Book of Codes

The Puzzle Addict’s
Book of Codes
The Puzzle Addict’s
Book of Codes
250 Totally Addictive
Cryptograms for You to Crack
Philip Carter
Copyright © 2006 by Philip Carter
First published 2006 by Capstone Publishing Ltd. (a Wiley Company)

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Dedication
This book is dedicated to the memory of a dear friend and
colleague, Ken Russell (1925ä–ä2005)
Contents
Introduction 1
1 Cryptograms 5
Level Oneä—äStandard Cryptograms 5
Level Twoä—äKeyed Cryptograms 38
2 Codes and Cipher Puzzles 53

Level Oneä—äWarm-up Puzzles 54
Level Twoä—äMore Challenging Puzzles 65
Level Threeä—äVery Challenging Puzzles 103
3 Famous Codes and Ciphers 123

The Enigma Code 123
The Rosetta Stone 126
The Lincoln Cipher 129
Psalm 46 130
The Beale Ciphers 132
England Expects 140
The Playfair Cipher 141
4 Answers and Explanations 145
vii
The Puzzle Addict’s Book of Codes
5 Addenda 207
Addendum 1 Morse Code 207
Addendum 2 Nato Alphabet 209
Addendum 3 Semaphore 210
Addendum 4 Smiley Faces 211
viii
Introduction
The word ‘cryptography’, meaning the science of codes, is
derived from the Greek words kryptos (secret) and graphos
(writing).
Cryptography includes the use of concealed messages,
ciphers and codes, its purpose being to alter the form of a
message or communication in such a way that it is intelligible
only to the person possessing the key. Cryptanalysis (which
may also be referred to as ‘cryptanalytics’, ‘cryptography’ or
‘cryptology’) is the breaking of the codes or cipher without the
key. Technically, there is a subtle difference between codes
and ciphers. A code is based on complete words or phrases,
where all the words are replaced by code words or numbers,
and a code book is needed in order for a message to be sent
or read. A cipher, on the other hand, uses single letters which
are either jumbled up or replaced by other letters, numbers or
symbols. Often, however, the more familiar word code is used
to mean either a code or a cipher.
Recently, the success of Dan Brown’s book The Da Vinci
Code has spurred a renewed interest in the area of codes,
ciphers and cryptograms. Secret codes and ciphers have been
used since ancient times and several can still be dated back
many thousands of years. Jewish writers, for example,
1
sometimes concealed the meaning of text by a system called

‘atbash’, in which they reversed the alphabet by using the last
letter in place of the first, the next last for the second, and
so on.
Spartan ephors, or magistrates, communicated with their
generals in the field of battle by means of messages written
across the adjoining edges of a strip of parchment wrapped
spirally around a staff called a scytale (Fig. 1). Once unrolled,
the message could only be deciphered by wrapping the strip
around an identical staff. In 405 BC the Greek general,
Lysander of Sparta, was sent a similarly coded message written
on the inside of a servant’s belt. When Lysander wound the
belt around a wooden baton the message was revealed. The
message warned Lysander that Persia was about to go to war
against him. As a result he immediately set sail and defeated
the Persians.
The oldest method of sending secret messages is to find
effective methods by which to conceal them. For example, the
ancient Greek historian and ‘father of history’ Herodotus
(c. 484ä–ä425 BC) recorded that a Greek named Demaratus, who
was living in exile in Persia, found an ingenious way to
smuggle vital information out of that country. In those days,
wooden tablets covered with wax were used for writing, so
Demaratus wrote a message on the wooden tablet itself and
then covered that with wax, thereby concealing his message.
The Greek writer Polybius invented the 5 " 5 Polybius
square, widely used in various cryptographic systems, an
example of which will be found later in this book. A form of
this code was still being used 2000 years later, during the First
World War.
2
Introduction
S
F
L
K
Figure 1
The Roman emperor, Julius Caesar, who was one of the first
people to use codes in the field of battle, used a simple
monoalphabetic substitution cipher, known as the Caesar
shift, which involved shifting letters by a number of positions,
say three, along the alphabet so that A became D, B became E,
C became F, etc.
The aim of this book is to remove some of the mystique
surrounding the science of cryptography by presenting, in a
fun and entertaining way, a wide and varied selection of
puzzle challenges in which readers will be able to familiarise
themselves with different types of codes and ciphers, both
traditional as well as new and original, and as a result will
become much more proficient in the art of cryptanalysis.
3
1
Cryptograms
Level Oneä—äStandard Cryptograms
A STRAIGHT SUBSTITUTION CRYPTOGRAM IS WHEN

E GIBEWRUI GOQGIWIOIWTK HBPVITRBEF WG XUZK
EACH LETTER OF THE ALPHABET HAS BEEN

ZEHU YZIIZB TD IUZ EYVUEQZI UEG QZZK
RANDOMLY REPLACED BY ANOTHER.

BEKNTFYP BZVYEHZN QP EKTIUZB.
A B C D E F G H I J K L M
E Q H N Z D R U W L A Y F
N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
K T V M B G I O C X S P J
The simplest cryptograms are those in which every letter of

the alphabet from A to Z (known as the plain text) is
substituted for another in the coded text, e.g. the letter A
5
might be substituted by the letter E and the letter B might be

substituted by the letter Q, as in the example above. This
substitution may be random, as in the case of all the puzzles
which appear in this section, or it may be to a pattern,
e.g. where A is substituted by C, B is substituted by D and C is
substituted by E. This type of substitution is known as the
‘Caesar shift’, after the Roman emperor Julius Caesar, who is
reputed to have devised this code.
Cryptanalysts have at their disposal a great deal of
information, such as letter and word frequency. The latest
information on the order in which letters appear most
frequently in the English language is ETAOINSHR, and the full
list of the 26 letters of the alphabet, together with their
associated percentages, is as follows:
a 8.2 n 6.7
b 1.5 o 7.5
c 2.8 p 1.9
d 4.3 q 0.1
e 12.7 r 6.0
f 2.2 s 6.3
g 2.0 t 9.1
h 6.1 u 2.8
i 7.0 v 1.0
j 0.2 w 2.4
k 0.8 x 0.2
l 4.0 y 2.0
m 2.4 z 0.1
The order in which letters appear most often at the beginning

of a word is TAOSTWHCB and at the end ESDTNRYO.
6
Cryptograms
So, armed with such a wealth of information, how does one

go about decoding a simple substitution cryptogram, i.e. one
in which each letter of the alphabet has been substituted for
another?
By far the easiest ones to deal with are those that contain a
four-letter word which begins and ends with the same letter,
e.g. JDBJ. There is an extremely good chance this is the word
THAT, which should then enable you to discover the word THE,
and now you are well on your way to solving the cryptogram.
If the word THAT does not appear, then try to work out
what might be the letter E and pencil this in lightly under the
coded text throughout the cryptogram. Then look for single-
letter words, which will usually either be A or I, and a
repeated three-letter word ending, possibly ING, the most
common three-letter ending in the English language. Also look
for other obvious words, such as AND, and the most common
two-letter word in the English language, OF. Double letters
(EE, FF, LL, OO, RR and SS are the most common) and four-
letter endings, such as LESS and NESS, can also be identified.
Next, look for frequently paired letter combinations and
sets of three letters. There are tables of frequencies of pairs of
letters (known as digraphs) and sets of three letters (trigraphs)
to assist the cryptanalyst. The 30 most common digraphs in
the English language are, in order of occurrence:
th, er, on, an, re, he, in, ed, nd, ha, at, en, es, of, or, nt, ea,
ti, to, it, st, io, le, is, ou, ar, as, de, rt, ve.
The 15 most common trigraphs are:
the, and, tha, ent, ion, tio, for, nde, has, nce, edt, tis, oft,
sth, men.
7
Also look for short words, the most frequent being, in

descending order:
THE, OF, AND, TO, IN, THAT and IS.
Although the puzzles in this section are all simple

substitution types, more complicated methods do exist, e.g.
when randomly chosen numbers are substituted for each
letter, for instance, 192 may stand for T, or 59 for E. In even
more complicated versions of such ciphers, one letter may
have more than one number equivalent, e.g. the letter S may
be 37 the first time it appears, 79 the second time and 42 the
third time. These alternative numbers are known as
homophones. Without the key such messages, and even more
complicated versions of them, would be virtually impossible to
decode except by intelligence agencies with very sophisticated
equipment.
1 JTQTIRVRBO ZNV LBOT GWYZ SBA FVPYZRNJAP EP

VFATNLROM ROSBAGNJRBO NEBWJ RJ, NV UTQQ NV
YBOJAREWJROM JB JZT OTTL SBA RJ.
NQSATL ZRJYZYBYX
8
Cryptograms
2 EWNTAPC EV H PEL, H QEEJ AT H UHB’T QCTN

VMACBP. ABTAPC EV H PEL AN’T NEE PHMJ NE MCHP.
LMEWIZE UHMY
3 Z XIAY NYBNXZQYP. Z XZFY WCY SCIIPCZQM PIVQN

WCYO KBFY BP WCYO GXO RO.
NIVMXBP BNBKP
9
4 EVKHVA SEV MH EVK EQHFVO HW UHDI YDHJNMAM

NO NZV’O OCA UHDI CA NZ ZFYYHZAM OH XA MHNVR
EO OCA QHQAVO.
DHXADO XAVSCBAK
5 PIIPCWXAUWS UO BUOOFM NS BPOW IFPIJF NFZLXOF

UW UO MCFOOFM UA PEFCLJJO LAM JPPTO JUTF QPCT.
WKPBLO LJEL FMUOPA
10
Cryptograms
6 AWYBYHZWV ZV AQEFAHAXU PVATPX CV C TYFH YT

AHRXYUHABE TYF AWYBYHZVEV.
SYIB MABBAEI NCXOFCZEI
7 SQX SALMYBX TWSQ YXWHD OMHISMJB WG SQJS

HLYLRN’G SQXAX SL JOOAXIWJSX WS.
KAJHPBWH O. ELHXG
11
8 DW D ELQP ZPPV WLMGEPM GELV RGEPMZ, DG DZ

XPULNZP D YLZ ZGLVCDVK RV GEP ZERNOCPMZ RW
KDLVGZ.
DZLLU VPYGRV
9 TQJYZRCKX JIGC VR CIXVCK RQ HQ I BQR QP RLVENX,

OZR JQXR QP RLC RLVENX RLCU JIGC VR CIXVCK RQ
HQ HQE’R ECCH RQ OC HQEC.
IEHU KQQECU
12
Cryptograms
10 PZ PJ RT PKZNXNJZ ZR KRZN ZMHZ QMPDN JRON

GRDYMPKJ HXN XNYRXZNG ZR MHCN DNHXKNG
NKADPJM ä—ä WY ZR TPTZL QRXGJ WJNG PK ERXXNEZ
RXGNX ä—ä KR MWOHK VNPKA MHJ VNNK XNYRXZNG
ZR MHCN DNHXKNG GRDYMPKNJN.
EHXD JHAHK
11 ZYGKPCGKZ C PTCRJ PTK ZHBKZP ZCOR PTLP

CRPKMMCOKRP MCEK KSCZPZ KMZKQTKBK CR PTK
HRCAKBZK CZ PTLP RYRK YE CP TLZ PBCKU PY
FYRPLFP HZ.
VCMM QLPPKBZYR
13
12 WYS DTNSEWNINT WYSKVL N ZNFS MSDW ND WYCW

WYS VNEJD KI DCWHVE CVS TKRQKDSA SEWNVSZL KI
ZKDW CNVZNES ZHJJCJS.
RCVF VHDDSZZ
13 OLGR EZDYR Z FUXLKXF Z LRX L RXE-QTVEF

KLUGYKXOOTA – AYXE Z ATCX VQ RYX QZOOTA ALG
DTEX.
RTKKJ MTTQXU
14
Cryptograms
14 VEUDZBT ZU UBKMQDZTS QDEQ SBMU ZT BTM AMEO

ETW BHQ QDM BQDMO.
HTRTBCT
15 SP SW PDT IEVM ZA EC TKQUEPTK ISCK PZ LT ELBT PZ

TCPTVPESC E PDZQJDP GSPDZQP EUUTOPSCJ SP.
EVSWPZPBT
15
16 GF SFVZMMZOVWGM KFRU SK KRDZRFZ QNR OGF

MSKVZF VR VNZ QSMMSGD VZMM RIZPVWPZ GFH FRV
VNSFL RT VNZ MRFZ PGFAZP.
HGF PGVNZP
17 QFRBWTHWS RFHID JBUFTIRFIY ZS QPDWLDDPBI, ZLY

PY PD BIAS FVVFWYPUF PV SBL WHI DYBX XFBXAF
YHANPIJ.
WAFRFIY HYAFF
16
Cryptograms
18 FQ ZWH CLBPS MWLVPS RPLC FZMHPQ VT, ZWH PIMZ

IVSFRPH NLFYH CLVPS RH ZWIZ LQ IE HATHBZ MIOFED
FZ YIE’Z RH SLEH.
THZHB VMZFELN
19 NORZ QZK BGYE UZFGLRZ BAZM AGIZ RDQZBAOKX BD

RGM, JDDYR UZFGLRZ BAZM AGIZ BD RGM
RDQZBAOKX.
VYGBD
17
20 LIHIGE ULIBV JMN XDN IY JMN MOFXL AXTN, HOJ

NRNAEHIGE XDANNV JMXJ SJ SV ICG NLIODM JI ULIB
HNJJNA.
XLILEFIOV
21 CQ YZRPR IPR YUB BP FBPR UIDT YB HB TBFRYZCWO,

IWH BWR BQ YZRTR UIDT XIW PRTASY CW I
XIYITYPBJZR, YZRW TBFRBWR UCSS HB CY.
RHUIPH I FAPJZD VP
18
Cryptograms
22 SGO GTAS UJXQ BGDQW GXQW BQGBAQ NG AGTC JN

SGO FGT’I IJLQ QXQWSIUYTC JDJS VWGE IUQE. ZOI
DUQT SGO’XQ WGZZQF J EJT GV QXQWSIUYTC, UQ’N
TG AGTCQW YT SGOW BGDQW – UQ’N VWQQ JCJYT.
JAQRJTFQW NGAHUQTYINST
23 C NFU FG GTNNFRE IFRCKCPE OCJT C L.C., S.K., FV

MO.K. QIGFVUQICUTNP UOTP KFI’U OCJT C W.F.L.
GCUE KFSBIF
19
24 FW PWN YWPFUBP NZU GSFQUBUPN WM HPWNZUI

VUYHSEU LN FLMMUIE MIWB OWSI WAP. OWS BHO
VWNZ VU AIWPQ.
FHPFUBLE
25 GSIQ ZWSQR WSAQ EL EYYCN ZYJSG ZWSQR WSAQ E

DELELE.
BYCJVKC IEYH
20
Cryptograms
26 A ZVHNNLR ELKALXAIQ AI ZSIVS YKSFZ OJLI CP CHVJLD

VHHM CL VH ZLL JAC AI S RLNSDVCLIV ZVHDL, SIR JL
SZMLR BHD CP SFVHQDSNJ.
ZJADKLP VLCNKL
27 M HVU’F OGUF GUP PRL-CRU GZVTUH CR. M OGUF

RARZPSVHP FV FRWW CR FYR FZTFY RARU MD MF IVLFL
FYRC FYRMZ BVSL.
LGCTRW NVWHOPU
21
28 BRCCPS GKS RY EASM ZVJ’QS BSX YV BGMZ ISVIPS

XAGX SQSDZ MSE ISDYVM ZVJ BSSX DSBRMCY ZVJ VN
YVBSVMS SPYS.
VKCSM MGYA
29 NYI BUGPI VQ NYI QGNYIK FM NYI EVLIKM RCZCKZIM

QGEFUS FR G XIKS REGUU VMI, BGKNFPCUGKUS FQ YI
BUGSR DVUQ.
ZIKNKGML KCRRIUU
22
Cryptograms
30 YW RTJ’Z MJTY K EXDDXTJZL TQ TJW NWVAWJZ KUTHZ

KJIZLXJF.
ZLTEKO KDBK WRXOTJ
31 VDF AFXWARWYHF VDZGQ WYTCV NDWRFNBFWAF ZN

VDWV DF AFWHHE ZN JFAE QTTL, ZG NBZVF TU WHH
VDF BFTBHF SDT NWE DF ZN JFAE QTTL.
ATYFAV QAWJFN
23
32 IDJV DC KTNX TNBBVGC KTVG PQH NWV LNODGY

QXTVW BINGC.
ZQTG IVGGQG
33 IKVUXRZUVO VY QZVAE IQHZ UF OFWAU WG UF

UMZAUN MVUXFWU UICVAE FLL NFWK YXFZY.
RVOCZN RFWYZ
24
Cryptograms
34 PGQI TI RIIRLATGBBK TL AER IGPR XQSTA. PGQI TI

IXPRJERQR AER IGPR HTIAGLUR NQXP AER IOL, JETUE
TI WRQK TPVXQAGLA. JR EGWR IRRL VTUAOQRI JERQR
AERQR GQR UGLGBI, JR SRBTRWR, GLH JGARQ. TN
AERQR TI JGARQ, AEGA PRGLI AERQR TI XYKDRL. TN
XYKDRL, AEGA PRGLI JR UGL SQRGAER.
HGL FOGKBR
35 IGG XEW IQP GVJO YPGYJP SQG TVGS QGS IG MRV IQP
HGRVIMO EMP XRUO WMZCZVF HEXU EVW HRIIZVF
QEZM.
FPGMFP XRMVU
25
36 QN LVKDVQ, ZNG VDDU F ONNU LSFOLVFQLNV FVU F

YLHD NJ TGVW.
QCNSFI FHKF DULINV
37 LZOEO BEO CYEGO LZNKJG NK TNVO LZBK AOBLZ.

ZBPO HYW OPOE GMOKL BK OPOKNKJ CNLZ BK
NKGWEBKIO GBTOGFBK?
CYYAH BTTOK
26
Cryptograms
38 GLU NDB RLS EUDZP BSGLTBA DG DCC TP VUGGUE

UZQMDGUZ GLDB GLU NDB RLS EUDZP BSGLTBA VQG
BURPKDKUEP.
GLSNDP FUYYUEPSB
39 YCV CDKLVHY YCXSQ XS YCV REKTL YE BSLVKHYDSL

XH YCV XSAEPV YDG.
DTNVKY VXSHYVXS
27
40 IGEI AX INW GRAQAIU IM OWXEBARW MINWBX GX

INWU XWW INWDXWQSWX.
GRBGNGD QATEMQT
41 USLXM NUV’R HMJCRM LR LQQ. NR’U CVQP LV ECGH’U

BHNOM LALP NW PCGH XLH XCGQB KC URHLNKER
GSALHBU.
WHMB ECPQM
28
Cryptograms
42 BIWBKI NPW PGDI NPGM MPIZ NGVM GFI AWVS WA

MIKKXVR BIWBKI NPW PGDIV’M NPGM MPIZ NGVM
MPGM MPIZ FIGKKZ SWV’M NGVM XM.
WRSIV VGUP
43 CB GKV NVACBBCBA GKV XBCPVUZV IJZ YUVJGVE.

GKCZ WJEV J QTG TM OVTOQV PVUL JBAUL, JBE KJZ
NVVB ICEVQL UVAJUEVE JZ J NJE CEVJ.
ETXAQJZ JEJWZ
29
44 YWOQO’X N WOPP AL N TSXYNUFO VOYMOOU

MSXOFQNFBSUE NUT MSY. MSY WNX YQCYW SU SY,
MSXOFQNFBSUE SX XSKZPR FNPPSXYWOUSFX MSYW
MAQTX.
TAQAYWR ZNQBOQ
45 S’R PUZZO UKUST SW S WGQTR U PUT IEG EUR

WSWHFFT PSVVSGT RGVVUZC, IGQVR CSKT GNFZ
EUVW HG PF, UTR KQUZUTHFF HEUH EF’R DF RFUR
ISHEST U OFUZ.
DFHHF RUNSC
30
Cryptograms
46 WLWGM MWDG, XDUN UJIWR RZGVOB, AVYP ODRYM

SVYYSW XVGQR MDZZVOB YPWVG KJJS PWDQR JKK
DOQ YPW BGJEOQ DSS IEUNWQ EZ AVYP ZSDOYR.
QJGJYPM ZDGNWG
47 EFK PAFX KZT PFDX FSZTX MZDN GOYEEYE STX XAYK

WZCYO F QTMXUXTGY ZR EAUDE.
QFY PYEX
31
48 QA QV RQWWQPSXA AH ZBHRSPJ F AJXJKQVQHT

RHPSEJTAFBL AUFA QV YHAU QTPQVQKJ FTR ZBHYQTD
OUJT JKJBL AOJXKJ EQTSAJV HTJ QV QTAJBBSZAJR YL
AOJXKJ RFTPQTD BFYYQAV VQTDQTD FYHSA AHQXJA
ZFZJB.
BHR VAJBXQTD
49 VR VW UJRRJG RQ SJJZ FQXG KQXRO IBQWJT PHT BJR

ZJQZBJ ROVHS FQX PGJ P CQQB ROPH RQ QZJH VR
PHT GJKQEJ PBB TQXUR.
KPGS RLPVH
32
Cryptograms
50 Y BHV TNZNJDSI LJ H DLXT LW SHDYJ HCNTYZH, HJM

DAN LJSI TNUTND Y AHKN BHV DAHD Y MYMJ’D VDXMI
SHDYJ HD VZALLS VL Y ZLXSM ZLJKNTVN BYDA DALVN
RNLRSN.
Q. MHJWLTM GXHISN
51 Q YPA’E YHKHCLH ETQK GSGCY, VWE ETHA Q TGLH

GCETCQEQK GAY Q YPA’E YHKHCLH ETGE HQETHC.
BGIM VHAAD
33
52 UIL’X HIWWO YJ OIG’WD K BMDRXICKLYKA, OIG AKL

KMHKOP XKBD PICDXVYLN JIW YX.
KLILOCIGP
53 L TLBCHI GZ L YHUUQM MSQ UHBFZ OQD SGZ

DJTIHUUL MSHB RSH ZDB GZ ZSGBGBK, TDR MLBRZ
GR TLVC RSH JGBDRH GR ZRLIRZ RQ ILGB.
JLIC RMLGB
34
Cryptograms
54 BPVFGK FD LWMWOQ VYW BMV JH NWWZFGK B

OBMKW KMJRZ JH ZWJZOW HMJL PJRKYFGK.
DFM MBOZY MFPYBMADJG
55 UZ UE CNGCRE ZTI MIEZ SJNUVR ZJ ESICH ZTI

ZOKZT ä—ä KFNIEE, JY VJKOEI, RJK COI CF
IPVISZUJFCNNR AJJL NUCO.
BIOJXI H. BIOJXI
35
56 MVZCK HF RPZG K YXS YZOF FOKLLZU HG OPZ LKIN

KGU, HGFOZKU MB LAZZUHGY, PZ FHGYF.
ZU YKCUGZC
57 VI JK RSERLSQ NXC EVZCVKMXVZARE ZWVRKCVZC

ZJQZ CAJC ZBGRCAVKM VZ UBZZVNSR AR VZ JSGBZC
WRLCJVKSQ LVMAC, NXC VI AR ZJQZ CAJC VC VZ
VGUBZZVNSR AR VZ FRLQ UBZZVNSQ OLBKM.
JLCAXL W. WSJLPR
36
Cryptograms
58 XZ JTDR PJC MJSDC PXBQ NQ AJNQ KDQGU AXPT!

DXWQ NGWXTP G DGUPQ CQOJAXL XT NR TGNQ XT G
AMXAA VGTW.
MJJCR GDDQT
59 AKHRS RSBRS MR CAS CAMBN J AKHRS AJR FAMZA

DSSOR MC IHKG ESCCMBN KB OSKOXS.
F. Z. IMSXYR
37
60 WGUG SY CWG CGYC CV LSIT JWGCWGU KVXU FSYYSVI

VI GDUCW SY LSISYWGT. SL KVX’UG DBSOG SC SYI’C.
USAWDUT MDAW
Level Twoä—äKeyed Cryptograms

Although the majority of cryptograms are straightforward
simple substitution types, as contained in Level 1, what if the
sender of the message wishes to convey a further message in
the same cryptogram? This is done by the addition of
keywords, which may be hidden in the plain or keyed text.
The way these additional messages can be uncovered is
illustrated by means of the following comment from Oliver
Hardy, which he made to explain why he thought the Laurel
and Hardy partnership was so successful. There is a further
quotation keyed (5, 2, 4, 8 letters long) by Henry Ward
Beecher:
G LZOKK GI BRK SOPRZKO BO BOHO KM
PMFXWOIOWD ZQWGVO GQ OAOHD BRD. SZI,
WGVO SRPMQ RQN OLLK, BO KOOFON IM
SO RSMZI XOHTOPI IMLOIJOH ä—ä SZI QMI
KM LMMN RXRHI.
38
Cryptograms
As in the case of all the cryptograms in Level 1, this is a simple

substitution cryptogram, which when deciphered reads:
I guess it was because we were so completely unlike in

every way. But, like bacon and eggs, we seemed to be about
perfect togetherä—äbut not so good apart.
To find the keyed quotation, place the code text in

juxtaposition to the plain text, thus:
Plain: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Code: R S P N O T L J G V W F Q M X H K I Z A B D
As nothing appears yet which might look like a message,

arrange the code text alphabetically in juxtaposition to the
plain text.
Code: A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Plain: V W Y M I R T H S G O D E C N A B F K L P U
Usually the keyword or, in this case, the keyed quotation,

contains the only letters which do not appear in alphabetical
order. By inspecting the plain text you may usually pick out
where the alphabet appears in orderly succession and thus
isolate the keyword letters.
Above we see A to Y in order, thus suggesting the keyed
quotation is contained in the letters MIRTHSGODECN.
Because letters cannot be repeated in simple substitution
cryptograms, the fun now begins if the keyword or keyed
phrase/quotation repeats letters. It is then necessary to use
39
your imagination to make sense of the message. In this case

the quotation is MIRTH IS GOD’S MEDICINE.
The addition of keywords has several purposes in addition
to the practical use of sending an additional message which
may escape the attention of the interceptor. It gives the
compiler an opportunity to comment on the coded material,
which is usually a quotation, and possibly display his own wit,
or lack of it, and it adds an extra dimension to the puzzle.
The cryptograms in Level 2 all contain keyed words,
phrases or quotations which involve the above-described
method of encryption.
1 OXK JKIHIA RA LW QXWXIKLJUG VLW, AX LKG HQGE

LUU, LUU QXWXIKLJUG VGW.
CRUURLV AQLTGAYGLKG (SIURIA MLGALK)
Keyed phrase: 2, 2, 5.
Code:
Plain:
40
Cryptograms
2 FV JFIGHVFVQ UKKO, IRH IHHUHO GK IGLVO GRH

QYLEOFLV VLFLO KP GRH IGELVO.
IFE DLJGHE IMKGG (GRH JLOB KP GRH JLTH)
Keyed phrase: 7, 4, 3
Code:
Plain:
3 V GVWXTUTC UIQWC RSTH, QWCTU RSZR ATWVXW

YFN: PZRBSTC RST HIRSY DGQRRTUVWX ZHIWX RST
STZRS ZWC SZUTATGGY; GVYRTWTC RI RST YIDR PVWC
AUTZRSVWX RSUIQXS RST XUZYY: ZWC PIWCTUTC SIP
ZWNIWT BIQGC TLTU VHZXVWT QWKQVTR YGQHATUY
DIU RST YGTTJTUY VW RSZR KQVTR TZURS.
THVGN AUIWRT
Keyed phrase: 9, 7
Code:
Plain:
41
4 GRURYJHF RIYNUURPNILN RX J LDIYHJMRLYRDI RI

YNHGX.
PHDZLQD GJHE
Keyed word: 8
Code:
Plain:
5 F BIVFW SA GSUL F KLFHFQ. SK’A IWGD BRLW ARL’A SW

RIK BFKLZ KRFK DIJ ZLFGSEL RIB AKZIWQ ARL SA.
WFWND ZLFQFW
Plain ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Code
Code ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ
Plain
42
Cryptograms
6 BJDC HRJCG! J MKS’B, BOCZ IT VFGOJSI EKGB BTT

HKGB.
Keyed phrase: 6, 5
Code:
Plain:
7 FGOF FGSK XOFSYX, MXPHN IYP, KGOVV GOBH O XHC

LSNFG YR RNHHPYW: OXP FGOF IYBHNXWHXF YR FGH
ZHYZVH, LJ FGH ZHYZVH, OXP RYN FGH ZYHZVH,
KGOVV XYF ZHNSKG RNYW FGH HONFG.
OLNOGOW VSXQYVX
Code:
Plain:
43
8 THCWLHM F NUMMUIHM, TUM F DHTPHM NH,

QUM DUFT UQW DUJHJ NUWL CWJHDQ FTP QMCHTP,
FTP NUMMUICTR PXDDJ WLH HPRH UQ LXJNFTPMA,
WLCJ FNUYH FDD, WU WLCTH UIT JHDQ NH WMXH,
FTP CW EXJW QUDDUI, FJ WLH TCRLW WLH PFA, WLUX
OFTJW TUW WLHT NH QFDJH WU FTA EFT.
ICDDCFE JLFGHJKHFMH (LFEDHU)
Keyed phrase: 3, 4, 1, 4, 6
Code:
Plain:
44
Cryptograms
9 YDV PQ NTMRRK DURK MUDOZTN MNOPQO. ZT

PUHTUOTV OZT YPNMSST, OZT TRTEZMUO, MUV OZT
XMO. ZT ZMQ UD NTMR QOKRT. ZT AGQO YDTQ DU
ONKPUY DOZTN OZPUYQ.
EMWRD EPXMQQD
Keyed phrase: 3, 2, 4, 3, 4, 2, 3
Code:
Plain:
10 GKTCY QRS MUGXR C YQRRUV WKV ACLX MQO VU,

MBQVXLXJ GO WKTCRXTT CT.
TQGKXF HXHOT
Keyed phrase: 3, 2, 2, 3
Code:
Plain:
45
11 GMDE DEF RXFHDFX VHXD JK XMPE VFJVIF, DEF

PEMFK FLSJBUFLD JK XMPEFN PJLNMNDN ML DEF
VHXHQF JK XMPEFN.
HQHU NUMDE
Code:
Plain:
12 FK FY JZX KXZL VJMFGD KJ YKLLX GMLHX JP VLXUHILIK

HMMFHIGL BFKR HID VJXKFJI JP KRL PJXLFQI BJXMO.
QLJXQL BHYRFIQKJI
Keyed phrase: 1, 6, 4, 1, 3
Code:
Plain:
46
Cryptograms
13 X JNF N SWXRT NOT FWQ JNF N SWXRT,

XO GWXF ZXOVTBA PL GWQ FQN,
PHG JQ RBIQT JXGW N RBIQ GWNG JNF ABEQ GWNO
RBIQ,
X NOT AL _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
QTVNE NRRNO CBQ
Keyed phrase (which completes the above): 7, 3
Code:
Plain:
14 JKO, BPI ERZF DRJDFS DQP QEPHF QPOWJ, BPI ERZF

EKJJFS RHH WB WBJDFOB HFNDIOFJ RLS ERZF GFFL
NRIMED TKMEDKLM R HKRO KL DEF YIRS, BPI QKHH
HFRZF PATPOS GB DEF LFAD DPQL SORKL.
OFZ Q. R. JXPPLFO
Code:
Plain:
47
15 QK MGN SGYL TOGY IPL PGJM JQHF,

GT CQJKVHUPQYL,
YLI MGN HGI CVIP YM IONL JGBL,
RM IPL CQM QK MGN SQYL?
PGC KPQJJ V XHGC MGNO IONL JGBL,
IPQI PQBL YLI YQHM GHL,
QK V CLHI IG IPL PGJM JQHF,
IPQI PQBL SGYL, IPQI PQBL UGHL?
KVO CQJILO OQJLVUP
Code:
Plain:
48
Cryptograms
16 IJNG JT DJAH MAHZI DJA MOBG SAHGQ,

OKQ ZMG IMOHFGIZ DJA IZVPP MOBG IAHBVBGQ,
RAZ LMOZ ZJHNGKZI JT UHVGT DJA GKQAHGQ,
THJN GBVPI LMVSM KGBGH OHHVBGQ!
HOPFM LOPQJ GNGHIJK
Code:
Plain:
17 LPH WNO GURR N RPG NVPHG N XURRPJ’F

WYNQNWGUQ XQPC GYU JNL YU UNGF AURRL VUNOF.
QPONRS QUNTNO
Code:
Plain:
49
18 EU IQO JQEHO R JEFHL KCIQOK MO RU

VQRHCLOHVQRC.
JRHHRCD NHCFLO LFTOUBROHL ( J. N. BROHLG)
Code:
Plain:
19 IAXHX BW FVXQIM RY IBEX TM UABOA UX OPQ UBQ

IABW ZPEX, PQS IAHPWA IAX WFPQBPHSW IRR.
WBH YHPQOBW SHPDX
Code:
Plain:
50
Cryptograms
20 XBCT IJE ECRDFPWCK DEC DF BISC, XC BDWC FI

FBPTH IN DRR FBCPE OIIM UIPTFK IE PF XIJRM GC
PSUIKKPGRC FI CTMJEC FBCS. GJF XBCT FBCZ DEC
DXDZ, XC LITKIRC IJEKCRWCK NIE FBCPE DGKCTLC
GZ MXCRRPTO IT FBCPE WPLCK.
OCIEOC GCETDEM KBDX
Keyed phrase: 10, 5
Code:
Plain:
21 D’ZI RIX K ETX TM OKJHCTDEIH INNW DS RF XDRI,

CYX FTY’JI XGISXF RDSYXIW.
Keyed phrase: 5, 6
Code:
Plain:
51
22 BLL EMRN NML TYGB JI NML TRKX PYYS EJOO MRDL,

RIQ NLOO NMLS J’S MRDJIV NML BRSL.
UPRIX OYLBBRP
Code:
Plain:
52
2
Codes and Cipher
Puzzles
It may well be doubted whether human ingenuity can
construct an enigma of the kind which human ingenuity
may not, by proper application, resolve.
Edgar Allan Poe
In its widest sense, cryptography includes the use of secretly

concealed messages, ciphers and codes, which may be hidden
or disguised in many ways.
The puzzles in Section 2 all present their own challenges, in
which it is necessary to uncover within them some of the ways
in which a message, instruction or quotation can be
concealed.
The puzzles have been divided into three parts, which
gradually increase in difficulty. It is therefore recommended
that you first tackle the puzzles in Level 1 before moving on to
the more difficult puzzles in Levels 2 and 3.
It is also recommended that, should you not find a solution
to any of these puzzles immediately, you do not rush to look
up the answer but instead return to the question some time
later; perhaps even on several occasions. Quite often a puzzle
53
which baffles you initially may suddenly seem soluble if you

later take a fresh look. Like most puzzles, many of the code
and cipher puzzles in this section, especially those in Levels 2
and 3, may need to be worked at and thought about before
the reward of a successful solution is obtained.
To solve many of the puzzles in this section, it is necessary
to put your mind to work to explore all the various
possibilities and to use a great deal of creative and lateral
thinking, in order to look for solutions that may not seem
apparent on first inspection.
Level Oneä—äWarm-up Puzzles
Level 1 is a selection of warm-up puzzlesä—äa pot-pourri of

codes, ciphers and cryptogramsä—äto prepare your mind for
what is to follow in Levels 2 and 3 and, perhaps, to give you an
insight into the way in which the mind of a setter of
cryptography puzzles works.
1 Decipher the following notice which was pinned up at a

local recreation ground:
ER
EHS GO
DE IT
54
Codes and Cipher Puzzles
2 Olga the agent sends the following message to her

counterpart in the West. What does it mean?
RFMOURSSAIIWHTOLEV
3 Julia decides to organise a meeting with her five friends;

Barry, Tommy, Chloe, David and Alice, on a certain date
during the school holidays. The names of her five friends,
she tells them, will reveal the date of the meeting. What
date in August does Julia plan to meet her friends?
4 Tony sent Jill a message giving details of their next secret

liaison. What does it mean?
SMAETEUTRYDOAUY
5 You receive the following message ‘Visit a lady known as

Zena La Vue at her embassy in London’. Although you
have never heard of the lady before you immediately
know where you should meet her. How?
55
Puzzles 6ä–ä11
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8
A B C D E F G H
I J K L M N O P
Q R S T U V W X
Y Z # # # # # #
Each number provides a choice of either three or four letters

in accordance with the above table. Now decode the
following:
6 A saying:
6724565 6167523 485 22165.
7 A saying:
765 7774 4526 45352653 1674852.
8 A quotation:
454 53 674 4773 2133 16 16752, 672 6727124 16 6512,

254 127564 16 171256533.
21553 4852252
56
9 A quotation:
5652148167 4814 122141453 53 12754 748523 316 4514

47 16 5645234164167 76 752354653.
3124 2567
10 A saying:
72514 7133 6275 414445 137263 7277.
11 A quotation:
4145214525 13 342576 7148 485 72533175 76 48735 787

8165 516454 251764 251376 485 7816176 76 748523.
61271611 77746
12 The following coded message provides some preliminary

information revealing where a top level summit is to take
place. What is the information that the message reveals?
LAFND
57
13
O U E R
E O T E
F E T T
H L S G
You must enter the maze and spell out a 16-letter phrase,
in order to escape, by visiting each room once each only
and entering the corridor as many times as you wish.
What is the phrase?
14
What coded message is revealed above?
58
15 What message is revealed below?
unhopeful, actor, beseech, joyous, elated, intense,

shipment, befriend
16 Decode the message below which was found carved on a

tree deep in the wood:
100504E 50O5ES O5041A
17 The secret agents have cryptic code names for each of

their colleagues. The code names are Hypochondriac,
Virtue, Devil and Banquet. Can you match four of the
agents; Tessa, Delia, Enid and Dennis with their correct
code name, and then work out the name of the agent
whose code name is Postman?
18
$0.01
During a trial at the Old Bailey one of the reporters passes

the coded message above to one of his colleagues. What
does it mean?
59
Decode the disguised messages in each of the three

puzzles below, which are all puzzles of a similar
nature.
19
20
21
A meeting of African nation heads of state is to be held in

London. At what venue?
60
22 Many years ago a mysterious guest was due to visit a

hotel. In order to keep the guest’s identity a secret from
those members of staff who were not privy to the method
of encryption, the following coded message was pinned
on the hotel notice board. Who was the guest?
E I T S I
R H C A S
S I R A L
C Y R A M
A H T A G
A E M A D
23 What message is encoded below?
TCAEO HKVHR EEEOO CNCMO HSOES IHMTT
24 The commander receives the message below from two of

his men who have become stranded from his battalion.
He immediately realises that the men are in difficulties.
Why?
SARGASSO SEA
25 The sergeant of the platoon received the following

message from the commander on his mobile phone. What
did it mean?
NMUTUA
61
26 Some time later the sergeant received a further text

message. What action should he now take?
GLOSSY METALS
27 An aeroplane flying over a garden where a man was doing

topiary work was surprised to find a message from him.
What was the message?
28 An ambitious young man at the bank always keeps the

notice below pinned up on his desk. What does it mean?
R H T
W L S
R S Y
T T M
P T H
29 In the 1980s an important visitor was expected to open a
new extension at MI5 headquarters. As the visit was to be
kept top secret, the visitor’s identity was circulated in the
manner below. Who was the visitor?
Female
62
30 On a journey on the famous Route 66 in the USA the bus

made several stopovers, which were cryptically recorded
by one of the passengers on a blackboard as follows:
AS SANK HOOK ALMA

TAXES ONCE WE MIX
FAIR OIL CAN
Can you work out where the stopovers occurred?
Puzzles 31ä–ä36: Cryptophones
Decipher the codes shown below the telephone face. Each

number represents one of the letters shown with it on the
telephone dial. A number does not necessarily represent the
same letter each time.
STU VWX YZ
7 8 9
JKL MNO PQR

4 5 6
ABC DEF GHI

1 2 3
63
31 A saying:
521277379 37 732 557326 52 358257355
32 A comedy legend:
167376 7715429 422226755 417624
33 A saying:
2352 85627 177726 55 61675367
34 A saying:
7344 732 1587 1552 3552
35 A quotation:
73262 37 55 76314 75 12353 1 37556377 8325 957 3182

732 83542 3582655257 8564353 256 957
8344 653267
36 A quotation:
8572 21649 152 8572 52725

14 116552
64
37 Decode the following, which is a message received by the

police revealing the precious commodity a gang are
planning to steal:
EQT RJJFT EQXE MXZF EQT RJMUTK TRRF
38 One day last week the following notice appeared, pinned

on the front door of the Enigma Club. What did it mean?
PI E
39 The safe can only be opened by using the keys in the

correct order that spells out an English word. What is the
word? Every key must be used just once.
O N T E L M A
65
40 Decode the quotation below:
18,7 18,8 26,15,4,26,2,8 7,19,22 25,22,8,7

11,12,15,18,24,2 7,12
8,11,22,26,16 7,19,22 7,9,6,7,19ä—ä6,13,15,22,8,8, 12,21
24,12,6,9,8,22, 2,12,6 26,9,22 26,13
22,3,24,22,11,7,18,12,13,26,15,15,2 20,12,12,23
15,18,26,9
17,22,9,12,14,22 16 17,22,9,12,14,22
41 Decode the following, which reveals the name of an area

of the USA:
42 What location is revealed by the coded message below?
MARCOV WERDEN KETGAR ENTFLO
43 What book and film title is encoded in the grid below?
T O I A L S
A L # T # H
# S M # T #
H # A N H E
E D N D E A
66
44 Decode the following quotation:
JR NER VAPYVARQ GB ORYVRIR GUBFR JUBZ

JR QB ABG XABJ ORPNHFR GURL UNIR ARIRE QRPRVIRQ
HF
FNZHRY WBUAFBA
45 Decode the hidden message below, which was sent by

Fred Rogers to his partner Ginger Astaire after they had a
disagreement prior to a ballroom dance contest.
L L T H C W
L E T S E A
H N L O T F
I O G E F H
Puzzles 46ä–ä49: Deceptions
Deception puzzles are a form of encoding a message by the

alteration of word boundaries which can lead to initially
confusing results, as in the following famous examples:
(i) Supposedly a sign on a post in Peru:
TOTI EMU
LESTO
67
(ii) A sign on a door in Wales:
TOOP
ENDO
ORPU
SH
Although at first glance these may appear to be written in

some strange language, closer inspection reveals the
messages:
(i) TO TIE MULES TO

(ii) TO OPEN DOOR PUSH
Now try to decode the following further examples:
46 A sign outside a public house in Oxfordshire:
HERESTO PANDS PEN D ASOCI

AL HOU R INHAR M (LES
SMIRT) HA ND FUNLET
FRIENDS • HIPRE IGN BE
JUSTAN DK INDAN DEVIL
SPEAKOF NOO NE •
68
47 Found on a headstone in Lancashire, England:
BENE
AT. HTH. IS ST
ONERE. POS. ET
H. CLAUD. COS. TERT
R.I.P
ES. ELLE. RO
F. IMP
ING. TONAS. DO
TH. HISCO
N SORT J
A.N.E.
69
A further type of deception is the Latin-type verse, of

which the following are two famous examples:
48 O SIBILI SI EMGO
FORTIBUSES I NARO
O NOBILI DEMIS TRUX
VATIS INEM? CAUS AN DUX.
49 O, tome, isa eres ago

Fortibus es in naro
Nobile, nobile
Temistrux, yusile
Sewat sinem?ä—äjvst gvano
50 Decode the following to find a source of wealth:
TCROE DAESC UORDE ECCHO EDSET
51 The CIA receive the coded message below that some

illegal activity is taking place somewhere in the state of
Washington. Where is this illegal activity taking place?
Beware he who mounts the lens on Tuesday.
70
52 Abbreviations are commonly used today in text messages.

This type of communication is a form of rebus, which is a
word puzzle in which the meaning is encoded in word
arrangements, e.g. ‘I8U’ would be an abbreviation of ‘I
hate you’, and ‘CU soon’ would be an abbreviation of ‘see
you soon’.
Now try decoding the following, the meaning of which
are not, perhaps, so obvious as the examples above:
(i) AGNC
(ii) ODV
(iii) FEG
(iv) XLNC
(v) AYZ
(vi) XQQ
(vii) DDEE
(viii) XPDNC
(ix) AQ
(x) JOY `
(xi) NNNNIC
(xii) RE – ä–ä – . . – ä–ä
(xiii) . ICALLY
53 Decode the following to reveal a quotation by Dorothy

Parker:
BRVVVTYVSTHVSVVLVFLVNGVRVV
71
54
72
43
24
56
?
Robbers are planning a raid at noon on a certain date in

January, as indicated by the question mark in the above
grid. On which date will the raid take place?
55 Decode the grid below to find five words that read the
same both across and down. The solution will reveal a
location in Germany where a G7 conference is scheduled
to take place.
The code used is a straight substitution cipher, where
each letter of the alphabet has been replaced by another.
D W X E P
W X W P A
X W Z A J
E P A I O
P A J O A
72
56 The safe can be opened only by spinning the four dials so

that a four-letter English word is spelled out in the lower
windows. What word will open the safe, reading from left
to right?
L H
X H L N
B M X K
J S Y M
P P
K D
W H T B
M Y H N
F P X R
X Y
73
57 At a large international trial in Zurich, the following sign

appeared outside of one of the hotel lounges. Who were
the only people admitted to this lounge suite?
T I
IT
58 Decode the following cipher:
74
59 The police sent the only description they had available of

a wanted man to the members of the force, in code. What
was the man’s distinguishing feature?
HNL BRO SAH ADE AMU TCE
60 In the following list, numbers have been allocated to

letters in accordance with their position in the alphabet:
A # 1, B # 2, C # 3, D # 4, E # 5, etc. However, to make the
cryptoanalysis much more difficult, word boundaries have
been eliminated, e.g. the word CIPHER, in which the
position of the letters in the alphabet is 3ä–ä9ä–ä16ä–ä8ä–ä5ä–ä18,
would appear as 39168518. Can you decode the five
names below, and then choose which is the odd one out?
212020125198916
19212131189145
153511412914518
851293151620518
19205113215120
61 The FBI received a coded clue that some illegal activity

was taking place somewhere in New York. Where
specifically was this illegal activity taking place?
Seek mean rump steak in Brooklyn
75
62 You receive the following text message from a colleague.

What does it mean?
MOCOTEEHTSEREUC
63 Decode the following cryptogram:
IS’R A QEBERRIOM VGEM XOUQ MEIFGZOUQ KORER

GIR HOZ, IS’R A CENQERRIOM VGEM XOU KORE XOUQ
OVM
GAQQX SQULAM
64 Decode the famous movie quote:
AEG ORD YNF

MAI NIE MKR
NDV TDA YLA
76
65 O U L A M R
G R M T O E
S N T W R N
M E T E O R
T O A U P S
F A W M E K
C U O D C T
The safe keypad has produced a six-letter word. You must

keep one of the letters of this six-letter word only; the
others must be produced by nudging one, two or three
spaces up or down as required to produce another
related six-letter word, to enable the safe to be opened.
Level Twoä—äMore Challenging Puzzles
1 What familiar saying is encoded below?
YBD GKN LTS KWH TRY
2 Decipher the following:
2 2 1 1 2 2 1 0 1 2 3 1
E O L
D
Z
Z
U P L V
77
3 The local butcher received a text message from one of his

customers which read:
FUNEX
To which he replied:
SVFX
The customer then sent a further text:
FUMNX
To which the butcher replied:
SVFMNX
What does it all mean?
4 Decode the following cryptogram to reveal the method of

encryption:
3M GS3H N2GS4W 4V 2MXJ6LG34M GS2 F4D2PH

(3MXP5W3MT 6) S1F2 Z22M 1PP4X1G2W M5NZ2JH VJ4N
4M2 G4 H3C 1MW GS2 X4MH4M1MGH 5H2W 3M
J2F2JH2 4JW2J.
78
5 The manager of a Spanish football team sends the

following encoded message to one of his scouts in
England indicating that he is interested in signing a
British player. Who is the player?
Norwich City 3 Nottingham Forest 2

Aston Villa 4 Manchester United 3
Everton 1 Yeovil Town 1
6 This is a map of Treasure Island. Can you make sense of

the grid to find where the treasure is buried?
T H H E E T T H
R I E R A D S R
U O R W E A I N
S D I D N O T W
H N E T A H R E
E S A E L C O O
C N A D T C E O
D L O U N M T N
79
7 Decode the following to reveal a quote from a movie icon,

and the name of the icon.
VIRMTU EAHASI TESOWN REWAWR DEBUTN OBSOXO

FTFICE
8 The police commissioner was worried about a current

crime trend and sent the following coded message to his
staff. What did it really mean?
Is Sue stopping our mailman’s laughter
9 The admiral sent the following message to the captain of

one of the ships in his fleet. What is its meaning?
HEAR AHOY URGE LOOK

IDEA BOLD AWAY UNIT
ONYX FLOW HAUL WARN
GULF KEEL AREA WING
10 Decode the following message which James Bond sent

with a gift to one of his lovers:
direct, amount, onward, d-sharp, around, effigy, orient,

evaded, erotic
80
11 A man working at MI5 once left the following cryptic

message on his office door when he went for a quick
lunch. What does it mean?
S*X*Y *I*U*E*
12
4 7 3
3 1 4
7 3
The above was a warning put on a large carboy in a secret

laboratory. What was the warning?
81
13 Cross out 26 letters in the grid below to reveal a hidden

message.
B T T W S A
E A N I O T
E Y S D I R
X R H L F C
E E T E T E
W R E S M H
14 A lawyer has the following sign made for his desk. What
does it mean?
OEI AIO
LVS GRN DDV
EIA UEA
RCS HND RDG RND
15 The army sent a coded message to one of its high-ranking

officers to say he had been promoted. To what rank?
C S J H
C F K G
U J H Q
I V E P
82
16 A young man receives the text message below from his

girlfriend who has just discovered he has cheated on her.
What does the message mean?
U(TUASPRF)
17
What do the symbols mean?
18 Two thieves plan to rob the concert hall of all its night’s
takings immediately the orchestra starts to play a certain
piece of music. The work from which the music is taken is
written in code below. What is the work of music?
NAME EIGHT IN THE GAME
19 What information is provided below:
PEMRS ONCAL CIDEN TIXFI CAXTI ONINU MBVER
83
20 A stock market speculator sends a coded message to his

broker. Can you crack the code to reveal the message?
banker treasurer Rosalind Flavius

Bangkok Mandalay hawk macaw
Pentagram octagon zircon platinum
Chekhov Xerxes
21 What coded message is hidden in the telegram below?
Last agent at end of line is centre of attention. Starting

point, from top of my head, is found at centre of task
force. Keep to middle of the road. Impact initially at start
of day. First attack at final extremity.
22 F X Y L D
R G W A M
U S N V S
J B O K H
C P E T Q
With the aid of the grid and spider find a place of mystical
significance. It will be necessary to trace and then cut out
the spider in order to solve the puzzle.
84
23 What famous London landmark is coded below?
S Q Z
E Z K
F Z Q
24 Find a secret message in the arrangement of letters below:
N P Y E D S E
A E L R C E G
Q D D A G T P
X I S D N R V
L E R Z I S T
E J O K D H V
D A E K E Q Z
25 Can you crack the coded message below?
ATI ONC ODE KIN GRA GTH CON RAC TUL ISC ONS
85
26 What is hidden in the grid below?
N E I T
N U D I
L F I Y
I F D E
E J T C
G N B O
27 Decode the following substitution cryptogram to uncover

a hidden PIN number:
KSRIVC GIB IESBY VCOCQMCL

KVGA GIBXIB IEQSLCL VCYGMOC
EIAFCVY SAXMSCL EGB CZXVCYYSOC
KQEBQYBST SE OCVYC COGMOC
28 The Starship Enterprise receives a coded message from

some of the crew who are exploring the planet below.
Unfortunately the words are received in the wrong order;
nevertheless, the commander was able to decipher the
instruction and carry out the request. What is the hidden
message?
EMU YACHT
GRAB CAMEO EXTRA
TABLET MADAM PLUS
86
29 A tennis star sends a cryptogram to a fan telling her he

will be in a certain location at an appointed time. Decode
the message and fill in the grid below to find the location.
HQ HTJS. FI RTN’YQ MTFUM OT GXZQ XU QYYTY,

GXZQ X STTKR, XUS STU’O HQ XIYXFS OT BFO OBQ
HXJJ.
HFJJFQ LQXU ZFUM
C G Q U V
I L O
87
30 The space ship commander has been orbiting the planet

awaiting further instructions. He then receives his
instructions in the form of the coded message below.
What action should he now take?
DECODE ENCRYPT
7 3
7 3
3 7
3 3
3 3
3 3
3 7
7 3
3 7
3 3
7 3
7 3
7 3
7 3
31 A young man sends a text message to his girlfriend, ‘When

will you marry me?’. His girlfriend replies in the form of
the coded message below. What is her reply?
VXYZä—äGIJKä—äCDFGä—äMOPQä—äOQRSä—äFGHJä—äFHIJä—
äRTUVä—äDEGHä—äKMNOä—äVWXZ
88
32 A businessman is negotiating a new contract with an

overseas customer and e-mails his business partner with
the following coded message. What does it mean?
I see Mabel to fix nude eel
33 The agents are given code names according to their

number: agent 42 is code-named EXPLOITATION, agent
52 is code-named LIAISON, agent 59 is code-named
HELIX and agent 55 is code-named LOVE. What number
agent has the code name EXPLETIVE?
34 Richard of York battles in vain
The message above was sent by a commander to the

captain of his battalion. The captain has already been told
that the message he will receive will contain a missing
element and that this missing element will be his
instruction as to whether they should halt the attack or go
ahead with it. What action did the captain take when he
received the message?
89
35 Find the hidden message in the grid below (3, 7, 3, 9, 3

letters long):
A N T O R
T N U E F
P N D O D
L R E A C
A L E S C
36 What phrase is coded below?
PARC ATEE DUEH DOKT LHWP ETIU
37 In Morse code (see Appendix 1) the letters are written

with gaps between them, e.g. the distress signal S O S is
written:
In the code below a message has been transmitted in

Morse code; however, the gaps between the letters have
been omitted. Can you figure out where the gaps should
be in order to decode the message (7, 4 letters long)?
90
38 What short message is revealed by the list of words below?
silverä—änoticeä—äceriseä—äbureauä—äresistä—äsafariä—ä
traumaä—ämaydayä—äauntieä—äspiralä—äeurekaä—ä
anchorä—ätwelveä—äjigsawä—äavenueä—äwinterä—ä
notifyä—äbikiniä—änebulaä—äzigzag
39 The stockbroker receives the following coded message

from his client. What action should he take?
R F B L E B
U R U J W L
Y E F S Y N
N K E N L T
U Z O X O C
W L K W E A
40
’
Decode the message above.
91
41 The grid below provides the coordinates to a map of an

area where some treasure is buried. Find a coded message
in the grid to reveal behind which square in the grid the
treasure is buried.
F O R P M W A J I D U Z
£ / # & f z > C N z ! @
H L # T R X O G # V Q M
A h D # W * $ F K U E †
M £ A ~ R D K q S y L ^
* F * T * A * Y * C š O
B P Q & # Z O L W % M A
D # J T Y H O E N U Q $
b S ¶ * W * N * L F F »
# D S F P E O M T G # P
M Q * A * E * b * F ¬ j
B U R P O L A W N D Z T
Puzzles 42 and 43 use a very similar method of

encryption:
42 Alice sends Tony the following cipher. Can you decode

the message?
4786146 47225665 16 7845 38 4369

27416378
92
43 Amy, Pete and Tim have code numbers for five of their
friends. Maya has the code number 9464 and Mae has the
code number 541. Who has the following code numbers?
08004
5427
3594
44
T A
S
1 3 E
1
4
N 1
2
2
2 1 D
L
G
H
Find the message (3, 5, 3, 6 letters long) encrypted in the

above arrangement of letters and numbers.
45 The times below are actually a coded message sent by a

general to advise when a particular attack should take
place. The attack is scheduled to take place at one of the
times listed belowä—äbut which one?
19.20 18.09 11.05 01.20 08.15
93
46 A circus owner hires some thieves to carry out a robbery

at the local zoo; however, the thieves do not know what
they are meant to be stealing until they receive the
following coded instruction:
MAY GREY WITH COUGH TAPE
When they have rearranged the words and decoded the

message, they are not so sure they want to go through
with the robbery. What are they meant to be stealing?
47 Thieves are planning another robbery at the concert hall.

This time they received the following coded message
telling them that the robbery will occur when the
orchestra is playing a movement from a certain
composition. When were the thieves instructed to make
their strike?
Mother very eagerly made sandwiches under no protest.
94
48 S K R O W T S E W F O Y T
H T L L I G A I D Y L D N
I H D D R 3 E H T N O N U
R E A I S E H T S I R A O
E O Y T S A E E U T E S C
W C O E T D N U D N D E E
A C F O O R O H S E R L H
L U D F F E N E D M U R T
E P E T T D Y A R U M A N
S A C H H I S M O N E H I
R N E E G R U E S O M C L
I T M B E R 1 6 5 5 O F L
P S O F K I L L H A M H A
Decipher the above plaque which was found on a

monument in a graveyard several hundred years ago.
95
49 A quiz show contestant is provided with a choice of keys

numbered 1ä–ä50, only one of which will open the box
containing the star prize. The only information he has
available is the grid below. What number key should the
contestant choose?
FR FON FIN OE
EN FE ET TN
SX TWE NE SN
THN TE TO SIN
50 Mission control was relieved to receive the following

coded message from one of its astronauts who had been
missing for some time. What was the message?
EFASSDNADNUO
96
51 A golf professional has the coded message below pinned

up behind the clubhouse door. Why is it so appropriate?
first raise
delight dowry
lawn therapy
charm idyllic
pond length
52 The children are planning a surprise party for their

parents and pass round the following message to reveal
when the party will take place. Can you decode it?
Theresa, Robert, Peter, James, Olga, John, Maria, Anthony,

Gavin, Olivia, Marcel, Ronald, Ruth, Andrew, Charles,
Edward, Rebecca, Olive, Gordon, Roger, Philip, Wendy,
Vincent.
53 Lisa receives the following message from her boyfriend.

When she has decoded it she knows where he is taking
her on their Saturday night date. Can you decode the
message?
DOME, MILE, LISA, TUNIC, BORN
97
54 Decode the following quotation:
iii, 16
iii, 15
1, ii, 16, 16, ii, 14
16, iv
1, ii
9, iv, iv, 8, ii, 3
iv, 17, ii, 14
16, 6, i, 11
iv, 17, ii, 14, 9, iv, iv, 8, ii, 3
10, i, ii 18, ii, 15, 16
55 The newspaper headline below is actually a coded

message to reveal the date of a forthcoming covert
operation. On what date will the covert operation take
place?
CREEPY MAD SONS ENTOMBED
98
56 What message is encoded in the grid below?
T v K v T
H v N v G
v L F T H
G H T T v
S v R v P
57 Decode the following message to discover the method of

encryption.
YDJX YISE TUJX UQBF XQRU JXQI RUUD CELU TKFJ

UDFB QSUI RKJJ ESEC FBYS QJUC QJJU HIJX UCUI
IQWU XQIR UUDT YLYT UTKF YDJE VEKH BUJJ UHSX
KDAI.
Puzzles 58ä–ä60ä—äCryptocross
In the following three puzzles, every letter has been

substituted for another at random. Each crossword uses each
of the 26 letters of the alphabet at least once each.
Once you have solved each puzzle by entering the correct
words in the blank grid, find an additional keyed word or
phrase by entering the coded letters below the plain text
letters in the grid provided.
99
58 I P J Q X F A Z E Q V D
B I T Q A G
I D S N P J I J R N J N
X P O W B J
M V A Z J L G Q U B
J G B F H
M S U I G Z M J T Z B V
J C J J Y
F K Y Q U J I I B S
B I N K D V
C Q X Q V Q Y B G V D P
G Q A B J P
N S U J V J O I T J J Y
100
59 A N C J O N N X M N O Y
X S X K X G
C Y L R Z J T X S T N R
V N R O V S
Z G X A J O J R E Z
O J R O C
X B J P R E C G O R B J
J O B E F
P V C M X H D C K J
W Q G T R R
R B O M E X G R J O G R
H B J C K C
J G R I R U D C H K G R
101
60 I F R P H Y Y X B Q Z V
K Y K F Z L
F A Y B L K J F O R Y H
L L U V Y I
V Z F A L E L F W F
R L K H J
G T F H H D L F H B Q N
H U W T J
L F C W L O H Y T K
L F L U F W
U T M M Q C Y Q W J F Z
O F Q M W R
D F H Z F Z F W D U L U
102
Level Threeä—äVery Challenging Puzzles
1 Decode the following, which is an instruction from the

leader of the Daleks as to how it wishes them to deal with
Dr Who, with immediate effect.
122, 789, 695, 131, 558, 562, 432, 239, 001, 947, 401.
2 Decode the message which is concealed in the grid

below:
& P T § 3 E 8 H S
L # 5 A E M Y P
E C H 2 ¶ D O & 7
A F 1 S U M Z 4 O
R 6 P ¶ 8 T A I $
N S * E C O 2 F 5
3 R L W M ‡ = K D
E < P 1 H $ A 7 *
J O > R H 4 T N A
103
The following two puzzles both use a similar

method of encryption:
3 The following represents a secret security number. What

is the number?
4 The cipher below is a request for assistance. What does it

actually mean?
104
5 The grid represents a keypad, complete with instructions.

Which button should be pressed in order to open the
safe?
L O W N E U X P A N I R T
S A P M E I N Q V C X O H
L C S E E K W I N E R O L
D U I N S X P Q U A C E L
A S B G B O T T O Z S U V
O U T U E Q U A M X P H E
F S I B H S E R R B A C L
A T R H T T H G I O D Y H
O R L K S S E R P E Y I S
N E O P L S W H K D A I N
L P O W U T R E B C G J K
A N E Y U I R N G U Y Z U
Q W E R T Y K S A L M D X
105
You must decipher the combination number displayed on

the abacus above, the only information available being
that the middle two digits are either 28 or 82.
ä–ä – 28 – ä–ä or ä–ä – 82 – ä–ä
106
7 The Polybius cipher.
A B C D E
F G H I J
K L M N O
P Q R S T
U V W X Y
This code was invented by a Greek writer, Polybius, in the

second century BC. With the aid of the grid above, can you
decode the quotation below?
11 53,24,14,15 44,13,43,15,15,34 33,11,31,15,44 11

12,11,14 21,24,32,33 45,53,24,13,15 11,44 12,11,14
44,11,33,51,15,32 22,35,32,14,53,55,34
8 The speculator instructs his stockbroker to buy shares in a

certain company. His instructions are transmitted in the
form of the coded message below. In what company
should the stockbroker invest?
83423023 – 12345678
107
9 Three brothers, Paul, James and Charles, are being

questioned about a crime. The detective hands his
assistant the following grid, which indicates that only one
of the brothers is the culprit. Which one?
S O N R T B Z Z X L R N U O
E E E L L F M N N Q W H M N
I Y D N X X K M V B I O H E
G N D U X T T N U D D D R N
U S Y N E K H Z I W L G N R
L F J U A A U P P P B E A M
O S J A T T M P F E R R G O
A T J K U E W P M S Y A A F
S H J L U S W P P P D R Y O
Q K L T C Y O I U R F S A G
H E G Y C V X U R L S D U B
B D U I C I S Q K D A E I H
W A X I C P G H E A S L V X
G T O A C S E R Y B U X O W
108
10 Agents are given code numbers, which they use when text
messaging each other.
SPOOK is 41332
BAGMAN is 211112
SWALLOW is 4113331
RAVEN is 31322
What number is MUSICIAN?
11 A bridegroom texts his bride with the surprise destination

to which he is taking her on their honeymoon. The
message he texts her is as follows. Where is he taking her
on their honeymoon?
cat, dog, ace, pie, hem, fog, axe, owe, tip, bun, spy, gap,
hen, oak, cub, hay, red, tap, has, sea, duo, pen, add, hoe,
fez, lid, yet.
12 Decode the following, then say what is particularly

significant, some may say astonishing, about the message
you have decoded, which is particularly relevant to Dan
Brown’s book The Da Vinci Code.
SZEV OLIW ZMW ZKLHGOVH RM KRXGFIV
109
13 Work out the system of encryption to find the hidden

message in the grid below:
S G H W R S M B E F Y A B T U
M N E O A N I J N O X D E S T
T U P H I L F N I J N O X K L
S A B K L M U Y Q I J K L E F
14 Pay extremely close attention to the instructions when

decoding the following message:
35,57,8 1,72,36,18,48,51,5 65,43 2

9,3,43,19,46,36,40,60,37,70 13,36,69,18,56,37,7,49
110
15
5
2 3
2 2
The photographer receives the coded message above,

which, once he has decoded it, he finds very confusing as
it contains two very conflicting instructions. Can you work
out the method of encryption to complete two very
opposite instructions with the aid of the word lengths
provided below?
**** ***** *****

***** *** ******
111
16 Decode the following optimistic message:
LSAOR ITLES IJBFR ESWHE FUOCI
17 A gambler sends the message below to members of his

syndicate, telling them that a coup is about to take place
on a certain racehorse. What is the name of the racehorse?
hatedä—äpieceä—äbakeä—äcave
cartä—ätreeä—älateä—ätreat
placeä—äbestä—äannulä—ärevel
sinä—ämaleä—äinsectä—äcoy
palmä—ädutyä—äcaresä—äcured
salonä—äbuyä—äcasterä—äbat
mealä—äreactä—äauntä—äamen
flingä—äcanonä—äearä—äarm
fendä—äbassä—äranä—ästar
bedä—äsoreä—ämothä—äarea
reelä—äblurä—äaleä—äcue
angerä—äholyä—ämuchä—äbow
caseä—äbondä—äsageä—äfor
chatä—ästepä—äblowä—äbad
112
18 A gang are planning an audacious robbery at the Louvre

in Paris. The code message below reveals which famous
piece of classical artwork they are planning to steal.
prizeä—äsolarä—äquoteä—ädevilä—äomegaä—änymphä—ämusicä—
älunarä—ätruthä—ämedalä—äguess
19
U
I N
I A I
O D L C
C N E C A
F N O T
T M I
M O
When messages of an extremely secret nature are sent

from one secret agent to another the envelopes always
contain the above sticker. What does it mean?
113
20 The following was composed as a memorial to Queen

Elizabeth I. What secret meaning does it reveal?
MY DAY CLOSED IN IMMORTALITY
21 Decode this difficult cryptogram in which a few letters

may be represented by more than one number (e.g. the
letter E is represented by the numbers 20, 25 and 28),
then follow the instructions which are part of the coded
message.
7 17,7,26,12,22,7,16 3,13 7 13,20,26,18,20,26,4,20

18,19,7,18 4,23,26,31,7,3,26,13 20,27,20,22,9
29,25,18,18,25,22 23,21 18,19,20 7,29,17,19,7,10,20,18,
21,23,22 20,8,7,16,17,29,28, 14,3,26,8,20,30 5,12,10
13,17,9 6,3,18,19 1,2,7,29,16,13 4,23,27,20,22,13
21,20,24. 7,22,22,7,26,12,20 18,19,20
29,20,18,18,20,22,13 3,26 18,19,20 12,22,3,30
10,20,29,23,6 18,23 22,20,27,20,7,29 7
21,11,22,31,19,25,22 17,7,26,12,22,7,16
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
E
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
E E
114
22 Agents are given code names based on the names of

intellectual renaissance scholars of the thirteenth and
fourteenth centuries. An agent with such a code name
must identify himself by entering a restaurant at an
appointed time and ordering the correct item from the
menu below. What is the agent’s name?
Fig pudding and sauce

Vindaloo and rice
Lobster pâté and French fries
Milk pudding
Mushroom casserole
Chop suey and crackers
23 Decode the following, which is a message that will strike

dread into most computer users:
2-1,1-2,4-1,6-3,8-1,6-3,5-2ä—ä5-1,6-2,8-1,2-2
3-1,7-3,1-2,8-1,9-2
3-3,9-1,6-3,5-1,1-2,8-1,6-3,2-2 1-2 4-3,8-1,4-1,7-1,2-2
115
24 Ben, the cook, leaves a secret message as to where he

wishes to meet his lover Val, the maid, during a quiet
moment at the manor house. Can you decode the
message to find where the secret liaison will take place?
art, pat, bead, both, Ben, hop, Val
25 A secret location where some nuclear testing is to take

place is hidden in the grid below. What is the secret
location?
& R $ W ~ & H Ø ¶ } m 5 ® ¢
S + Ú @ § B T E + » { z ß H
D s \ § 3 * ö ö k ¤ J c A |
A r Þ þ § ‰ 1 M — 9 A + k =
?
... > b R E w Ý è à 6 9 K
! R + ® ¢ † f q u i Z Ú ã &
Ø a ± P S + } œ § § ¶ T A Y
Q A + ® Ÿ r v n V B D + ø x
m ‡ § E
ˆ + ë Ø Ø » } q w h P
1 9 ® z ƒ A + » ^ \ ? 3 F M
¶ œ R + ¿ ? @ 6 W T þ æ P M
Š ™ % d Q Þ ß T + ( y 2 p
ˆ 9
m é d U 9 ¶ & z y w S ® z £
& Ÿ o u I J H + š § ± r m Ê
116
26 What phrase is hidden below?
RSNEREIKPDAFGNOMDMRDYFOHEPNTDSRKATH
MTRFAKDNOLPXRTLMZFQNFTHLOZIDRYTMNJS
FALD
27 A B C D E
F G H I J
K L M N O
P Q R S T
U V W X Y
Decode the following with the aid of the grid above:
B4ä—äD5 B4ä—äD4 C4ä—äC5ä—äD5 D5ä—äB3ä—äA5

C3ä—äC5ä—äE1ä—äC4ä—äD5ä—äA1ä—äB4ä—äC4 E3ä—äA5
A3ä—äC5ä—äC4ä—äD2ä—äE1ä—äA5ä—äD3 A2ä—äE1ä—äD5 C5ä—äE1ä—
äD3ä—äD4ä—äA5ä—äC2ä—äE2ä—äA5ä—äD4.
D4ä—äB4ä—äD3 A5ä—äA4ä—äC3ä—äE1ä—äC4ä—äA4
B3ä—äB4ä—äC2ä—äC2ä—äA1ä—äD3ä—äE5
117
28 The lovers are planning a romantic trip to Turkey. What

method of transport will they use, which is encoded in
the grid below?
ˆ ˆ
Z D t 9 m ? ø z C O F I m ë
A m r « ¥ U B F a o m § e w ˆ
f R m i s } » ‡ x E n k z D
z Û C g | © P L 3 e µ N 4 +
j O E $ ÿ T t P C X ç z E p
p 4 ? = 9 æ k O T š § 2 E ¤
B X k
ˆ Ð / Ò P m Q — 4 } N
x Z 3 k ¤ P § N R § N o k c
µ © 2 a Š Ø z § R ^ © b n h
E e 1 ‡ Ý w G j B ? = k ö q
A S m 6 ® ‡ ¶ x g Q y B A e
x ™ s z L N F d k u 2 M r C
q F m j § r U K g Z S v @ K
Z o e N L T A H m { S z i t
118
29 A secret tape has been hidden, in one of the food items

below, in a bakery:
Chocolate éclair
Xmas pudding
Plum pie
Bakewell tart
The agent must pick up the correct item of food at an

appointed time, and to enable him to make the correct
choice is sent the cryptogram below:
HQD L AHQD J CSNKP PUTPOOLHE,

LH SLIIPH DQCIY JHI KJELT YWPOOLHE,
DCJHEOPCY WPCSJWY IPWOQCLHE,
BQC KP LMY HQHYPHYP LYH’M FQCLHE.
After decoding the cryptogram he realized, after some

thought, in which item of food the tape was hidden, and
he also realized that, as it happens, he hadn’t really
needed to decode the cryptogram at all to discover the
hiding place. In which item was the tape hidden?
119
30 James Bond knew that he had to go to a certain US state

urgently when he received the following cipher. To which
state was he being instructed to go?
782 154 6119 31 389986788
31 What short romantic message is concealed below?
Paris, roses, India, romance, heart, amour, Lima, France,

award, Oscar, honeymoon, Victor, joy, passion, echo,
Spain, uniform, wedding, springtime.
32 Find a quotation by Mark Twain encoded in the list of

words below:
howl, each, flag, once, duet, arch, bask, same, aunt, lost,
paid, chic, soil, best, oboe, keen, slot, fate, seek, bare,
etch, shah, loaf, once, maid, bath, base, soon, hour, envy,
hide, plus.
33 The type of puzzle known as ‘alphametics’, in which the

numerals of arithmetical calculations are replaced by
letters, originated thousands of years ago in ancient
China, where it was known as ‘letter arithmetic’. Then, in
the 1950s, the name ‘cryptarithm’ was proposed and, in
1955, the word ‘alphametic’ was coined by J. A. H.
Hunter. In perfect alphametics, related words are used
120
and each letter in the words leads to the same number in

a unique solution, e.g:
G N O M E
! P I X I E
# E L F I N
leads to the solution:
14397
! 60807
# 75204
In the code below, which is based on the alphametics

puzzle, it is necessary to solve the alphametic and then
replace numbers in the cipher from corresponding letters
in the puzzle’s solution, which we will suppose was sent
from a US medical team to their UK associates and caused
great excitement when received by the British researchers.
C E L L A R
! M U R D E R
! C L E R I C
# C L E A R E D
6 1381462 9074162 9436120 1830 1264907
121
34 Decode the following substitution cryptogram and

discover what relevance this has to the method of
encryption:
ZIT YOCT WGBOFU VOMQKRL PXDH JXOEASN
35 Mother gave this very difficult code to her two sons to try
and crack prior to a day out she has arranged for them.
Only the letters A, E, F, G, I, L, M, N, O and R have been
used in the substitution, therefore, in the encryption the
same letter may be used to represent different letters of
the alphabet, e.g. as a starting point the letter G is used to
represent the letters E, L and Y. When the message has
been decoded and the code text is arranged in
juxtaposition to the plain text it will provide a clue to
where mother is taking her family for their day out.
LRFOLGF LAG FAOA LRAGGLIGG IAFGRNFä—äLAGG LFE

RI LAGFLFIRF, LAGG LLFF RI OAFLFOFFOF
RGIARG GGFIL
Code: G G G
122
3
Famous Codes and
Ciphers
The Enigma Code
The Enigma code machine, which resembled a portable

typewriter in a wooden box, was developed in Germany in the
early 1920s by Dr Arthur Scherbius, for the commercial
purpose of finding companies who were interested in securing
their communications by encryption. By 1926 the German
navy had produced its own version, followed in 1928 by the
army and in 1933 by the air force. As a result, Germany
possessed the most advance cipher system in the world by the
outbreak of World War II.
The Enigma machine had from three to five notched wheels
or rotorsä—äreferred to as ‘scramblers’ä—äeach of which
contained the 26 letters of the alphabet, which created 17,576
possible keys. The scramblers could be positioned in any
order and a plug board at the front of the keyboard allowed
any six letters of plain text to be exchanged with any six
others. By increasing the number of settings in this way, a
virtually unbreakable code with a possible 150 million
variations was created. To further complicate matters, at least
once a day the Germans changed the order of the rotors, their
123
The Enigma code machine. Courtesy of NSA/Wikipedia
starting positions and the plug board connections. To

decipher a message sent using Enigma, it was necessary for the
receiver to know the exact settings of the rotors in order to
reconstitute the coded text.
Britain and her allies first became aware of the problems
posed by the Enigma machine in 1931 after a German spy,
Hans Thilo Schmidt, allowed the French to photograph stolen
Enigma operating manuals; however, neither French nor
British cryptanalysts could make any progress in breaking the
Enigma cipher.
Eventually, a breakthrough did occur in the 1930s, when
experts at the Polish Cipher Bureau, helped by their closer
links to the German engineering industry, were able to
reconstruct an Enigma machine, complete with internal
wiring, and secretly began to try to crack the code, their
persistence paying dividends when Marian Rejewski, a Polish
124
Famous Codes and Ciphers
cryptographer, noticed patterns in the cipher text created by

the original settings of the scrambler. Just before the outbreak
of war in 1939, and with the German invasion imminent, the
Poles opted to share their secret and managed to pass models
and drawings of Enigma to British and French code-breakers.
This led British Intelligence, in 1939, to set up the
top secret Ultra project at Britain’s Government Code and
Cipher School (GC & CS) at Bletchley Park, Buckinghamshire,
which was devoted to breaking the Enigma code. A large team
of mathematicians, linguists, cryptographers and general
problem-solvers were recruited, led by William Winterbottom
of MI6, and a bank of early computers known as ‘bombes’, a
refinement of the machine originally built by Marian Rejewski
(and named after his favourite ice-cream), were built to work
out the vast number of permutations in the English language.
Eventually the ciphers were cracked and at the height of the
war, unknown to the Germans, the Allies were intercepting
and deciphering 2000 German signals daily. Even so, the work
of the Ultra team remained frantic as the Germans frequently
changed the settings of their Enigma machines’ wheels.
Only a select few were made aware of the work being
carried out at Bletchley Park and any information had to
remain top secret to prevent the Germans, who believed their
encrypted communications were impenetrable, from having
any inkling that their ciphers had been broken. As a result of
Germany’s belief in the code’s infallibility, the Allies were able
to intercept information that was crucial in the Allied landing
in the Normandy campaign (the D-Day landings) and it is
believed that the success achieved by the Bletchley Park team
may have shortened World War II by at least two years.
125
Among the team at Bletchley Park was Commander Ian

Fleming, Personal Assistant to the Director of Naval Intelli-
gence and subsequent author of the ‘James Bond’ novels, and
the British mathematician Alan Mathison Turing. It is Turing
who is credited with the distinction of initially breaking the
Enigma cipher and of bringing science to cryptography.
The Rosetta Stone
Egyptian hieroglyphics is one of the oldest scripts in the world

and was in use for almost 3500 years. The Greeks first named
Egyptian script ta hieroglyphica or ‘sacred carved’ letters. The
hieroglyphic script is mostly pictorial and consists of familiar
images of natural and man-made objects. Less than 1000
hieroglyphs were in general use at any one time, except in the
Late Period (712ä–ä332 BC), when the number climbed to 6000.
Virtually all understanding of how to read Egyptian
The Rosetta Stone. © Matijap/Wikipedia
126
hieroglyphics had been lost since the fourth century AD until

1799, a year after a French soldier, while working at a fort on
the Rosetta branch of the River Nile, found a black basalt stone
slab carved with inscriptions. This stone slab became known
as the ‘Rosetta Stone’ and was to prove the key to deciphering
Egyptian hieroglyphics.
The Rosetta Stone (which is now in the British Museum)
contains writing, carved in 196 BC, in two languages, Egyptian
and Greek, using three scripts; hieroglyphics at the top,
demotic (a late cursive form of hieroglyphics) in the middle
and Greek at the bottom. It is written in three scripts because,
when it was inscribed, there were three scripts being used in
Egypt: hieroglyphics, which was the script used for important
or religious documents; demotic, which was the common
script of Egypt; and Greek, which was the language of the
rulers of Egypt at that time. It was therefore inscribed in all
three scripts so that the priests, government officials and
rulers of Egypt could all read what it said.
The translation of the passage in Greek reveals that the
Rosetta Stone was written by a group of priests in Egypt and is
a royal edict issued in March 196 BC to honour the 13 year-old
Egyptian pharaoh Ptolemy V Epiphanes, by listing all of the
things that the pharaoh had done that were good for the
priests and the people of Egypt at the time of his coronation.
As this Greek inscription is a translation of the upper two
Egyptian passages it is this that provided the key to
deciphering ancient hieroglyphics, whose meaning had been
lost for several hundred years.
After many years of studying the Rosetta Stone and other
examples of ancient Egyptian writing, it was the French
127
scholar Jean-François Champollion who was finally able to

decipher hieroglyphs in 1822. Champollion had begun his
work on the Rosetta Stone inscriptions in 1808 at the age of
18 and he was finally able to announce his results in a letter to
the French Royal Academy in 1822, in which he explained the
basic concepts of the hieroglyphic script. Champollion, who
could read both Greek and Coptic, based his approach to
deciphering hieroglyphs on three assumptions:
1. The later Egyptian Coptic script represented the final
stage of the ancient language of the pharaohs.
2. Hieroglyphs were used both as pictures that represent a
concept or thing (known as ‘ideograms’) and as pictures
that represent sounds (known as ‘phonograms’).
3. Hieroglyphs enclosed in an oval-shaped loop encircling a
group of hieroglyphs (known as a ‘cartouche’) were
phonetic transcriptions of the pharaohs’ names.
From this, Champollion was able to figure out what the seven
demotic signs in coptic were. By looking at how these signs
were used in coptic, he was able to work out what they stood
for. Then he began tracing these demotic signs back to
hieroglyphic signs.
Hieroglyphic inscriptions were usually written in rows from
right to left or in columns top to bottom, but sometimes
appear written from left to right to create a more pleasing
visual effect. It is possible to tell which way to read an
inscription by looking at the direction in which animals or
people face or walk (they always face toward the beginning of
the line). The lack of punctuation or spaces between words or
sentences makes hieroglyphs particularly difficult to read.
128
As in the case of modern Arabic and Hebrew, only the

consonants of words are written down. So, for example, the
word ‘CREEK’ would be spelled in hieroglyphs as ‘CRK’.
However, this combination of signs could also spell other
words, e.g. ‘CROOK’ or ‘CROAK’. In order to show the
difference between similar words, the Egyptians added signs
called determinatives to avoid confusion and give specific
meaning to a particular word. To indicate ‘CRK’ as ‘CREEK’,
for example, the determinative for water would be placed at
the end of the word.
The Lincoln Cipher

Abraham Lincoln had a simple cipher that he used frequently.
To make the message audible, all you had to do was read it
aloud rapidly from the last word to the first word while paying
attention to the sounds of the words instead of their
meanings. One such message ended:
... AUNT CONFIDE IS ANDY EVACUATE PETERSBURG

REPORTS GRANT MORNING THIS WASHINGTON SEC’Y
WAR.
Decoded, this reads:
WAR SECRETARY
WASHINGTON
THIS MORNING GRANT REPORTS PETERSBURG

EVACUATED AND HE IS CONFIDENT.
129
Simple enough to decode perhaps; but the message that

follows was sent to the Aquia Creek headquarters of Major
General Burnside on 25 November 1862. It was intercepted by
a confederate operator but was not deciphered by him.
Burnside replied in a similar cipher which also got through
unbroken. At the subsequent meeting, held on the steamer
Baltimore, a plan was developed which cost Lee thousands of
lives three weeks later.
Can you decipher the message? Note that ‘flesh’ was a word
commonly used in those days instead of meat.
WASHINGTON DC
NOVEMBER 26, 1862
BURNSIDE, FALMOUTH, VIRGINIA; CANN INN ALE ME

WITH 2 OAR OUR ANN PASS ME FLESH ENDS N.V. CORN
INN OUT WITH U CUD INN HEAVEN DAY NEST WED ROE
MOORE TOM DARKEY HAT GREEK WHY HAWK OF ABBOT
INN B CHEWED I IF. BATES
Psalm 46
046:001 God is our refuge and strength, a very present help

in trouble.
046:002 Therefore will not we fear, though the earth be
removed, and though the mountains be carried
into the midst of the sea;
046:003 Though the waters thereof roar and be troubled,
though the mountains shake with the swelling
thereof. Selah.
130
046:004 There is a river, the streams whereof shall make

glad the city of God, the holy place of the
tabernacles of the most High.
046:005 God is in the midst of her; she shall not be moved:
God shall help her, and that right early.
046:006 The heathen raged, the kingdoms were moved: he
uttered his voice, the earth
melted.
046:007 The LORD of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is
our refuge. Selah.
046:008 Come, behold the works of the LORD, what
desolations he hath made in the earth.
046:009 He maketh wars to cease unto the end of the earth;
he breaketh the bow, and cutteth the spear in
sunder; he burneth the chariot in the fire.
046:010 Be still, and know that I am God: I will be exalted
among the heathen, I will be exalted in the earth.
046:011 The LORD of hosts is with us; the God of Jacob is
our refuge. Selah.
The above is the 46th Psalm from the King James version of
the New Testament. In it there is either a possibly coded
reference to the playwright William Shakespeare, or a
remarkable coincidence. Whether this is code or coincidence
has prompted fierce debate during the past few years, since
mention of this curiosity was made by Anthony Burgess in his
autobiography, You’ve Had Your Time.
Shakespeare was baptized on 26 April 1564. The Authorized
Version was being revised by a team of commissioned writers
in 1610, by which time Shakespeare would have been 46 years
131
old. The committee in charge of revising the initial translation

was headed by John Bois and Dr Anthony Downes, who had
also coordinated the initial team of 47 translators. There is no
record that Shakespeare was among the chosen 47, neither is
he credited as one of the revisers; in fact, nothing is known to
exist that links him to the Authorized Version revision, except
time and place.
However, in the King James version of Psalm 46, if you
count 46 words down from the top, you find the word shake,
and counting 46 words up from the bottom, you will find
the word spear (ignoring the word ‘Selah’, which appears
throughout the Bible as a type of musical punctuation; indeed,
it appears three time in Psalm 46, always at the end of a verse).
If this is more than a coincidence, and is in fact a coded
reference to William Shakespeare, there are two possible
explanations.
The first explanation is that Shakespeare himself was one of
the writers who were commissioned to work on the King
James version of the New Testament and decided to
personalise his work on the 46th Psalm. The second
explanation is that someone who knew Shakespeare, or
admired his work, decided to insert the words SHAKE and
SPEAR as a tribute to Shakespeare in his 46th year.
The Beale Ciphers
Since 1845 many people have devoted a great deal of their

time trying to break what has become known as the Beale
Ciphers in an attempt to find the whereabouts of several tons
132
of gold, silver and jewels supposedly buried near the town of

Montvale (formally Bufords), Virginia, USA.
It was a Virginian, Thomas J. Beale, who set out with a party
of men in 1817 on a hunting trip which eventually took them
towards the Colorado mountains. Here they discovered gold,
and stayed on to mine both gold and silver for 18 months.
Then, in November 1819, fearing for their safety and their vast
fortune, they returned to Virginia to hide their treasure in a
secret excavation six feet below ground. Two years later they
again returned to the site with some $13,000 in jewels, which
they had purchased in St. Louis.
During this time, Tom Beale had become acquainted with
Robert Morriss, the proprietor of a hotel where Beale had
stayed. Beale entrusted to Morriss a strong iron box for safe
keeping. Later he wrote to Morriss, asking him to keep the box
for 10 years, telling him that if he had not by then called to
collect it, he should open it up.
Beale was never heard of again, but for whatever reason,
Morriss waited for almost 25 years before eventually opening
the box, in 1845. Inside he found several sheets of paper and
letters telling the story of the treasure, together with three
ciphers giving details of the location of the treasure, its
contents and Beale’s next of kin. One letter promised that the
three ciphers could be easily cracked using a key which would
be sent to Morriss, but which never arrived.
Since Morriss could not crack the ciphers, and as he was
nearing the end of his life, he enlisted the help of a friend
who became obsessed with them and, after 20 years, was
finally able to crack one of the ciphers, the one that,
tantalisingly, listed the contents of the vault of treasure. He
133
discovered that the cipher is what is known as a book

code and the method Beale had used was to take the
Declaration of Independence and allocate each word a
number, from the opening word WHEN # 1 to the closing
word HONOR # 1322.
The Opening of the Declaration of Independence
Whenä1ä , inä2 theä3 courseä4 ofä ä5 human events it becomes

necessary for one people to dissolve the political bands
which have connected them with another, and to assume
among the powers of the earth, the separate and equal
station to which the laws of nature and of nature’s God
entitle themä50ä , a decent respect to the opinions of mankind
requires that they should declare the causes which impel
them to the separation. We holdä73 these truths to be self-
evident, and that all men are created equal, that they are
endowed by their Creator with certain inalienable rights,
that among these areä100 life, liberty and the pursuit of
happiness; That to secure these rights, governments are
institutedä115 among men ...
By taking the first letter of the word which corresponded to

each number of the cipher, the message was spelled out. For
example, the first number in the sequence is 115; the 115th
letter of the Declaration is ‘instituted’, which begins with the
letter I, hence the number 115 represents the letter I. The
second number in the sequence is 73; the 73rd word in the
Declaration is ‘hold’, which begins with the letter H, Hence,
the number 73 represents the letter H.
134
By continuing this process: 115 (I) 73 (H), 24 (A), 807 (V),

37 (E), 52 (D), 49 (E), 17 (P), 31 (O), 62 (S), 647 (I), 22
(T) ... and so on, the following message is revealed:
I have deposited in the county of Bedford, about four miles

from Bufords, in an excavation or vault, six feet below the
surface of the ground, the following articles: ... The deposit
consists of two thousand nine hundred and twenty one
pounds of gold and five thousand one hundred pounds of
silver; also jewels, obtained in St. Louis in exchange for
silver to save transportation ... The above is securely packed
in iron pots, with iron covers. The vault is roughly lined
with stone, and the vessels rest on solid stone, and are
covered with others ...
Since then, despite the possibility that this whole story may
be an elaborate hoax, many thousands of hours of research
and effort have taken place. However, the remaining two
ciphers remain unsolved and no treasure has been found.
The complete Beale Ciphers are reproduced in the
following pages.
Text for Part 1: The Locality of the Vault
71,194,38,1701,89,76,11,83,1629,48,94,63,132,16,111,
95,84,341975,14,40,64,27,81,139,213,63,90,1120,8,15,3,126,
2018,40,74758,485,604,230,436,664,582,150,251,
284,308,231,124,211,486,225401,370,11,101,305,139,
189,17,33,88,208,193,145,1,94,73,416918,263,28,500,
538,356,117,136,219,27,176,130,10,460,25,485,18436,
135
65,84,200,283,118,320,138,36,416,280,15,71,224,961,
44,16,40139,88,61,304,12,21,24,283,134,92,63,246,486,
682,7,219,184,360,78018,64,463,474,131,160,79,73,440,
95,18,64,581,34,69,128,367,460,1781,12,103,820,62,110,
97,103,862,70,60,1317,471,540,208,121,890346,36,150,
59,568,614,13,120,63,219,812,2160,1780,99,35,18,21,
136872,15,28,170,88,4,30,44,112,18,147,436,195,320,37,
122,113,6,1408,120,305,42,58,461,44,106,301,13,408,680,
93,86,116,530,82,568,9102,38,416,89,71,216,728,965,818,
2,38,121,195,14,326,148,234,1855,131,234,361,824,5,81,
623,48,961,19,26,33,10,1101,365,92,88,181275,346,201,
206,86,36,219,324,829,840,64,326,19,48,122,85,216,
284919,861,326,985,233,64,68,232,431,960,50,29,81,216,
321,603,14,61281,360,36,51,62,194,78,60,200,314,676,112,
4,28,18,61,136,247,819921,1060,464,895,10,6,66,119,38,41,
49,602,423,962,302,294,875,7814,23,111,109,62,31,501,
823,216,280,34,24,150,1000,162,286,19,2117,340,19,242,
31,86,234,140,607,115,33,191,67,104,86,52,88,16,80121,
67,95,122,216,548,96,11,201,77,364,218,65,667,890,236,
154,21110,98,34,119,56,216,119,71,218,1164,1496,1817,
51,39,210,36,3,19540,232,22,141,617,84,290,80,46,207,
411,150,29,38,46,172,85,19439,261,543,897,624,18,212,
416,127,931,19,4,63,96,12,101,418,16,140230,460,538,
19,27,88,612,1431,90,716,275,74,83,11,426,89,72,
841300,1706,814,221,132,40,102,34,868,975,1101,84,
16,79,23,16,81,122324,403,912,227,936,447,55,86,34,
43,212,107,96,314,264,1065,323428,601,203,124,95,
216,814,2906,654,820,2,301,112,176,213,71,87,96202,
35,10,2,41,17,84,221,736,820,214,11,60,760
136
Text for Part 2: Contents (Solved)
115,73,24,807,37,52,49,17,31,62,647,22,7,15,140,47,29,107,
79,8456,239,10,26,811,5,196,308,85,52,160,136,59,211,36,
9,46,316,554122,106,95,53,58,2,42,7,35,122,53,
31,82,77,250,196,56,96,118,71140,287,28,353,37,1005,
65,147,807,24,3,8,12,47,43,59,807,45,316101,41,78,154,
1005,122,138,191,16,77,49,102,57,72,34,73,85,35,
37159,196,81,92,191,106,273,60,394,620,270,220,106,
388,287,63,3,6191,122,43,234,400,106,290,314,47,48,
81,96,26,115,92,158,191,11077,85,197,46,10,113,140,
353,48,120,106,2,607,61,420,811,29,125,1420,37,105,
28,248,16,159,7,35,19,301,125,110,486,287,98,117,511,
6251,220,37,113,140,807,138,540,8,44,287,388,117,18,
79,344,34,20,59511,548,107,603,220,7,66,154,41,20,50,6,
575,122,154,248,110,61,52,3330,5,38,8,14,84,57,540,
217,115,71,29,84,63,43,131,29,138,47,73,239540,52,53,79,
118,51,44,63,196,12,239,112,3,49,79,353,105,56,371,
557211,505,125,360,133,143,101,15,284,540,252,14,
205,140,344,26,811,138115,48,73,34,205,316,607,63,
220,7,52,150,44,52,16,40,37,158,807,37121,12,95,10,15,
35,12,131,62,115,102,807,49,53,135,138,30,31,62,67,
4185,63,10,106,807,138,8,113,20,32,33,37,353,287,140,47,
85,50,37,49,4764,6,7,71,33,4,43,47,63,1,27,600,208,
230,15,191,246,85,94,511,2,27020,39,7,33,44,22,40,7,
10,3,811,106,44,486,230,353,211,200,31,10,38140,297,
61,603,320,302,666,287,2,44,33,32,511,548,10,6,250,
557,24653,37,52,83,47,320,38,33,807,7,44,30,31,250,10,15,
35,106,160,113,31102,406,230,540,320,29,66,33,101,807,
138,301,316,353,320,220,37,5228,540,320,33,8,48,
137
107,50,811,7,2,113,73,16,125,11,110,67,102,807,3359,
81,158,38,43,581,138,19,85,400,38,43,77,14,27,8,47,
138,63,140,4435,22,177,106,250,314,217,2,10,7,1005,4,20,
25,44,48,7,26,46,110,230807,191,34,112,147,44,110,121,
125,96,41,51,50,140,56,47,152,54063,807,28,42,
250,138,582,98,643,32,107,140,112,26,85,138,540,53,
20125,371,38,36,10,52,118,136,102,420,150,112,71,14,
20,7,24,18,12,80737,67,110,62,33,21,95,220,511,102,
811,30,83,84,305,620,15,2,108,220106,353,105,106,60,
275,72,8,50,205,185,112,125,540,65,106,807,188,96,
11016,73,32,807,150,409,400,50,154,285,96,106,316,
270,205,101,811,400,844,37,52,40,241,34,205,38,16,46,47,
85,24,44,15,64,73,138,807,85,78,11033,420,505,53,
37,38,22,31,10,110,106,101,140,15,38,3,5,44,7,98,
287135,150,96,33,84,125,807,191,96,511,118,440,370,
643,466,106,41,107603,220,275,30,150,105,49,53,287,
250,208,134,7,53,12,47,85,63,138,11021,112,140,485,
486,505,14,73,84,575,1005,150,200,16,42,5,4,25,428,16,
811,125,160,32,205,603,807,81,96,405,41,600,136,14,
20,28,26353,302,246,8,131,160,140,84,440,42,16,811,
40,67,101,102,194,138205,51,63,241,540,122,8,10,63,
140,47,48,140,288
Text for Part 3: Names and Residences

317,8,92,73,112,89,67,318,28,96,107,41,631,78,146,397,
118,98114,246,348,116,74,88,12,65,32,14,81,19,76,121,
216,85,33,66,15108,68,77,43,24,122,96,117,36,211,301,
15,44,11,46,89,18,136,68317,28,90,82,304,71,43,221,
198,176,310,319,81,99,264,380,56,37319,2,44,53,28,44,
138
75,98,102,37,85,107,117,64,88,136,48,154,99,17589,
315,326,78,96,214,218,311,43,89,51,90,75,128,96,33,28,
103,8465,26,41,246,84,270,98,116,32,59,74,66,69,240,
15,8,121,20,77,8031,11,106,81,191,224,328,18,75,52,82,
117,201,39,23,217,27,21,8435,54,109,128,49,77,88,1,81,
217,64,55,83,116,251,269,311,96,54,32120,18,132,102,
219,211,84,150,219,275,312,64,10,106,87,75,47,2129,
37,81,44,18,126,115,132,160,181,203,76,81,299,314,
337,351,96,1128,97,318,238,106,24,93,3,19,17,26,60,73,
88,14,126,138,234,286297,321,365,264,19,22,84,56,107,
98,123,111,214,136,7,33,45,40,1328,46,42,107,196,227,
344,198,203,247,116,19,8,212,230,31,6,32865,48,52,59,41,
122,33,117,11,18,25,71,36,45,83,76,89,92,31,65,
7083,96,27,33,44,50,61,24,112,136,149,176,180,194,
143,171,205,29687,12,44,51,89,98,34,41,208,173,66,9,
35,16,95,8,113,175,90,56203,19,177,183,206,157,200,
218,260,291,305,618,951,320,18,124,7865,19,32,124,48,
53,57,84,96,207,244,66,82,119,71,11,86,77,213,5482,
316,245,303,86,97,106,212,18,37,15,81,89,16,7,81,39,
96,14,43216,118,29,55,109,136,172,213,64,8,227,304,
611,221,364,819,375128,296,1,18,53,76,10,15,23,19,71,
84,120,134,66,73,89,96,230,4877,26,101,127,936,218,
439,178,171,61,226,313,215,102,18,167,262114,218,66,
59,48,27,19,13,82,48,162,119,34,127,139,34,128,129,
7463,120,11,54,61,73,92,180,66,75,101,124,265,89,96,
126,274,896,917434,461,235,890,312,413,328,381,96,
105,217,66,118,22,77,64,42,127,55,24,83,67,97,109,121,
135,181,203,219,228,256,21,34,77,319,374382,675,684,
717,864,203,4,18,92,16,63,82,22,46,55,69,74,112,
134186,175,119,213,416,312,343,264,119,186,218,343,
139
417,845,951,124209,49,617,856,924,936,72,19,28,11,35,42,
40,66,85,94,112,65,82115,119,233,244,186,172,112,
85,6,56,38,44,85,72,32,47,63,96,124217,314,319,221,
644,817,821,934,922,416,975,10,22,18,46,137,181101,
39,86,103,116,138,164,212,218,296,815,380,412,460,
495,675,820952
England Expects
England expects that every man will do his duty.
England Expects That Every Man Will

253 269 863 261 471 958
Do His D u t y
220 370 4 21 19 24
140
Lord Nelson’s famous signal, ‘England expects that every man

will do his duty’, was sent to the fleet at the outbreak of the
Battle of Trafalgar, on the day that Nelson gained his greatest
victory, against the combined French and Spanish fleets.
During the battle Nelson was mortally wounded on his
flagship HMS Victory. The signal, which was displayed in an
arrangement of flags atop the masts of HMS Victory, used the
marine flag code devised by Sir Home Popham in 1803.
Each combination of flags relates to a separate word in the
Admiralty code book, as indicated above by the numbers at the
top of each masthead. The word ‘duty’ was not listed in the
book, so it had to be spelled out letter by letter.
The Playfair Cipher
The Playfair cipher was invented in 1854 by Sir Charles

Wheatstone, who named it after his friend Lyon Playfair, the
first Baron Playfair of St. Andrews, who promoted and
popularised the cipher.
Because of its simplicity and difficulty of decryption, it
became an immediate success as a field cipher in war-time and
was first used by the British in the Boer War and again in the
First World War. It was also used as a back-up cipher in
the Second World War, where it was used effectively by a
future US president, the young Lt. John F. Kennedy, when
his PT-109 was sunk by a Japanese cruiser in the Solomon
Islands. He was able to reach shore on Japanese-controlled
Plum Pudding Island, from where he was able to send an
emergency message encrypted in the Playfair cipher, from an
141
Allied coast-watcher’s hut, to arrange the rescue of survivors

from his crew.
E N C R Y
P T I O A
B D F G H
K L M Q S
U V W X Z
To encipher a message in Playfair, select a keyword, e.g.

ENCRYPTION, and write it in a 5 " 5 square as above, omitting
repeated letters (the letter N in the above example), followed
by the remaining letters in alphabetical order. The letter J is
omitted in the above grid, as in the Playfair cipher the letters I
and J are treated as being the same letter. The word may,
however, be written in other patterns, e.g. in columns not
rows, for the purpose of the encryption.
The next stage is to prepare a message for encryption. For
the purposes of this example, the message is:
DECODE THIS MESSAGE.
The message is then broken up into two-letter groups as

below. Note that when two consecutive letters appear in the
message, it is necessary to insert the letter X between them,
and in the event of just one letter remaining in the last group
add an X to the end.
DE CO DE TH IS ME SX SA GE
142
To encrypt each two-letter group, find each pair of letters in

the square and locate the letters at opposite corners of the
rectangle they form. For example, the letters D and E are
located in the square, forming the following rectangle, with
the letters B and N at opposite corners:
E N
P T
B D
Replace DE with those letters, starting with the letter on the

same row as the first letter of the pair: DE becomes BN. This
process is thus continued with each pair of letters:
BN RI BN AD AM KC QZ
As the encryption continues, it will be noted that the letters

S and A appear in the same column. In this case select the
letters immediately below each letter, in this case Z and H.
This same rule also applies for letters in the same line, where
the letters to the right of each letter are selected.
In the event of both letters being consecutive in each row
or column, use the letter immediately to the right, or below
each pair of letters; thus, if WR appears in a line containing the
letters AFWRT, the encoding of WR becomes TR.
143
By continuing in this manner, the encoding is completed as

follows:
BN RI BN AD AM KC QZ ZH BR
The Playfair cipher is an extremely difficult code to decipher

without knowledge of the keyword selected in the encryption
process.
144
4
Answers and
Explanations
1 Level Oneä—äStandard Cryptograms
1 Television has done much for psychiatry by spreading

information about it, as well as contributing to the need
for it.
Alfred Hitchcock
2 Outside of a dog, a book is a man’s best friend. Inside of a

dog it’s too dark to read.
Groucho Marx
3 I love deadlines. I like the whooshing sound they make as

they fly by.
Douglas Adams
4 Anyone can do any amount of work provided it isn’t the

work he is supposed to be doing at the moment.
Robert Benchley
5 Opportunity is missed by most people because it is

dressed in overalls and looks like work.
Thomas Alva Edison
145
6 Economics is extremely useful as a form of employment

for economists.
John Kenneth Galbraith
7 The trouble with being punctual is that nobody’s there to

appreciate it.
Franklin P. Jones
8 If I have seen farther than others, it is because I was

standing on the shoulders of giants.
Isaac Newton
9 Computers make it easier to do a lot of things, but most

of the things they make it easier to do don’t need to be
done.
Andy Rooney
10 It is of interest to note that while some dolphins are

reported to have learned English – up to fifty words in
correct order – no human being has been reported to
have learned Dolphinese.
Carl Sagan
11 Sometimes I think the surest sign that intelligent life

exists elsewhere in the universe is that none of it has tried
to contact us.
Bill Watterson
146
Answers and Explanations
12 The scientific theory I like best is that the rings of Saturn

are composed entirely of lost airline luggage.
Mark Russell
13 Last night I dreamed I ate a ten-pound marshmallow –

when I woke up the pillow was gone.
Tommy Cooper
14 Fashion is something that goes in one year and out the

other.
Unknown
15 It is the mark of an educated mind to be able to entertain

a thought without accepting it.
Aristotle
16 An intellectual snob is someone who can listen to the

William Tell overture and not think of the Lone Ranger.
Dan Rather
17 Democracy means government by discussion, but it is

only effective if you can stop people talking.
Clement Atlee
18 If the world should blow itself up, the last audible voice
would be that of an expert saying it can’t be done.
Peter Ustinov
147
19 Wise men talk because they have something to say, fools

because they have to say something.
Plato
20 Nobody knows the age of the human race, but everybody

agrees that it is old enough to know better.
Anonymous
21 If there are two or more ways to do something, and one

of these ways can result in a catastrophe, then someone
will do it.
Edward A. Murphy Jr
22 You only have power over people so long as you don’t

take everything away from them. But when you’ve robbed
a man of everything, he’s no longer in your power – he’s
free again.
Alexander Solzhenitsyn
23 A lot of fellows nowadays have a B.A., M.D. or Ph.D.
Unfortunately they don’t have a J.O.B.
Fats Domino
24 Do not condemn the judgement of another because it

differs from your own. You may both be wrong.
Dandemis
25 Time flies like an arrow. Fruit flies like a banana.

Groucho Marx
148
26 I stopped believing in Santa Claus when my mother took

me to see him in a department store, and he asked for my
autograph.
Shirley Temple
27 I don’t want any yes-men around me. I want everybody to

tell me the truth even if it costs them their jobs.
Samuel Goldwyn
28 Middle age is when you’ve met so many people that every

new person you meet reminds you of someone else.
Ogden Nash
29 The place of the father in the modern suburban family is a

very small one, particularly if he plays golf.
Bertrand Russell
30 We don’t know a millionth of one percent about anything.

Thomas Alva Edison
31 The remarkable thing about Shakespeare is that he really

is very good, in spite of all the people who say he is very
good.
Robert Graves
32 Life is what happens when you are making other plans.

John Lennon
149
33 Arithmetic is being able to count up to twenty without

taking off your shoes.
Mickey Mouse
34 Mars is essentially in the same orbit. Mars is somewhere

the same distance from the sun, which is very important.
We have seen pictures where there are canals, we believe,
and water. If there is water, that means there is oxygen. If
oxygen, that means we can breathe.
Dan Quayle
35 Too bad the only people who know how to run the
country are busy driving cabs and cutting hair.
George Burns
36 To invent, you need a good imagination and a pile of

junk.
Thomas Alva Edison
37 There are worse things in life than death. Have you ever
spent an evening with an insurance salesman?
Woody Allen
38 The man who reads nothing at all is better educated than

the man who reads nothing but newspapers.
Thomas Jefferson
39 The hardest thing in the world to understand is the

income tax.
Albert Einstein
150
40 Tact is the ability to describe others as they see

themselves.
Abraham Lincoln
41 Space isn’t remote at all. It’s only an hour’s drive away if

your car could go straight upwards.
Fred Hoyle
42 People who have what they want are fond of telling

people who haven’t what they want that they really don’t
want it.
Ogden Nash
43 In the beginning the universe was created. This made a

lot of people very angry, and has been widely regarded as
a bad idea.
Douglas Adams
44 There’s a hell of a distance between wisecracking and wit.

Wit has truth in it, wisecracking is simply callisthenics
with words.
Dorothy Parker
45 I’d marry again if I found a man who had fifteen million

dollars, would sign over half to me, and guarantee that
he’d be dead within a year.
Bette Davis
151
46 Every year, back comes spring, with nasty little birds

yapping their fool heads off and the ground all mucked
up with plants.
Dorothy Parker
47 Say what you want about long dresses but they cover a
multitude of shins.
Mae West
48 It is difficult to produce a television documentary that is

both incisive and probing when every twelve minutes one
is interrupted by twelve dancing rabbits singing about
toilet paper.
Rod Sterling
49 It is better to keep your mouth closed and let people

think you are a fool than to open it and remove all doubt.
Mark Twain
50 I was recently on a tour of Latin America, and the only

regret I have was that I didn’t study Latin at school so I
could converse with those people.
J. Danford Quayle
51 I don’t deserve this award, but then I have arthritis and I

don’t deserve that either.
Jack Benny
52 Don’t worry if you’re a kleptomaniac, you can always take

something for it.
Anonymous
152
53 A banker is a fellow who lends you his umbrella when the

sun is shining, but wants it back the minute it starts to
rain.
Mark Twain
54 Acting is merely the art of keeping a large group of people

from coughing.
Sir Ralph Richardson
55 It is always the best policy to speak the truth – unless, of

course, you are an exceptionally good liar.
Jerome K. Jerome
56 Opera is when a guy gets stabbed in the back and, instead

of bleeding, he sings.
Ed Gardner
57 If an elderly but distinguished scientist says that

something is possible he is almost certainly right, but if he
says that it is impossible he is very possibly wrong.
Arthur C. Clarke
58 If only God would give me some clear sign! Like making a

large deposit in my name in a Swiss bank.
Woody Allen
59 Horse sense is the thing a horse has which keeps it from

betting on people.
W. C. Fields
153
60 Here is the test to find whether your mission on earth is

finished. If you’re alive it isn’t.
Richard Bach
1 Level Twoä—äKeyed Cryptograms
1 For Brutus is an honourable man, so are they all, all

honourable men.
William Shakespeare ( Julius Caesar)
Keyed phrase: et tu Brute (ETUBR).
2 In listening mood, she seemed to stand,

The guardian naiad of the strand.
Sir Walter Scott (The Lady of the Lake)
Keyed phrase: writer’s lost act (WRITESLOAC).

‘Writer’s lost act’ is an anagram of ‘Sir Walter Scott’.
3 I lingered round them, under that benign sky: watched
the moths fluttering among the heath and harebells;
listened to the soft wind breathing through the grass; and
wondered how anyone could ever imagine unquiet
slumbers for the sleepers in that quiet earth.
Emily Bronte
Keyed phrase: wuthering heights (WUTHERINGS).

The words are the final passage from the Emily Bronte
novel Wuthering Heights.
154
4 Military intelligence is a contradiction in terms.

Groucho Marx
Keyed word: oxymoron (OXYMRN).
5 A woman is like a teabag. It’s only when she’s in hot water

that you realise how strong she is.
Nancy Reagan
Keyed phrase: all about Eve (ALBOUTEV).

This title, of the Bette Davis movie All About Eve, seems
particularly appropriate, as both Eve and Nancy Reagan
were First Ladies.
6 Time flies! I can’t, they go rushing past too fast.
Keyed phrase: tempus fugit (TEMPUSFGI).
7 That this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of

freedom: and that government of the people, by the
people, and for the people, shall not perish from the
earth.
Abraham Lincoln
Keyed phrase: the Gettysburg Address (THEGYSBURAD).

The above passage is an extract from President Lincoln’s
Gettysburg Address.
155
8 Neither a borrower, nor a lender be,

For loan oft loses both itself and friend,
And borrowing dulls the edge of husbandry,
This above all, to thine own self be true,
And it must follow, as the night the day,
Thou canst not then be false to any man.
William Shakespeare (Hamlet)
Keyed phrase: I’ll make a wise phrase (ILMAKEWSPHR).

‘I’ll make a wise phrase’ is an anagram of ‘William
Shakespeare’.
9 God is really only another artist. He invented the giraffe,

the elephant, and the cat. He has no real style. He just
goes on trying other things.
Pablo Picasso
Keyed phrase: art is life and life is art (ARTISLFEND).
10 Music and women I cannot but give way to, whatever my

business is.
Samuel Pepys
Keyed phrase: and so to bed (ANDSOTBE).

These were the words with which Samuel Pepys closed
his daily diary entry each evening before he retired to bed.
156
11 With the greater part of rich people, the chief enjoyment

of riches consists in the parade of riches.
Adam Smith
Keyed phrase: the wealth of nations (THEWALOFNIS).

The Wealth of Nations is the title of the work from which
the above passage is an extract.
12 It is our true policy to steer clear of permanent alliance

with any portion of the foreign world.
George Washington
Keyed phrase: I cannot tell a lie (ICANOTEL).
13 I was a child and she was a child,

In this kingdom by the sea,
But we loved with a love that was more than love,
I and my _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
Edgar Allan Poe
Keyed phrase: Annabel Lee (ANBEL).
14 Sir, you have tasted two whole worms, you have hissed all
my mystery lectures and have been caught fighting a liar
in the quad, you will leave Oxford by the next town drain.
Rev. W. A. Spooner
Keyed phrase: the blushing crow (THEBLUSINGCROW).
157
15 As you come from the Holy Land,

Of Walsinghame,
Met you not with my true love,
By the way as you came?
How shall I know your true love,
That have met many one,
As I went to the Holy Land,
That have come, that have gone?
Sir Walter Raleigh
Keyed phrase: don’t lose your head (DONTLSEYURHA).

Sir Walter Raleigh, in common with many others in the
Elizabethan era did, indeed, lose his head to the
executioner’s axe.
16 Some of your hurts you have cured,

And the sharpest you still have survived,
But what torments of grief you endured,
From evils which never arrived!
Ralph Waldo Emerson
Keyed phrase: person whom all read (PERSONWHMALD).

‘Person whom all read’ is an anagram of ‘Ralph Waldo
Emerson’.
158
17 You can tell a lot about a fellow’s character from the way
he eats jelly beans.
Ronald Reagan
Keyed phrase: an oral danger (ANORLDGE).

‘An oral danger’ is an anagram of ‘Ronald Reagan’.
18 On the whole I would rather be in Philadelphia.

William Claude Dukenfield (W. C. Fields)
Keyed phrase: famous last words (FAMOUSLTWRD)

The above are reputedly the famous last words of
W. C. Fields.
19 There is plenty of time by which we can win this game,

and thrash the Spaniards too.
Sir Francis Drake
Keyed phrase: cannon and bowls (CANODBWLS).
20 When our relatives are at home, we have to think of all

their good points or it would be impossible to endure
them. But when they are away, we console ourselves for
their absence by dwelling on their vices.
George Bernard Shaw
Keyed phrase: heartbreak house (HEARTBKOUS).

The above extract is from George Bernard Shaw’s work,
Heartbreak House.
159
21 I’ve met a lot of hardboiled eggs in my time, but you’re

twenty minutes.
Keyed phrase: Billy Wilder (BILYWDER).

The above quote is taken from Billy Wilder’s movie, Ace in
the Hole
22 See what the boys in the back room will have, and tell
them I’m having the same.
Frank Loessar
Keyed phrase: nice Hitler dream (NICEHTLRDAM).

‘Nice Hitler dream’ is an anagram of ‘Marlene Dietrich’.
The quotation is from the Frank Loessar song which was
sung by Marlene Dietrich in the movie, Destry Rides
Again.
2 Level Oneä—äWarm-up Puzzles
1 Read the message backwards to reveal the message ‘TIE

DOGS HERE’.
2 FROM RUSSIA WITH LOVE. Each pair of letters has been

switched round and word boundaries omitted.
160
3 The 3rd. Arrange the names as follows:
T O M M Y
C H L O E
A L I C E
B A R R Y
D A V I D
The word ‘THIRD’ can be read diagonally from the top

left-hand corner to the bottom right.
4 MEET YOU
SATURDAY
5 ‘Zena La Vue’ is an anagram of ‘Venezuela’. You know,

therefore, that you should meet her at the Venezuelan
embassy.
6 Fortune favours the brave.
7 One good turn deserves another.
8 Let us not look back in anger, nor forward in fear, but

around in awareness.
James Thurber
161
9 Everything that irritates us about others can lead to an

understanding of ourselves.
Carl Jung
10 Great oaks from little acorns grow.
11 Literature is strewn with the wreckage of those who have

minded beyond reason the opinion of others.
Virginia Woolf
12 The summit is to take place in Finland.

F in LAND.
13 LET’S GET OUT OF HERE.
14 See you 2.30 Thursday.

Letters are formed by the white squares only as follows:
CU230THU
15 Hope to see you at ten p.m. Friday.
unhopeful, actor, beseech, joyous, elated, intense,

shipment, befriend
16 CLIVE LOVES OLIVIA.

Numbers are substituted for letters which have Roman
numerals:
100(C)50(L)4(IV)E 50(L)O5(V)ES O50(L)4(IV)1(I)A
162
17 Reverse all the agent’s names. Delia (ailed) is

Hypochondriac, Tessa (asset) is Virtue, Enid (dine) is
Banquet, Dennis (sinned) is Devil; therefore, the Postman
must be Liam (mail).
18 Innocent (in O cent).
19 KEEP LEFT: each letter is shown with its left hand mirror
image.
20 PIN NUMBER 3694.

Each letter is shown with its left hand mirror image. Odd
numbers are shown with their left-hand mirror image,
even numbers with their right-hand mirror image.
21 The BOTSWANA EMBASSY.

The top half of each letter only is shown complete with its
mirror image below.
22 Start at the bottom right-hand corner square and read

along each line in turn working upwards to spell out:
DAME AGATHA MARY CLARISSA CHRISTIE.
163
23 Arrange the letters in columns as shown below to reveal

the message:
THE CHICKENS HAVE COME HOME TO ROOST
T H E C H I
C K E N S H
A V E C O M
E H O M E T
O R O O S T
24 The message contains the letters SOS:
SARGASSO SEA
25 Fall back: Autumn (fall) spelled backwards.
26 All systems go (an anagram of ‘glossy metals’).
27 Read the message upside-down to reveal FLY AWAY.
28 THERE IS ALWAYS ROOM AT THE TOP.

Start at the top right-hand square and read the message
from right to left a line at a time. All the vowels have been
replaced by upwards-pointing arrows.
29 Fe is the symbol for iron. The visitor was the Iron Lady;
the prime minister Margaret Thatcher.
164
30 They are all anagrams of states through which Route 66

passes – Kansas (AS SANK); Oklahoma (HOOK ALMA);
Texas (TAXES); New Mexico (ONCE WE MIX); California
(FAIR OIL CAN).
31 Necessity is the mother of invention.
32 Arthur Stanley Jefferson Laurel.
33 Fine words butter no parsnips.
34 Till the cows come home.
35 There is no trick to being a humorist when you have the

whole government working for you.
Will Rogers
36 Vote early and vote often.

Al Capone
37 THE GOOSE THAT LAYS THE GOLDEN EGGS.

The precious commodity is, therefore, gold.
Code:X W V U T S R Q P O N M L K J I H G F E D C B A Z Y
The alphabet is reversed, starting under the letter X.
165
38 NO ENTRY.
no N tree (pine).
39 ILLICIT: this is spelled out by using the keys themselves

and not the handles.
40 It is always the best policy to speak the truth – unless, of

course, you are an exceptionally good liar.
Jerome K. Jerome
Plain A B C D E F G H I J K L M
Code 26 25 24 23 22 21 20 19 18 17 16 15 14
Plain N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
Code 13 12 11 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
41
M I S S I S S I P P I
M I S P
M I S S I S S I P P I
Advanced cryptographers may have further narrowed the

location to the Mississippi Delta – the triangular shape in
which the code is contained being the Greek letter Delta.
166
42 COVENT GARDEN FLOWER MARKET.

Split the message into three-letter bits, then reassemble
them correctly.
43 THE OLD MAN AND THE SEA.

The title can be read down each column (one word per
column) ignoring every letter immediately above the
symbol #.
44 We are inclined to believe those whom we do not know

because they have never deceived us.
Samuel Johnson
Code:N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M
Each letter is moved up 13 places in the alphabet. Known

as ‘ROT-13 encoding’, this code is used occasionally to
disguise the meaning of e-mail messages. It is a simple
code that rotates each letter 13 places through the
alphabet, replacing A by N, B by O, etc. It is often used to
hide, from casual observers, subject matter that people
may find offensive.
To decode such messages, or indeed to encrypt
messages to this format, select the text to be encoded or
decoded, then choose ROT-13, when available, from the
Edit menu.
167
45 LET’S CALL THE WHOLE THING OFF.

Looking at each pair of lines, alternate pairs of letters
have been switched round, starting with the second pair
of letters.
L E T S C A
L L T H E W
H O L E T H
I N G O F F
46 HERE STOP AND SPEND A SOCIAL HOUR IN HARMLESS

MIRTH AND FUN. LET FRIENDSHIP REIGN, BE JUST AND
KIND AND EVIL SPEAK OF NO ONE.
47 BENEATH THIS STONE REPOSETH CLAUD COSTER,

TRIPE SELLER OF IMPINGTON, AS DOTH HIS CONSORT
JANE.
48 O see Billy, see ‘em go

Forty buses in a row
O no Billy, ‘dem is trucks
What is in ‘em? Cows and ducks.
168
49 O Tommy, I saw years ago

Forty buses in a row
No Billy, no Billy
Them is trucks you silly
So what’s in ‘em? Just guano.
Note that this version uses the Roman V for U (as in

CLAVDIVS, i.e. CLAUDIUS), and includes the perhaps not
so well-known word ‘guano’, meaning manure.
50 Delete the word ‘CODE’ three times to reveal TREASURE

CHEST.
51 Mount St. Helens

‘Mounts the lens’ with different word
boundaries # ‘Mount St. Helens’.
52 (i) Aegean Sea; (ii) Eau de Vie; (iii) effigy; (iv) excellency;
(v) a wise head; (vi) excuse; (vii) disease;
(viii) expediency; (ix) a queue; (x) joyless; (xi) forensic;
(xii) remorse; (xiii) periodically.
53 BREVITY IS THE SOUL OF LINGERIE.

All vowels have been replaced by the letter V, and word
boundaries have been removed.
54 The 17th.
Each number represents its position in the grid. 17 means
column 1, row 7.
169
55 The conference is to be held in Baden Baden.
H A B I T
A B A T E
B A D E N
I T E M S
T E N S E
Code:W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V
56 HYMN
57 Ten Swiss Witnesses
T I
T E N SW I S S
IT
W IT NE S SE S
170
58 This message is encrypted using symbols from the pig pen

cipher, which was once used by Freemasons. The pig pen
cipher symbols are as follows:
A B C S
D E F T V
G H I U
W J K L
X Z M N O
Y P Q R
59 Handlebar moustache:
H N L B R O S A H
A D E A M U T C E
60 BATTLESHIP, SUBMARINE, OCEAN LINER, HELICOPTER,

STEAMBOAT.
Helicopter is the odd one out, as all the others are sea-
going vessels.
61 At Coney Island (the amusement park in Brooklyn, New

York)
‘Mean rump steak’ is an anagram of ‘amusement park’.
62 Reverse each set of three letters to reveal the message:

COME TO THE RESCUE.
171
63 It’s a recession when your neighbour loses his job, it’s a

depression when you lose your own.
Harry Truman
The vowels have not been substituted. The consonants

have shifted one place down the alphabet, ignoring
vowels.
Code:A Z B C E D F G I H J K L M O N P Q R S U T V WX Y
64 FRANKLY, MY DEAR, I DON’T GIVE A DAMN.

Read down each column in turn from right to left.
65 CRATER (METEOR CRATER).
2 Level Twoä—äMore Challenging Puzzles
1 YOU ARE THE WEAKEST LINKä—äGOODBYE!

Vowels are removed and the consonants only listed in
reverse order in groups of three letters.
172
2 PUZZLE SOLVED.
P U Z Z L E S O L V E D
Rotate each symbol according to the number above it. The
number 1 means 90° clockwise, the number 2 means 180°
clockwise and the number 3 means 270° clockwise.
3 FUNEX (Have you any eggs?)

SVFX (Yes, we have eggs)
FUMNX (Have you ham and eggs?)
SVFMNX (Yes, we have ham and eggs)
4 IN THIS METHOD OF ENCRYPTION THE VOWELS

(INCLUDING Y) HAVE BEEN ALLOCATED NUMBERS
FROM ONE TO SIX AND THE CONSONANTS USED IN
REVERSE ORDER.
Code:1 Z X W 2 V T S 3 R Q P N M 4 L K J H G 5 F D C 6 B
5 Rooney.
Take the numbered letter of each team in turn as indicted
by their score:
Norwich City 3 Nottingham Forest 2

Aston Villa 4 Manchester United 3
Everton 1 Yeovil Town 1
173
6 Start at the top left-hand square and move horizontally to

alternate squares line by line. When you reach the
bottom, move back to the second square on the top row
and continue to move to alternate squares to spell out the
message: The treasure is in the area located on the third
row and down the second column.
7 Virtue has its own reward but no box office.

Mae West
The quotation is broken up into groups of five letters and

a dummy letter inserted into each group. The dummy
letters spell out the name ‘Mae West’.
8 Alter the word boundaries to reveal the message:
Issues topping our mail: manslaughter
9 HAUL DOWN YOUR FLAG.

Take the first letters from the words in the first line, the
second letters from the words in the second line, the
third letters from the words in the third line and the
fourth letters from the words in the fourth line.
10 Take the first two letters of each word in turn to spell out:
Diamonds are forever
174
11 Back in half an hour.

The letters are half of those needed to spell SIXTY
MINUTES (half an hour).
12 TOXICANT.
The number in each shape indicated which numbered
letter to take in the spelling of that shape:
HEPTAGON – PENTAGON – HEXAGON –

TRIANGLE – CIRCLE – SQUARE – DECAGON ä–ä
OCTAGON
13 Literally cross out the sentence ‘TWENTY-SIX LETTERS’ to

reveal the phrase ‘BEWARE THE IDES OF MARCH’
reading down each column in turn.
B T T W S A
E A N I O T
E Y S D I R
X R H L F C
E E T E T E
W R E S M H
14 LOVE IS GRAND, DIVORCE IS A HUNDRED GRAND.

The first and third lines are the vowels split into groups of
three letters. The second and fourth lines are the
consonants split into groups of three letters.
175
15 BRIGADIER GENERAL.
B R I G
A D I E
R G E N
E R A L
Letters on the first line across go back by one in the

alphabet, letters in the second by two, in the third line by
three and in the fourth line by four.
16 You snake in the grass.

ASP (SNAKE) IN TURF (GRASS)
17 CLUE DEDUCED.
Each letter is shown with its left-hand mirror image and
the words are spelled out in reverse.
18 The Enigma Variations.

‘NAME EIGHT’ and ‘IN THE GAME’ are both anagrams of
‘THE ENIGMA’
176
19 PERSONAL IDENTIFICATION NUMBER 1224.

The letters of ‘Personal Identification Number’ are split
into groups of four and another letter is added to each
group. The letters added are MCCXXIV # 1224 in Roman
numerals.
20 SELL NOW.
Take the letter in the alphabet between the last and first
letters of each pair, for example:
banker s treasurer
21 Ten p.m. Friday.

Take each letter as described, for example last agent # T,
end of line # E, centre of attention # N:
Last agent at end of line is centre of attention. Starting

point, from top of my head, is found at centre of task
force. Keep to middle of the road. Impact initially at start
of day. First attack at final extremity.
177
22 Place the spider over the letter G as shown below in order

to spell out GLASTONBURY.
F X Y L D
R G W A M
U S N V S
J B O K H
C P E T Q
23 TRAFALGAR SQUARE.
Each letter moves forward one place in the alphabet. The
answer below is the word Trafalgar in a square
arrangement of letters.
T R A
F A L
G A R
178
24 The plans are hidden in the case.
N P Y E D S E
A E L R C E G
Q D D A G T P
X I S D N R V
L E R Z I S T
E J O K D H V
D A E K E Q Z
25 CONGRATULATIONS ON CRACKING THIS CODE.

Letters are split into groups of three, which are then
placed in the wrong order.
26 UNIDENTIFIED FLYING OBJECT.

The letters in each block of four are swapped round
diagonally.
U N I D
E N T I
F I E D
F L Y I
N G O B
J E C T
179
27 FIGURE OUT UNITS REVEALED

FROM OUTPUT UNAIDED RESOLVE
NUMBERS IMPLIED NOT EXPRESSIVE
FANTASTIC IN VERSE EVOLVE.
Code:Q F T L C K R W S H U M A E G X N V Y B I O J Z D P
The initial letters of each line of verse reveal the PIN

number 4495.
28 BEAM ME UP SCOTTY!
Arrange the words in the order:
GRAB EXTRA MADAM EMU PLUS CAMEO TABLET YACHT
Then take the last and first letters of each word

respectively.
180
29 The location is WIMBLEDON PARK.

When decoded the message reads:
Be bold. If you’re going to make an error, make a doozy,

and don’t be afraid to hit the ball.
Billie Jean King
C F G H J Q S T U V X Y Z
W I M B L E D O N P A R K
In the encryption, letters at the top are used for letters at

the bottom and vice versa.
30 PROCEED TO ENTRY.
A 3 indicates that a letter of the phrase ‘proceed to entry’
is in the word DECODE or ENCRYPT according to the
word under which it appears. An 7 indicates that a letter
of the phrase ‘proceed to entry’ does not appear. Letters
of the phrase ‘proceed to entry’ are thus produced
reading down the columns from top to bottom.
31 When pigs fly.

Take the missing letter in the alphabetic sequence of each
group of four letters:
V(w)XYZä—äG(h)IJKä—äCD(e)FGä—äM(n)OPQä—äO(p)QRSä—
äFGH(i)Jä—äF(g)HIJä—äR(s)TUVä—äDE(f)GHä—äK(l)MNOä—
äVWX(y)Z
181
32 I seem able to fix new deal.
33 Agent 44.
Extract the Roman numerals from each name to obtain
the number of each agent:
Agent 44 # XLIV: EXPLETIVE

EXPLOITATION # XLII (42)
LIAISON # LII (52)
HELIX # LIX (59)
LOVE # LV (55)
34 He went ahead with the attack.

The message he received is an incomplete mnemonic for
the colours of the rainbow, each word commencing with
the initial letters of the colours: red, orange, yellow, blue,
indigo, violet. The missing word in the puzzle is the word
‘gained’ (Richard of York gained battles in vain), and the
missing element is green, which was his instruction to go
ahead with the attack (green for go).
182
35 Start at the bottom left-hand corner square and follow the

arrow directions to reveal the message:
All present and accounted for
A N T O R
T N U E F
P N D O D
L R E A C
A L E S C
36 Insert the letters into a grid line by line as shown below,

then read up and down each column, respectively,
starting at the bottom right-hand corner square, to reveal
the phrase:
UP THE CREEK WITHOUT A PADDLE
P A R C
A T E E
D U E H
D O K T
L H W P
E T I U
183
37 Abandon ship.
38 Security alert warning.

Take the first letter of the first word and the last letter of
the second word, and continue doing the same with each
pair of words.
39 BUY NOW.
In each line take the letter that is repeated, e.g. the first
line contains two letter Bs, the second line two letter Us,
the third line two letter Ys, etc.
40 WE’LL SURRENDER!
Black arrows indicate NSEW depending on which
direction they are pointing. White arrows indicate UDLR
depending on whether they are pointing up, down, left or
right.
41 The treasure is buried behind the square with the X.

Take every letter immediately above the * to reveal the
message:
X MARKS THE SPOT
42 CONTACT COLLETTE AT ONCE IN CITY LOCATION.

Alice and Tony encrypt their names as follows:
A L I C E T O N Y
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
184
43 Pippa (08004), Matt (5427) and Emma (3594)

Amy, Pete and Tim code their names as follows:
P E T E A M Y T I M
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9
44 THE EAGLE HAS LANDED.

The numbers in the centre indicate how many of each
letter should be used to assemble the phrase. The phrase
‘the eagle has landed’ uses the letters T (1), H (2), E (4), A
(3), G (1), S (1), L (2), N (1) and D (2).
45 08.15.
Substitute each of the times (except the last one) with
each of its correspondingly positioned letter in the
alphabet to reveal the message:
Strike at 08.15
19.20 18.09 11.05 01.20 08.15

s t r i k e a t 08.15
46 Arrange the words into the order MAY COUGH WITH

GREY TAPE, then read the sentence paying attention to
the sound, rather than the words, to reveal the message:
MAKE OFF WITH GREAT APE.
185
47 When the orchestra play the Jupiter movement from The

Planet Suite by Gustav Holst. The message is a mnemonic
which provides the name of the planets in order from the
sun: Mercury, Venus, Earth, Mars, Saturn, Uranus,
Neptune, Pluto. The one planet missing from the
mnemonic (which should read: ‘mother very eagerly
made jam sandwiches under no protest’), is Jupiter.
48 Start at the centre square and spiral anti-clockwise to read

the message:
ONE HUNDRED YARDS DUE EAST OF THIS MONUMENT

IS THE SITE OF THE GRUESOME MURDER ON THE 3RD
DAY OF DECEMBER 1655 OF CHARLES AND LYDIA GILL,
THE OCCUPANTS OF KILLHAM HALL IN THE COUNTY
OF WEST WORKSHIRE, WALES. R.I.P.
49 The number 34.
4 14 15 1
11 5 8 10
6 12 9 7
13 3 2 16
Each set of letters are the first and last letters, in the case
of numbers up to and including 11 (e.g. FR for four). For
numbers 12ä–ä16 take the first two letters followed by the
last letter (e.g. THN for thirteen). When all the numbers
have been placed, each line across and down, and corner
to corner diagonal, totals 34.
186
50 Reverse four letters at a time to reveal the message:
SAFE AND SOUND
51 It produces the phrase ‘straight down the middle’:
fir(st rai)se
deli(ght dow)ry
law(n the)rapy
char(m id)yllic
pon(d le)ngth
52 TOMORROW.
Take the initial letters of the girls names only in the order
they appear in the list.
53 To the disco.
Change one letter in each word to produce five capital
cities:
ROME, MALE, LIMA, TUNIS, BERN
The discarded letters from each word spell DISCO.
187
54 It is better to be looked over than overlooked.

Mae West
Number the five vowels i, ii, iii, iv, v in the order they
appear in the alphabet. Number the remaining
consonants 1ä–ä21 in the order they appear in the alphabet.
55 Monday second September (an anagram of ‘creepy mad

sons entombed’)
56 Take the night flight to Paris.

All the vowels have been replaced by the letter V, and the
message is read starting at the top right-hand square and
working across the top line, then back along the second
line, etc.
T E K A T
H E N I G
I L F T H
G H T T O
S I R A P
57 IN THIS CODE THE ALPHABET HAS BEEN MOVED UP

TEN PLACES BUT TO COMPLICATE MATTERS THE
MESSAGE HAS BEEN DIVIDED UP INTO FOUR LETTER
CHUNKS.
Code:Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M NO P
188
58 S H E I K D O M Z I N C
A S R I O U
S C Y T H E S E X T E T
K H W J A E
G N O M E Q U I P A
E U A D V
G Y P S U M G E R M A N
E B E E L
D F L I P E S S A Y
A S T F C N
B I K I N I L A U N C H
U I O A E H
T Y P E N E W S R E E L
B C D F J K M P Q W X Y Z
V A U L T I N G H O R S E
Key phrase: vaulting horse
189
59
F L O T I L L A G L I B
A W A U A R
O B J E C T D A W D L E
Y L E I M Y W
C R A F T I T E M C
I T E I I O
A N T H E M O R I E N T
T I N M Q
H Y O G A S P O U T
Z V R D E E
E N I G M A R E T I R E
S N T O U O
T R E K E X P O S U R E
X Y Z T R A M P O L I N E
B C D F G H J K Q S U V W
Key word: trampoline
190
60
B A T H R O O M W I N K
D O D A N E
A V O W E D C A P T O R
E E S K O B
K N A V E Z E A L A
T E D R C
Q U A R R Y E A R W I G
R S L U C
E A X L E P R O U D
E A E S A L
S U F F I X O I L C A N
P A I F L T
Y A R N A N A L Y S E S
F I J K L M N P Q S V W X
Z Y O G H U R T A B C D E
Key word: yoghurt
191
2 Level Threeä—äVery Challenging Puzzles
1 EXTERMINATE.
Add up each group of three letters and take the
correspondingly numbered letter in the alphabet.
2 THE COAST IS CLEAR.

In each line take the letters as indicated by the numbers.
For example, the first line contains the numbers 3 and 8,
therefore, take the 3rd and 8th letters, T and H, on that
line.
3 42157.
Only elements that do not appear in the numbers when
digitally displayed are shown.
4 HELP CHLOE.
Only elements that do not appear when the letters are
displayed digitally are shown.
192
5 PRESS THE BOTTOM RIGHT SQUARE.

The instructions appear in the middle 5 " 5 block of
squares, starting at the letter P and spiralling clockwise
into the centre.
L O W N E U X P A N I R T
S A P M E I N Q V C X O H
L C S E E K W I N E R O L
D U I N S X P Q U A C E L
A S B G B O T T O Z S U V
O U T U E Q U A M X P H E
F S I B H S E R R B A C L
A T R H T T H G I O D Y H
O R L K S S E R P E Y I S
N E O P L S W H K D A I N
L P O W U T R E B C G J K
A N E Y U I R N G U Y Z U
Q W E R T Y K S A L M D X
193
6 The number is 142857.
One bead Two beads

moved up moved up
counts as counts as
one two.
One bead
moved up
counts as
1 4 2 8 5 7 five (below
the line)
194
7 Each letter represents its position in the grid, as follows:
1 2 3 4 5
A A B C D E
B F G H I J
C K L M N O
D P Q R S T
E U V W X Y
So, for example, the letter B is represented by the number

12 because it is in the first row, second column, and the
letter R is represented by the number 43 because it is in
the fourth row, third column.
When decoded the message reads:
A wide screen makes a bad film twice as bad.

Samuel Goldwyn
8 IN SHELL OIL.
Punch the calculation into your calculator and then look
at the answer 71077345 upside down.
195
9 Paul is the culprit. The initial of his name (the letter P)

appears in the shape of the letter C, indicating that he is
the culprit. The initial letters of both James and Charles
(the letters J and C) appear in the form of the letter I,
indicating that they are innocent.
S O N R T B Z Z X L R N U O
E E E L L F M N N Q W H M N
I Y D N X X K M V B I O H E
G N D U X T T N U D D D R N
U S Y N E K H Z I W L G N R
L F J U A A U P P P B E A M
O S J A T T M P F E R R G O
A T J K U E W P M S Y A A F
S H J L U S W P P P D R Y O
Q K L T C Y O I U R F S A G
H E G Y C V X U R L S D U B
B D U I C I S Q K D A E I H
W A X I C P G H E A S L V X
G T O A C S E R Y B U X O W
196
10 12433312.
The number represents the times that a number has to be
pressed when sending a text message on a cell phone, e.g.
to obtain the letter M, the number (6) must be pressed
once, and to obtain the letter U the number (8) must be
pressed twice.
11 MONACO.
Take every word that is pronounced the same as an
individual letter of the alphabet:
cat, dog, ace, pie, hem (M), fog, axe, owe (O), tip, bun,
spy, gap, hen (N), oak, cub, hay (A), red, tap, has, sea
(C), duo, pen, add, hoe (O), fez, lid, yet.
12 HAVE LORD AND APOSTLES IN PICTURE.

This is an anagram of ‘The Last Supperä—äLeonardo Da
Vinci’.
The method of encoding is to write the alphabet in two
lines as below, so that in the encryption, for example, the
letter L becomes O and vice versa.
Z Y X W V U T S R Q P O N
197
13 GREAT MINDS THINK ALIKE.

Find one of the words of the phrase in each line by
finding consecutive adjacent letters of the alphabet and
taking the first letter of each such pair.
14 The paradox is a mysterious creature.

Each number represents the number of a letter in the
instructions:
P (1) a (2) y (3) e (4) " (5) t (6) r (7) e (8) m (9) e (10) l
(11) y (12) c (13) l (14) o (15) s (16) e (17) a (18) t (19) t
(20) e (21) n (22) t (23) i (24) o (25) n (26) t (27) o (28) t
(29) h (30) e (31) i (32) n (33) s (34) t (35) r (36) u (37) c
(38) t (39) i (40) o (41) n (42) s (43) w (44) h (45) e
(46) n (47) d (48) e (49) c (50) o (51) d (52) i (53) n
(54) g (55) t (56) h (57) e (58) f (59) o (60) l (61) l (62) o
(63) w (64) i (65) n (66) g (67) m (68) e (69) s (70) s
(71) a (72) g (73) e (74)
198
15 The number in each figure indicates the number of times

that the letter which starts the spelling of each figure
should be used, i.e. square (S " 2), triangle (T " 3),
octagon (O " 5), pentagon (P " 2) and hexagon (H " 2).
The letters SSTTTOOOOOPPHH can be rearranged to
spell the two phrases:
STOP PHOTO SHOOT

and
SHOOT TOP PHOTOS
16 LIFE IS JUST A BOWL OF CHERRIES.

Arrange each group of letters in columns in the following
order:
L I F E I
S J U S T
A B O W L
O F C H E
R R I E S
199
17 Rhapsody in Blue.
Each letter will convert the groups of letters into new
words:
R! hatedä—äpieceä—äbakeä—äcave # hatredä—äpierceä—äbrakeä—äcarve
H! cartä—ätreeä—älateä—ätreat # chartä—äthreeä—älatheä—äthreat
A! placeä—äbestä—äannulä—ärevel # palaceä—äbeastä—äannualä—äreveal
P! sinä—ämaleä—äinsectä—äcoy # spinä—ämapleä—äinspectä—äcopy
S! palmä—ädutyä—äcaresä—äcured # psalmä—ädustyä—äcaressä—äcursed
O! salonä—äbuyä—äcasterä—äbat # saloonä—äbuoyä—äcoasterä—äboat
D! mealä—äreactä—äauntä—äamen # medalä—äredactä—ädauntä—äamend
Y! flingä—äcanonä—äearä—äarm # flyingä—äcanyonä—äyearä—äarmy
I! fendä—äbassä—äranä—ästar # fiendä—äbasisä—ärainä—ästair
N! bedä—äsoreä—ämothä—äarea # bendä—äsnoreä—ämonthä—äarena
B! reelä—äblurä—äaleä—äcue # rebelä—äblurbä—äableä—äcube
L! angerä—äholyä—ämuchä—äbow # anglerä—ähollyä—ämulchä—äblow
U! caseä—äbondä—äsageä—äfor # causeä—äboundä—äusageä—äfour
E! chatä—ästepä—äblowä—äbad # cheatä—ästeepä—äbelowä—äbead
200
18 The Venus de Milo.

Take the middle letter of each word to reveal the phrase ‘I
love Ms Nude’, which is an anagram of ‘Venus de Milo’.
19 The letters are arranged in the pyramid below to reveal

the message:
CONFIDENTIAL COMMUNICATION
C
O N F
I D E N T
I A L C O M M
U N I C A T I O N
20 Extract the Roman numerals MDCIIIä—äwhich is 1603, the

year of Queen Elizabeth the First’s death.
201
21 A pangram is a sentence that contains every letter of the

alphabet, for example, jinxed KGB spy with qualms covers
fez. Arrange the letters in the grid below to reveal a
further pangram:
1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20
QU I C KW A X Y B U G S J U M P T H E
21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31
F R O Z E N V E L D T
22 His code name is Leonardo da Vinci.

He orders ‘Vindaloo and rice’, which is an anagram of
‘Leonardo da Vinci’.
23 WARNINGä—äTHIS EMAIL CONTAINS A VIRUS.

Look at a computer keyboard and work diagonally down
to the right from each number. For example the letters
below the number 1 are Q, A and Z, which are, therefore,
given the numbers 1ä–ä1, 1ä–ä2, 1ä–ä3 in the encryption.
24 The terrace.
Add one letter to each of the words to produce a food
item:
tart, pâté, bread, broth, bean, chop, veal
The letters added spell ‘terrace’.
202
25 The Sahara Desert.

Take every letter immediately to the left of ! . The letters
thus chosen spell out SEAR SAD EARTH, an anagram of
‘SAHARA DESERT’.
26 SEEK AND YE SHALL FIND.

Every second letter spells SEEK, every subsequent third
letter spells AND, every subsequent fourth letter spells YE,
every subsequent fifth letter spells SHALL, and every
subsequent sixth letter spells FIND.
27 IT IS NOT THE MOUNTAIN WE CONQUER BUT

OURSELVES.
SIR EDMUND HILLARY
Each letter represents its position in the grid as follows:
1 2 3 4 5
A A B C D E
B F G H I J
C K L M N O
D P Q R S T
E U V W X Y
So, for example, the letter B is represented as A2 because

it is in the first row, second column, and the letter R is
represented by the number D3 because it is in the fourth
row, third column.
203
28 The Orient Express.

Take every letter in turn that is horizontally, vertically or
diagonally adjacent to the same letter to spell out ‘Orient
Express’.
29 The plum pie.

Decoded, the message reads:
Now I know a rhyme excelling,

In hidden words and magic spelling,
Wranglers perhaps deploring,
For me its nonsense isn’t boring.
This rhyme, which is 21 words long, is a mnemonic for

remembering pi to 20 decimal places
(3.14159265358979323846); each word contains the
same number of letters as 3.14159265358979323846, in
the same order. The agent knew, therefore, that he had to
pick up the pie.
Code: J F T I P B E S L Z A O K H Q W R C Y M V X D U NG
30 The message reads: Set off soon to Tennessee.

Take the initial letters of each number in turn, e.g:
782 # Seven–Eight–Two
204
31 I love U.
Take the initial letters of the words that are part of the
International phonetic (NATO) alphabet only (see
Appendix 2).
Paris, roses, India (I), romance, heart, amour, Lima (L),

France, award, Oscar (O), honeymoon, Victor (V), joy,
passion, echo (E), Spain, uniform (U), wedding,
springtime.
32 Wagner’s music is better than it sounds.

In each word take the letter immediately following the
first vowel to reveal the quotation.
33 102263
! 983703
! 120341
# 1206307
Coded message: A CRUCIAL MEDICAL MIRACLE CURE

CLAIMED.
34 THE FIVE BOXING WIZARDS JUMP QUICKLY.

This is the famous typists’ test sentence, in which every
letter of the alphabet is used at least once. The method of
encryption is to list letters in the order they appear on a
computer keyboard line by line, under the letters Aä–äZ.
Code:Q W E R T Y U I O P A S D F G H J K L Z X C V B NM
205
35 Animals are such agreeable friendsä—äthey ask no

questions, they pass no criticisms.
George Eliot
Code:L I O N G I R A F F E G O R I L L A F L A M I N GO
Mother was taking her family to the zoo.
3 Famous Codes and Ciphers
The Lincoln Cipher
BATES, IF I CHOOSE, BE IN OR ABOUT HAWKEYE CREEK AT

DARK TOMORROW WEDNESDAY EVENING, COULD YOU
WITHOUT INCONVENIENCE MEET ME AND PASS AN HOUR
OR TWO WITH ME.
A. LINCOLN, BURNSIDE, FALMOUTH, VIRGINIA.
206
5
Addenda
Addendum 1ä—äMorse Code
A S
B T
C U
D V
E W
F X
G Y
H Z
I 1
J 2
K 3
L 4
M 5
N 6
O 7
P 8
Q 9
R 0
207
The International Morse Code
Devised by Samuel Morse in the 1830s, Morse code is a binary

code for the transmission of messages which uses a system of
dots and dashes that can be sent by a flash lamp, telegraph
key, some other rhythmic device, or even a tapping finger. As a
telegraph key is moved up and down, it makes or breaks an
electric circuit and transmits a signal as a series of electric
pulses. Each letter or number is represented by a combination
of dashes and dots: a dash being equal to three dots in
duration. The best-known Morse code signal signifies distress:
dot dot dot; dash dash dash; dot dot dot (SOS).
The International Morse Code, an improved version of
Samuel Morse’s original, was devised at a European
conference in 1851.
Morse code was made redundant as a result of a decision in
1988 by the International Maritime Organization (the United
Nations body on shipping safety) to introduce from 1993 the
Global Maritime Distress and Safety System, which uses
satellite technology and dispenses with the tapping out of
signals by a radio operator.
208
Addenda
Addendum 2ä—äThe Nato Alphabet
A Alpha N November
B Bravo O Oscar
C Charlie P Papa
D Delta Q Quebec
E Echo R Romeo
F Foxtrot S Sierra
G Golf T Tango
H Hotel U Uniform
I India V Victor
J Juliet W Whisky
K Kilo X X-Ray
L Lima Y Yankee
M Mike Z Zulu
Also referred to as the International Phonetic Alphabet, or

standard international code, the above code is useful for
ensuring that difficult names and addresses, or other
important information is recorded.
The NATO alphabet coding will be especially familiar to
anyone who has used shortwave communication by
emergency services, such as the police.
Where reception may be poor and letters easily confused,
209
such coding minimizes error, the names used in the alphabet

having been specially chosen because phonetically they are
unlikely to be mistaken for any other letter.
Addendum 3ä—äSemaphore
A B C D E F G H I J
K L M N O P Q R
S T U V W X Y Z
Semaphore is a code and signalling method of visual

communication in which the 26 letters of the alphabet are
represented by the flag positions shown. A few additional
signals indicate the end of a word or that there has been an
error, etc. The digits 0 and 1ä–ä9 are represented by the same
signals as those used for the first ten letters, following an
initial warning signal.
210
Addenda
The method of semaphore signalling consists of one or two

mechanically operated arms attached to an upright post, or
two hand-held flags at arm’s length which are moved to the
required sequence of positions in order to spell out the
message.
Signalling by means of hand-held flags was formerly used
for military purposes at sea and on land and was widely used
in visual telegraphy before the advent of electricity.
Old-style railway signals are a simple form of semaphore,
with a single arm having two positions to indicate STOP and
GO.
Addendum 4ä—äSmiley Faces
Everyone who has used the Internet will be familiar with the
range of Smiley faces which frequently appear on
e-mails. They are actually codes that can be typed on a
keyboard, and are used to indicate a varied range of emotions.
A few of the more commonly encountered ones are listed
below:
l :-) Basic Smiley

l ;-) Winky Smiley
l :-( Frowning Smiley
l :-I Indifferent Smiley
l :-> Sarcastic remark
l >:-> Devilish remark
l >;-> Winky and devil combined
l :*) User under the influence of drink
211
l 8-) User is wearing sunglasses

l B:-) Sunglasses on head
l ::-) User wears normal glasses
l B-) User wears horn-rimmed glasses
l :-{) User has a moustache
l :-{} User wears lipstick
l {:-) User wears a toupee
l :-7 User just made a wry statement
l :-~) User has a cold
l :'-( User is crying
l :'-) User is so happy, she/he is crying
l :-@ User is screaming
l :-& User is tongue tied
l |-I User is asleep
l |-O User is yawning/snoring
l :-Q User is a smoker
l :-? User is smoking a pipe
l :-D User is laughing
l :-X Your lips are sealed!
l :-/ User is sceptical
l *<:-) User is wearing a Santa Claus hat
l 3:] Pet Smiley
l 3:[ Mean pet Smiley
l :-9 User is licking his/her lips
l [:-) User is wearing a Walkman
212
Also available from Capstone
ISBN 0470870915 ISBN 0470017732 ISBN 0471531235
ISBN 0471531456 ISBN 0470847166 ISBN 0471523763

9067

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The Puzzle Addict’s

First published 2006 by Capstone Publishing Ltd. (a Wiley Company)

Email (for orders and customer service enquires): cs-books@wiley.co.uk

Designations used by companies to distinguish their products are often claimed as

This publication is designed to provide accurate and authoritative information in regard

Other Wiley Editorial Offices

ISBN 13: 978-1-84112-727-9 (PB)

Typeset in Garamond 11/14pt by MCS Publishing Services Ltd, Salisbury, Wiltshire

Substantial discounts on bulk quantities of Capstone Books are available to corporations,

2 Codes and Cipher Puzzles 53

3 Famous Codes and Ciphers 123

4 Answers and Explanations 145

sometimes concealed the meaning of text by a system called

A STRAIGHT SUBSTITUTION CRYPTOGRAM IS WHEN

EACH LETTER OF THE ALPHABET HAS BEEN

RANDOMLY REPLACED BY ANOTHER.

The simplest cryptograms are those in which every letter of

might be substituted by the letter E and the letter B might be

The order in which letters appear most often at the beginning

So, armed with such a wealth of information, how does one

Also look for short words, the most frequent being, in

THE, OF, AND, TO, IN, THAT and IS.

Although the puzzles in this section are all simple

1 JTQTIRVRBO ZNV LBOT GWYZ SBA FVPYZRNJAP EP

2 EWNTAPC EV H PEL, H QEEJ AT H UHB’T QCTN

3 Z XIAY NYBNXZQYP. Z XZFY WCY SCIIPCZQM PIVQN

4 EVKHVA SEV MH EVK EQHFVO HW UHDI YDHJNMAM

5 PIIPCWXAUWS UO BUOOFM NS BPOW IFPIJF NFZLXOF

6 AWYBYHZWV ZV AQEFAHAXU PVATPX CV C TYFH YT

7 SQX SALMYBX TWSQ YXWHD OMHISMJB WG SQJS

8 DW D ELQP ZPPV WLMGEPM GELV RGEPMZ, DG DZ

9 TQJYZRCKX JIGC VR CIXVCK RQ HQ I BQR QP RLVENX,

10 PZ PJ RT PKZNXNJZ ZR KRZN ZMHZ QMPDN JRON

11 ZYGKPCGKZ C PTCRJ PTK ZHBKZP ZCOR PTLP

12 WYS DTNSEWNINT WYSKVL N ZNFS MSDW ND WYCW

13 OLGR EZDYR Z FUXLKXF Z LRX L RXE-QTVEF

14 VEUDZBT ZU UBKMQDZTS QDEQ SBMU ZT BTM AMEO

15 SP SW PDT IEVM ZA EC TKQUEPTK ISCK PZ LT ELBT PZ

16 GF SFVZMMZOVWGM KFRU SK KRDZRFZ QNR OGF

17 QFRBWTHWS RFHID JBUFTIRFIY ZS QPDWLDDPBI, ZLY

18 FQ ZWH CLBPS MWLVPS RPLC FZMHPQ VT, ZWH PIMZ

19 NORZ QZK BGYE UZFGLRZ BAZM AGIZ RDQZBAOKX BD

20 LIHIGE ULIBV JMN XDN IY JMN MOFXL AXTN, HOJ

21 CQ YZRPR IPR YUB BP FBPR UIDT YB HB TBFRYZCWO,

22 SGO GTAS UJXQ BGDQW GXQW BQGBAQ NG AGTC JN

23 C NFU FG GTNNFRE IFRCKCPE OCJT C L.C., S.K., FV

24 FW PWN YWPFUBP NZU GSFQUBUPN WM HPWNZUI

25 GSIQ ZWSQR WSAQ EL EYYCN ZYJSG ZWSQR WSAQ E

26 A ZVHNNLR ELKALXAIQ AI ZSIVS YKSFZ OJLI CP CHVJLD

27 M HVU’F OGUF GUP PRL-CRU GZVTUH CR. M OGUF

28 BRCCPS GKS RY EASM ZVJ’QS BSX YV BGMZ ISVIPS

29 NYI BUGPI VQ NYI QGNYIK FM NYI EVLIKM RCZCKZIM

30 YW RTJ’Z MJTY K EXDDXTJZL TQ TJW NWVAWJZ KUTHZ

31 VDF AFXWARWYHF VDZGQ WYTCV NDWRFNBFWAF ZN

32 IDJV DC KTNX TNBBVGC KTVG PQH NWV LNODGY

33 IKVUXRZUVO VY QZVAE IQHZ UF OFWAU WG UF

34 PGQI TI RIIRLATGBBK TL AER IGPR XQSTA. PGQI TI

36 QN LVKDVQ, ZNG VDDU F ONNU LSFOLVFQLNV FVU F

37 LZOEO BEO CYEGO LZNKJG NK TNVO LZBK AOBLZ.

38 GLU NDB RLS EUDZP BSGLTBA DG DCC TP VUGGUE

39 YCV CDKLVHY YCXSQ XS YCV REKTL YE BSLVKHYDSL

40 IGEI AX INW GRAQAIU IM OWXEBARW MINWBX GX

41 USLXM NUV’R HMJCRM LR LQQ. NR’U CVQP LV ECGH’U

42 BIWBKI NPW PGDI NPGM MPIZ NGVM GFI AWVS WA