WHOLE NUMBER, Z, Z-, Z*
References
Dummit, D. S. and Foote, R. M. Abstract Algebra, 2nd ed.
Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall, p. 1, 1998.
Zag Number
See also ALTERNATING PERMUTATION, TANGENT NUMBER, ZIG NUMBER
Zak Transform
References
Brezin, J. "Function Theory on Metabelian Solvmanifolds."
J. Funct. Analysis 10, 33/51, 1972.
Janssen, A. J. E. M. "The Zak Transform: A Signal Transform for Sampled Time-Continuous Signals." Philips J.
Res. 43, 23/69, 1988.
Weil, A. "Sur certains groupes d’ope´rateurs unitaires." Acta
Math. 111, 143/211, 1964.
Zak, J. Phys. Rev. Lett. 19, 1385, 1967.
Zak, J. Phys. Rev. 168, 686, 1968.
Zalcman’s Lemma
References
Schwick, W. "A Note on Zalcman’s Lemma." New Zealand J.
Math. 29, 71/72, 2000.
Zalcman, L. "A Heuristic Principle in Complex Function
Theory." Amer. Math. Monthly 82, 813/817, 1975.
Zarankiewicz’s Conjecture
See also COMPLETE BIGRAPH, CROSSING NUMBER
(GRAPH)
References
Guy, R. K. "The Decline and Fall of Zarankiewicz’s Theorem." In Proof Techniques in Graph Theory, Proceedings of
the Second Ann Arbor Graph Theory Conference, Ann
Arbor, Michigan, 1968. New York: Academic Press,
pp. 63/69, 1969.
Zarankiewicz, K. "On a Problem of P. Tura´n Concerning
Graphs." Fund. Math. 41, 137/145, 1954.
Zariski Topology
See also ALGEBRAIC VARIETY, CATEGORY THEORY,
COMMUTATIVE ALGEBRA, CONIC SECTION, IDEAL,
PRIME IDEAL, PROJECTIVE VARIETY, SCHEME
References
Bump, D. Algebraic Geometry. Singapore: World Scientific,
pp. 1/6, 1998.
Hartshorne, R. Algebraic Geometry. New York: SpringerVerlag, 1977.
Zaslavskii Map
References
Grassberger, P. and Procaccia, I. "Measuring the Strangeness of Strange Attractors." Physica D 9, 189/208, 1983.
Russell, D. A.; Hanson, J. D.; and Ott, E. "Dimension of
Strange Attractors." Phys. Rev. Let. 45, 1175/1178, 1980.
Zaslavskii, G. M. "The Simplest Case of a Strange Attractor." Phys. Let. 69A, 145/147, 1978.
Zassenhaus-Berlekamp Algorithm
A method for factoring POLYNOMIALS.
z-Axis
See also AXIS, X -AXIS, Y -AXIS
z-Distribution
FISHER’S Z -DISTRIBUTION, STUDENT’S Z -DISTRIBUTION
Zeckendorf Representation
See also ZECKENDORF’S THEOREM
References
Grabner, P. J.; Tichy, R. F.; Nemes, I.; and Petho, A. "On the
Least Significant Digit of Zeckendorf Expansions." Fib.
Quart. 34, 147/151, 1996.
Vardi, I. Computational Recreations in Mathematica. Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, p. 40, 1991.
Zeckendorf, E. "Repre´sentation des nombres naturels par
une somme des nombres de Fibonacci ou de nombres de
Lucas." Bull. Soc. Roy. Sci. Lie`ge 41, 179/182, 1972.
Zeckendorf’s Theorem
See also FIBONACCI DUAL THEOREM, ZECKENDORF
REPRESENTATION
References
Brown, J. L. Jr. "Zeckendorf’s Theorem and Some Applications." Fib. Quart. 2, 163/168, 1964.
Keller, T. J. "Generalizations of Zeckendorf’s Theorem." Fib.
Quart. 10, 95/112, 1972.
Lekkerkerker, C. G. "Voorstelling van natuurlijke getallen
door een som van Fibonacci." Simon Stevin 29, 190/195,
1951/52.
3230 Zaslavskii Map Zeckendorf’s Theorem
Zeeman’s Paradox

See also LEONARDO’S PARADOX, PERSPECTIVE, VANISHING POINT

References
Dixon, R. Mathographics. New York: Dover, p. 82, 1991.
Zeilberger-Bressoud Theorem
See also DIXON’S THEOREM, Q -MULTINOMIAL COEFFICIENT, MACDONALD’S CONSTANT-TERM CONJECTURE,
MULTINOMIAL COEFFICIENT
References
Andrews, G. E. "Problems and Prospects for Basic Hypergeometric Functions." In The Theory and Application of
Special Functions (Ed. R. Askey). New York: Academic
Press, pp. 191/224, 1975.
Andrews, G. E. "The Zeilberger-Bressoud Theorem." §4.3 in
q-Series: Their Development and Application in Analysis,
Number Theory, Combinatorics, Physics, and Computer
Algebra. Providence, RI: Amer. Math. Soc., pp. 36/38,
1986.
Dyson, F. "Statistical Theory of the Energy Levels of
Complex Systems. I." J. Math. Phys. 3, 140/156, 1962a.
Dyson, F. "Statistical Theory of the Energy Levels of
Complex Systems. II." J. Math. Phys. 3, 157/165, 1962b.
Dyson, F. "Statistical Theory of the Energy Levels of
Complex Systems. III." J. Math. Phys. 3, 166/175, 1962c.
Good, I. J. "Short Proof of a Conjecture by Dyson." J. Math.
Phys. 11, 1884, 1970.
Gunson, J. "Proof of a Conjecture of Dyson in the Statistical
Theory of Energy Levels." J. Math. Phys. 3, 752/753,
1962.
Wilson, K. G. "Proof of a Conjecture by Dyson." J. Math.
Phys. 3, 1040/1043, 1962.
Zeilberger, D. and Bressoud, D. M. "A Proof of Andrews’ qDyson Conjecture." Disc. Math. 54, 201/224, 1985.
Zeilberger’s Algorithm
See also BINOMIAL SERIES, BINOMIAL SUMS, GOSPER’S
ALGORITHM, HYPERGEOMETRIC IDENTITY, Q -ZEILBERGER ALGORITHM, SISTER CELINE’S METHOD, WILFZEILBERGER PAIR
References
Graham, R. L.; Knuth, D. E.; and Patashnik, O. Concrete
Mathematics: A Foundation for Computer Science, 2nd ed.
Reading, MA: Addison-Wesley, 1994.
Koepf, W. "Algorithms for m-fold Hypergeometric Summation." J. Symb. Comput. 20, 399/417, 1995.
Koepf, W. "Zeilberger’s Algorithm." Ch. 7 in Hypergeometric
Summation: An Algorithmic Approach to Summation and
Special Function Identities. Braunschweig, Germany:
Vieweg, pp. 93/123, 1998.
Krattenthaler, C. "HYP and HYPQ: The Mathematica
Package HYP." http://radon.mat.univie.ac.at/People/
kratt/hyp_hypq/hyp.html.
Paule, P. and Riese, A. "A Mathematica q-Analogue of
Zeilberger’s Algorithm Based on an Algebraically Motivated Approach to q-Hypergeometric Telescoping." In
Special Functions, q-Series and Related Topics, Fields
Institute Communications 14, 179/210, 1997.
Paule, P. and Schorn, M. "A Mathematica Version of
Zeilberger’s Algorithm for Proving Binomial Coefficient
Identities." J. Symb. Comput. 20, 673/698, 1995.
Petkovsek, M.; Wilf, H. S.; and Zeilberger, D. "Zeilberger’s
Algorithm." Ch. 6 in AB. Wellesley, MA: A. K. Peters,
pp. 101/119, 1996.
Riese, A. "A Generalization of Gosper’s Algorithm to Bibasic
Hypergeometric Summation." Electronic J. Combinatorics
1, R19 1/16, 1996. http://www.combinatorics.org/Volume_1/volume1.html#R19.
van der Poorten, A. "A Proof that Euler Missed... Ape´ry’s
Proof of the Irrationality of z(3):/" Math. Intel. 1, 196/203,
1979.
Wegschaider, K. Computer Generated Proofs of Binomial
Multi-Sum Identities. Diploma Thesis, RISC. Linz, Austria: J. Kepler University, May 1997.
Zeilberger, D. "Doron Zeilberger’s Maple Packages and
Programs: EKHAD." http://www.math.temple.edu/~zeilberg/programs.html.
Zeilberger, D. "A Fast Algorithm for Proving Terminating
Hypergeometric Series Identities." Discrete Math. 80,
207/211, 1990.
Zeilberger, D. "A Holonomic Systems Approach to Special
Function Identities." J. Comput. Appl. Math. 32, 321/368,
1990.
Zeilberger, D. "The Method of Creative Telescoping." J.
Symb. Comput. 11, 195/204, 1991.
Zeisel Number
A number N p1 p2 pn where the pi/s are distinct
PRIMES and n]3 such that
piApi1B
for i1, 2, ..., n, p0 taken as 1, and with A and B
some fixed integers. For example, 18851 5 13
29 is a Zeisel number with (A; B)(2; 3) since
52 13; 132 53; 292 133;
as is 1149851 5 13 29 61 since
52 13; 132 53; 292 133;
612 293:
The first few Zeisel numbers are 105, 1419, 1729,
1885, 4505, ... (Sloane’s A051015), which correspond
to constants (1, 2), (4, 1), (1, 6), (2, 3), (3, 2), ....
References
Brown, K. S. "Zeisel Numbers." http://www.seanet.com/
~ksbrown/kmath015.htm.
Sloane, N. J. A. Sequences A051015 in "An On-Line Version
of the Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences." http://www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/eisonline.html.
Zenithal Projection
AZIMUTHAL PROJECTION
Zeno’s Paradoxes
References
Erickson, G. W. and Fossa, J. A. Dictionary of Paradox.
Lanham, MD: University Press of America, pp. 218/220,
1998.
Gardner, M. The Sixth Book of Mathematical Games from
Scientific American. Chicago, IL: University of Chicago
Press, pp. 163/166, 1984.
Gru¨nbaum, A. Modern Science and Zeno’s Paradoxes.
Middletown, CT: Wesleyan University Press, 1967.
Pappas, T. "Zeno’s Paradox--Achilles & the Tortoise." The
Joy of Mathematics. San Carlos, CA: Wide World Publ./
Tetra, pp. 116/117, 1989.
Russell, B. Our Knowledge and the External World as a
Field for Scientific Method in Philosophy. New York:
Routledge, 1993.
Salmon, W. (Ed.). Zeno’s Paradoxes. New York: BobsMerrill, 1970.
Stewart, I. "Objections from Elea." In From Here to Infinity:
A Guide to Today’s Mathematics. Oxford, England: Oxford
University Press, p. 72, 1996.
vos Savant, M. The World’s Most Famous Math Problem.
New York: St. Martin’s Press, pp. 50/55, 1993.
Zermelo Set Theory
See also SET THEORY, ZERMELO-FRAENKEL SET THEORY
References
Enderton, H. B. Elements of Set Theory. New York: Academic Press, 1977.
Mendelson, E. Introduction to Mathematical Logic, 4th ed.
London: Chapman & Hall, 1997.
Iyanaga, S. and Kawada, Y. (Eds.). "Zermelo-Fraenkel Set
Theory." §35B in Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, p. 135, 1980.
Zermelo, E. "U¨ ber Grenzzahlen und Mengenbereiche."
Fund. Math. 16, 29/47, 1930.
Zermelo-Fraenkel Axioms
See also AXIOM OF CHOICE, AXIOM OF FOUNDATION,
AXIOM OF REPLACEMENT, SET THEORY, VON NEUMANN-BERNAYS-GO¨ DEL SET THEORY, ZERMELOFRAENKEL SET THEORY,
ZERMELO SET THEORY
References
Abian, A. "On the Independence of Set Theoretical Axioms."
Amer. Math. Monthly 76, 787/790, 1969.
Enderton, H. B. Elements of Set Theory. New York: Academic Press, 1977.
Itoˆ, K. (Ed.). "Zermelo-Fraenkel Set Theory." §33B in
Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics, 2nd ed., Vol. 1.
Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 146/148, 1986.
Zermelo Set Theory Zermelo-Fraenkel Axioms 3233
Iyanaga, S. and Kawada, Y. (Eds.). "Zermelo-Fraenkel Set
Theory." §35B in Encyclopedic Dictionary of Mathematics,
Vol. 1. Cambridge, MA: MIT Press, pp. 134/135, 1980.
Mendelson, E. Introduction to Mathematical Logic, 4th ed.
London: Chapman & Hall, 1997.
Zermelo, E. "U¨ ber Grenzzahlen und Mengenbereiche."
Fund. Math. 16, 29/47, 1930.
Zermelo-Fraenkel Set Theory
See also LOGIC, SET THEORY, VON NEUMANN-BERNAYS-GO¨ DEL SET THEORY, ZERMELO-FRAENKEL AXIOMS, ZERMELO SET
THEORY
References
Montague, R. "Semantic Closure and Non-Finite Axiomatizability. I." In Infinitistic Methods, Proceedings of the
Symposium on Foundations of Mathematics, (Warsaw,
2/9 September 1959). Oxford, England: Pergamon,
pp. 45/69, 1961.
Zermelo, E. "U¨ ber Grenzzahlen und Mengenbereiche."
Fund. Math. 16, 29/47, 1930.
Zermelo’s Axiom of Choice
AXIOM OF CHOICE
Zernike Polynomial

See also JACOBI POLYNOMIAL

References
Bezdidko, S. N. "The Use of Zernike Polynomials in Optics."
Sov. J. Opt. Techn. 41, 425, 1974.
Bhatia, A. B. and Wolf, E. "On the Circle Polynomials of
Zernike and Related Orthogonal Sets." Proc. Cambridge
Phil. Soc. 50, 40, 1954.
Born, M. and Wolf, E. "The Diffraction Theory of Aberrations." Ch. 9 in Principles of Optics: Electromagnetic
Theory of Propagation, Interference, and Diffraction of
Light, 6th ed. New York: Pergamon Press, pp. 459/490,
1989.
Mahajan, V. N. "Zernike Circle Polynomials and Optical
Aberrations of Systems with Circular Pupils." In Engineering and Lab. Notes 17 (Ed. R. R. Shannon), p. S-21,
Aug. 1994.
Prata, A. and Rusch, W. V. T. "Algorithm for Computation of
Zernike Polynomials Expansion Coefficients." Appl. Opt.
28, 749/754, 1989.
Wang, J. Y. and Silva, D. E. "Wave-Front Interpretation
with Zernike Polynomials." Appl. Opt. 19, 1510/1518,
1980.
Wyant, J. C. "Zernike Polynomials." http://wyant.opt-sci.arizona.edu/zernikes/zernikes.htm.
Zernike, F. "Beugungstheorie des Schneidenverfahrens und
seiner verbesserten Form, der Phasenkontrastmethode."
Physica 1, 689/704, 1934.
Zhang, S. and Shannon, R. R. "Catalog of Spot Diagrams."
Ch. 4 in Applied Optics and Optical Engineering, Vol. 11.
New York: Academic Press, p. 201, 1992.
Zero
See also 10, APPROXIMATE ZERO, DIVISION BY ZERO,
FALLACY, NAUGHT, NEGATIVE, NONNEGATIVE, NONZERO, ONE, POSITIVE, TWO, ZEROFREE
References
Beeler, M. and Gosper, R. W. Item 57 in Beeler, M.; Gosper,
R. W.; and Schroeppel, R. HAKMEM. Cambridge, MA:
MIT Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Memo AIM-239,
p. 22, Feb. 1972.
Knuth, D. E. The Art of Computer Programming, Vol. 1:
Fundamental Algorithms, 3rd ed. Reading, MA: AddisonWesley, p. 56, 1997.
Kogan, S. "A Note on Definite Integrals Involving Trigonometric Functions." http://www.mathsoft.com/asolve/constant/pi/sin/sin.html.
Madachy, J. S. Madachy’s Mathematical Recreations. New
York: Dover, pp. 127/128, 1979.
Pappas, T. "Zero-Where & When." The Joy of Mathematics.
San Carlos, CA: Wide World Publ./Tetra, p. 162, 1989.
Sloane, N. J. A. Sequences A007377/M0485 in "An On-Line
Version of the Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences." http://
www.research.att.com/~njas/sequences/eisonline.html.
Wells, D. The Penguin Dictionary of Curious and Interesting
Numbers. Middlesex, England: Penguin Books, pp. 23/
26, 1986.
Zero (Root)
ROOT
Zero Divisor
References
Finch, S. "Unsolved Mathematics Problems: Zero Structures
in Real Algebras." http://www.mathsoft.com/asolve/zerodiv/zerodiv.html.
Zero Irrelevancy Proof
CLASSIFICATION THEOREM OF SURFACES
Zero Map
See also IDENTITY MAP
Zero Matrix
See also IDENTITY MATRIX
Zero Section
See also BUNDLE, MANIFOLD, SECTION (BUNDLE),
VECTOR BUNDLE, ZERO VECTOR
Zero Set
If f is a function on an OPEN SET U, then the zero set
of f is the set Zf g z U : f (z)0 :/
References
Krantz, S. G. Handbook of Complex Analysis. Boston, MA:
Birkha¨user, p. 268, 1999.
Zero Vector.
See also UNIT VECTOR, ZERO VECTOR
Zero-Form
See also DIFFERENTIAL K -FORM, ONE-FORM, TWOFORM
Zerofree
See also BAXTER-HICKERSON FUNCTION, ZERO
Zero-Sum Game

See also FINITE GAME, GAME

References
Dresher, M. The Mathematics of Games of Strategy: Theory
and Applications. New York: Dover, p. 2, 1981.
Zeta
HURWITZ ZETA FUNCTION, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION
Zeta Fuchsian
See also AUTOMORPHIC FUNCTION
Zeta Function
See also DEDEKIND FUNCTION, DIRICHLET BETA
FUNCTION, DIRICHLET ETA FUNCTION, DIRICHLET L -
SERIES, DIRICHLET LAMBDA FUNCTION, EPSTEIN ZETA
FUNCTION, JACOBI ZETA FUNCTION, NINT ZETA FUNCZero Section Zeta Function 3237
TION, PERIODIC ZETA FUNCTION, PRIME ZETA FUNCTION, RIEMANN ZETA FUNCTION, SELBERG ZETA
FUNCTION
References
Ireland, K. and Rosen, M. "The Zeta Function." Ch. 11 in A
Classical Introduction to Modern Number Theory, 2nd ed.
New York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 151/171, 1990.
Zeuthen’s Rule
References
Coolidge, J. L. A Treatise on Algebraic Plane Curves. New
York: Dover, p. 131, 1959.
Zeuthen’s Theorem
See also CHASLES-CAYLEY-BRILL FORMULA
References
Coolidge, J. L. A Treatise on Algebraic Plane Curves. New
York: Dover, p. 246, 1959.
Zig Number

See also ALTERNATING PERMUTATION, EULER NUMBER, ZAG NUMBER

Zigzag Permutation
ALTERNATING PERMUTATION
Zig-Zag Triangle
SEIDEL-ENTRINGER-ARNOLD TRIANGLE
Zillion
See also LARGE NUMBER
References
Conway, J. H. and Guy, R. K. The Book of Numbers. New
York: Springer-Verlag, pp. 13/16, 1996.
Zip
Half a ZIP-PAIR.
ZIP Proof
CLASSIFICATION THEOREM OF SURFACES
Zipf’s Law
See also HARMONIC SERIES, RANK (STATISTICS)
References
Bogomolny, A. "Benford’s Law and Zipf’s Law." http://
www.cut-the-knot.com/do_you_know/zipfLaw.html.
Goetz, P. "Phil’s Good Enough Complexity Dictionary."
http://www.cs.buffalo.edu/~goetz/dict.html.
Li, W. "Zipf’s Law." http://linkage.rockefeller.edu/wli/zipf/.
Pierce, J. R. Introduction to Information Theory: Symbols,
Signals, and Noise, 2nd rev. ed. New York: Dover, pp. 86/
87 and 238/239, 1980.
Zip-Pair
See also ZIP
References
Francis, G. K. and Weeks, J. R. "Conway’s ZIP Proof." Amer.
Math. Monthly 106, 393/399, 1999.
3238 Zeuthen’s Rule Zip-Pair
Z-Number
See also COLLATZ PROBLEM
References
Flatto, L. "Z-Numbers and b/-Transformations." Symbolic
Dynamics and its Applications, Contemporary Math. 135,
181/201, 1992.
Guy, R. K. "Mahler’s Z-Numbers." §E18 in Unsolved Problems in Number Theory, 2nd ed. New York: SpringerVerlag, p. 220, 1994.
Lagarias, J. C. "The 3x1 Problem and its Generalizations."
Amer. Math. Monthly 92, 3/23, 1985. http://www.cecm.sfu.ca/organics/papers/lagarias/.
Mahler, K. "An Unsolved Problem on the Powers of 3/2."
Austral. Math. Soc. 8, 313/321, 1968.
Tijdman, R. "Note on Mahler’s 3 2/-Problem." Kongel. Norske
Vidensk Selsk. Skr. 16, 1/4, 1972.
Zo¨llner’s Illusion
See also ILLUSION, POGGENDORFF ILLUSION
References
IllusionWorks.
"Poggendorf
[sic]."
http://www.illusion
works.com/html/poggendorf.html.
IllusionWorks.
"Zollner."
http://www.illusionworks.com/
html/zollner.html.
Jablan, S. "Some Visual Illusions Occurring in Interrupted
Systems."
http://members.tripod.com/~modularity/in
terr.htm.
Pappas, T. The Joy of Mathematics. San Carlos, CA: Wide
World Publ./Tetra, p. 172, 1989.
Zome

References
Hart, G. W. and Picciotto, H. "Zome Geometry: Hands-on
Learning with Zome Models." http://www.georgehart.com/
zomebook/zomebook.html.
Zome System. http://www.zometool.com/.
Zonal Harmonic
See also LEGENDRE POLYNOMIAL, SECTORIAL HARMONIC, SPHERICAL HARMONIC, TESSERAL HARMONIC
References
Byerly, W. E. "Zonal Harmonics." Ch. 5 in An Elementary
Treatise on Fourier’s Series, and Spherical, Cylindrical,
Z-Number Zonal Harmonic 3239
and Ellipsoidal Harmonics, with Applications to Problems
in Mathematical Physics. New York: Dover, pp. 144/194,
1959.
Whittaker, E. T. and Watson, G. N. A Course in Modern
Analysis, 4th ed. Cambridge, England: Cambridge University Press, 1990.
Zone
See also SPHERE, SPHERICAL CAP, SPHERICAL SEGMENT, ZONOHEDRON
References
Beyer, W. H. (Ed.). CRC Standard Mathematical Tables,
28th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, p. 130, 1987.
Kern, W. F. and Bland, J. R. "Zone." §35 in Solid Mensuration with Proofs, 2nd ed. New York: Wiley, pp. 95/97,
1948.
Zonohedron
See also CUBE, ENNEACONTAHEDRON, GREAT RHOMBIC TRIACONTAHEDRON, GREAT RHOMBICUBOCTAHEDRON
(ARCHIMEDEAN), HYPERCUBE, MEDIAL RHOMBIC
TRIACONTAHEDRON, RHOMBIC DODECAHEDRON,
RHOMBIC ICOSAHEDRON, RHOMBIC TRIACONTAHEDRON, RHOMBOHEDRON
References
Ball, W. W. R. and Coxeter, H. S. M. Mathematical Recreations and Essays, 13th ed. New York: Dover, pp. 141/144,
1987.
Coxeter, H. S. M. "Zonohedra." §2.8 in Regular Polytopes,
3rd ed. New York: Dover, pp. 27/30, 1973.
Coxeter, H. S. M. Ch. 4 in The Beauty of Geometry: Twelve
Essays. New York: Dover, 1999.
Eppstein, D. "Ukrainian Easter Egg." http://www.ics.uci.edu/~eppstein/junkyard/ukraine/.
Fedorov, E. S. Zeitschr. Krystallographie und Mineralogie
21, 689, 1893.
Fedorov, E.W. Nachala Ucheniya o Figurakh. Leningrad,
1953.
Hart, G. "Zonohedra." http://www.georgehart.com/virtualpolyhedra/zonohedra-info.html.
Harp, G. W. "Zonohedrification." Mathematica J. 7, 374/
383, 1999.
Kelly, L. M. and Moser, W. O. J. "On the Number of
Ordinary Lines Determined by n Points." Canad. J.
Math. 1, 210/219, 1958.
Zonotype

Zoomeron Equation
References
Calogero, F. and Degasperis, A. Spectral Transform and
Solitons: Tools to Solve and Investigate Nonlinear Evolution Equations. New York: North-Holland, p. 58, 1982.
Zwillinger, D. Handbook of Differential Equations, 3rd ed.
Boston, MA: Academic Press, p. 135, 1997.
Zorn’s Lemma
See also AXIOM OF CHOICE
z-Score
Zsigmondy Theorem
References
Ribenboim, P. The Little Book of Big Primes. New York:
Springer-Verlag, p. 27, 1991.
Z-Transform

See also DISCRETE FOURIER TRANSFORM, EULER’S

TRIANGLE, EULERIAN NUMBER, FRACTIONAL FOURIER
TRANSFORM
References
Arndt, J. "The z-Transform (ZT)." Ch. 3 in "Remarks on FFT
Algorithms." http://www.jjj.de/fxt/.
Beyer, W. H. (Ed.). CRC Standard Mathematical Tables,
28th ed. Boca Raton, FL: CRC Press, pp. 424/428, 1987.
Bracewell, R. The Fourier Transform and Its Applications,
3rd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill, pp. 257/262, 1999.
Germundsson, R. "Mathematica Version 4." Mathematica J.
7, 497/524, 2000.
z-Transform (Population)
POPULATION COMPARISON