ligaduras griegas

Las ligaduras griegas son combinaciones gráficas de las letras del alfabeto griego que se
usaban en el griego escrito a mano medieval y en las primeras imprentas. Las ligaduras se
utilizaron en el estilo de escritura cursiva y muy ampliamente en la escritura minúscula posterior
. Había docenas [1] [2] de ligaduras convencionales. Algunas de ellas representaban
combinaciones frecuentes de letras, otras terminaciones flexivas de palabras y otras eran
abreviaturas de palabras enteras.

Impresión griega temprana, de una edición de 1566 de Aristóteles.

El ejemplo muestra la ligadura -os en el medio de la segunda línea (en la palabra μέθοδος), la ligadura kai debajo de ella
en la tercera línea y la ligadura -ou- justo debajo en la cuarta línea, junto con muchas otras.
Muestra tipográfica del siglo XVIII de William Caslon , que muestra un conjunto muy reducido de ligaduras ( -ου- en "τοῦ" ,
final de la primera línea; -στ- en πλείστοις , mitad de la segunda línea; y la abreviatura καὶ ).

In early printed Greek from around 1500, many ligatures fashioned after contemporary
manuscript hands continued to be used. Important models for this early typesetting practice
were the designs of Aldus Manutius in Venice, and those of Claude Garamond in Paris, who
created the influential Grecs du roi typeface in 1541. However, the use of ligatures gradually
declined during the 17th and 18th centuries and became mostly obsolete in modern typesetting.
Among the ligatures that remained in use the longest are the ligature Ȣ for ου, which resembles
an o with an u on top, and the abbreviation ϗ for καὶ ('and'), which resembles a κ with a
downward stroke on the right. The ου ligature is still occasionally used in decorative writing,
while the καὶ abbreviation has some limited usage in functions similar to the Latin ampersand
(&). Another ligature that was relatively frequent in early modern printing is a ligature of Ο with ς
(a small sigma inside an omicron) for a terminal ος.

The ligature ϛ for στ, now called stigma, survived in a special role besides its use as a ligature
proper. It took on the function of a number sign for "6", having been visually conflated with the
cursive form of the ancient letter digamma, which had this numeral function.

Computer encoding

In the modern computer encoding standard Unicode, the abbreviation ϗ has been encoded since
version 3.0 of the standard (1999). An uppercase version Ϗ was added in version 5.1 (2008). A
lower and upper case "stigma", designed for its numeric use, is also encoded in Unicode. Letters
derived from the ου ligature exist for use in Latin, and for Cyrillic, though not for Greek itself.
Some attempts have been made at recreating typesetting with ligatures in modern computer
fonts, either through Unicode-compliant OpenType glyph replacement,[3] or with simpler but non-
standardized methods of glyph-by-glyph encoding.[4]

Greek digraphs
Character information

Preview Ϗ ϗ Ϛ ϛ
GREEK CAPITAL KAI GREEK KAI GREEK LETTER GREEK SMALL
Unicode name
SYMBOL SYMBOL STIGMA LETTER STIGMA

Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex

Unicode 975 U+03CF 983 U+03D7 986 U+03DA 987 U+03DB

207 207 207

UTF-8 207 143 CF 8F CF 97 CF 9A CF 9B
151 154 155

Numeric character
Ϗ Ϗ ϗ ϗ Ϛ Ϛ ϛ ϛ
reference

Latin and Cyrillic Ou digraphs

Character information

Preview Ȣ ȣ Ꙋ ꙋ
CYRILLIC CAPITAL CYRILLIC SMALL
LATIN CAPITAL LATIN SMALL
Unicode name LETTER MONOGRAPH LETTER MONOGRAPH
LETTER OU LETTER OU
UK UK

Encodings decimal hex dec hex dec hex dec hex

Unicode 546 U+0222 547 U+0223 42570 U+A64A 42571 U+A64B

200 200 234 153 234 153

UTF-8 C8 A2 C8 A3 EA 99 8A EA 99 8B
162 163 138 139

Numeric
character Ȣ Ȣ ȣ ȣ Ꙋ Ꙋ ꙋ ꙋ
reference

Example images
-εῖ-

(-ei-)

-γερ-

(-ger-)
καὶ

(kai)

-μω-

(-mō-)
-ος

(-os)

οὖν

(oûn)
 φησὶ

(phēsi)

-έστ-

(-ést-)

[5]

Otros ejemplos
 Ver también

iota adscript , que se escribe con una iota ligada : ᾼ

subíndice iota , también escrito con un iota ligado : ᾳ

Tau-Rho

Chi-Rho

ligadura ortográfica

Referencias

1. El paquete Philokalia (http://www.math.washington.edu/tex-archive/fonts/philokalia/philok

alia.pdf) Archivado (https://web.archive.org/web/20120525190919/http://www.math.washi
ngton.edu/tex-archive/fonts/philokalia/philokalia.pdf) el 25 de mayo de 2012 en Wayback
Machine , para LaTeX

2. Carl Faulmann, Das Buch der Schrift: Schriftzeichen und Alphabete aller Zeiten und Völker,
Vienna 1880, p.172-176.
 3. e.g. Greek Font Society. "GFS Gazis" (https://web.archive.org/web/20120907064136/http://w
ww.greekfontsociety.gr/images/GazisSpecimen.pdf) (PDF). Archived from the original (htt
p://www.greekfontsociety.gr/images/GazisSpecimen.pdf) (PDF) on 2012-09-07. Retrieved
2012-07-13.; George Douros. "Unicode fonts for ancient scripts" (http://users.teilar.gr/~g195
1d/) . Retrieved 2012-07-13.

4. e.g. Schmidthauser, Andreas. "Renaissance Greek" (http://schmidhauser.us/tools/rgl/) .

Retrieved 2012-07-13.

5. The Ligatures of Early Printed Greek (https://grbs.library.duke.edu/article/view/11391/4169)

by William H. Ingram Duke University LIbraries Greek, Roman and Byzantine Studies

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