TYPES

OF CIPHER
AND ITS
APPLICATION
P R E S E N T E D B Y:
A L I A M A E M . A R C E TA
BACHELOR OF SCIENCE IN CIVIL ENGINEERING
 Learning Objectives
In the end of the lesson:
 STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO
UNDERSTAND THE DIFFERENT
TYPES OF CIPHER AND ITS
MEANING
 STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO KNOW
HOW TO ENCRYPT AND DECRYPT
Source: https://www.changstaekwondo.ca/train-martial- THE DIFFERENT TYPES OF CIPHER
arts/martial-arts-training-key-point-focus/

 STUDENTS WILL BE ABLE TO

DESCRIBE THE SCIENTIFIC
METHODS AND PROVIDE
EXAMPLES OF ITS APPLICATION.
2
 INTRODUCTION
This lesson contain the different types of cipher and the different
common application of cipher and application of it in real life.

In this era of Cyber-espionage and breaches, Data security is critical for

the positive development of the society . The most prevalent medium of
securing data is through various techniques preventing third parties reading
the information which called ciphers , which come under the broader
umbrella of cryptography.

Cipher is based on substitution, using multiple substitution alphabets.

Each alphabetic character of plain text is mapped onto a unique alphabetic
character of a cipher text.

3
What is Cipher?
Ciphers, also called encryption algorithms, are systems
for encrypting and decrypting data. A cipher converts the
original message, called plaintext, into ciphertext using a
key to determine how it is done.
In cryptography, a cipher (or cypher) is an algorithm for
performing encryption or decryption —a series of well-
defined steps that can be followed as a procedure. An
alternative, less common term is encipherment. To encipher
or encode is to convert information into cipher or code. In
common parlance, "cipher" is synonymous with "code", as
they are both a set of steps that encrypt a message;
however, the concepts are distinct in cryptography,
especially classical cryptography.

4
EXAMPLE
OF For example, "GOOD DOG" can

CIPHER be encrypted as "PLLX XLP"

where "L" substitutes for "O", "P"
for "G", and "X" for "D" in the
message. Transposition of the
letters "GOOD DOG" can result in
"DGOGDOO". These simple
ciphers and examples are easy to
crack, even without plaintext-
ciphertext pairs.
HISTORICAL BACKGROUND
OF CIPHER
 Cipher devices or machines have commonly been used
to encipher and decipher messages. The first cipher
device appears to have been employed by the ancient
Greeks around 400 BCE for secret communications
between military commanders.
 In 1891 Étienne Bazeries, a French cryptologist,
invented a more sophisticated cipher device based on
principles formulated by Thomas Jefferson of the
United States nearly a century earlier. Bazeries’s so-
called cylindrical cryptograph was made up of 20
numbered rotatable disks, each with a different
alphabet engraved on its periphery. 6
 The Jefferson disk, also called z e r i e s Cyl i n der
Ba
the Bazeries Cylinder or wheel
cypher as named by Thomas
Jefferson, is a cipher
system using a set of wheels or
disks, each with the 26 letters of
the alphabet arranged around
their edge..

7
 Caesar Cipher
 The Caesar cipher (or Caesar code) is a monoalphabetic
substitution cipher, c. The shift distance is chosen by a number called the
offset, which can be right (A to B) or left (B to A).

 In cryptography, a Caesar cipher, also known as Caesar's cipher, the shift

cipher, Caesar's code or Caesar shift, is one of the simplest and most
widely known encryption techniques.

8
 Example of Caesar Cipher
For example, with a left shift of 3, D would be replaced by A, E would become B, and so
on. The method is named after Julius Caesar, who used it in his private correspondence.

Plain A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Cipher X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W

When encrypting, a person looks up each letter of the message in the "plain" line and writes down the
corresponding letter in the "cipher" line.

Plaintext: THE QUICK BROWN FOX JUMPS OVER THE LAZY DOG
C i p h e r t e x t : Q E B N R F Z H Y O LT K C L U G R J M P L S B O Q E B I X W V A L D

9
 Example of Caesar Cipher
Encryption with Caesar code is based on an alphabet shift. The most commonly used
shift/offset is by 3 letters.

Plain Alphabet ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Caesar Alphabet (🠜3) DEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZABC

Crypt DCODEX with a shift of 3.

To encrypt D, take the alphabet and look 3 letters after: G. So D is encrypted

with G.
To encrypt X, loop the alphabet: after X : Y, after Y : Z, after Z : A. So X is coded A.

DCODEX is coded GFRGHA

2/1/20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 10

Credit Card Cipher
Credit card encryption is a
security measure used to reduce
the likelihood of credit or debit
card information being stolen.
Credit card encryption involves
both the security of the card, the
security of the terminal where a
card is scanned, and the security of
the transmission of the card’s
information between the terminal
and a back-end computer system.
2/1/20XX
Debit and credit cards have
turned out to be the
favorite payment mode for many.
This requirement has forced
businesses to install the card-
swiping terminal for smooth-
running on a daily basis.
PRESENTATION TITLE
The credit card
encryption method scrambles
the transaction information based
on a certain algorithm making it
unusable by any fraudster without
the corresponding encryption key.
The key remains only with the
merchant and the financial
institution of the card
11
 Credit Card Cipher
Example
For example, a credit card with the
numbers 1234 5678 8765 4321 would
become H92JK7DUP4359L2ST, while
having various different tokens for various
merchants. These generated numbers
serve no purpose to thieves, as they cannot
reverse engineer the code back into the
card number.

2/1/20XX PRESENTATION TITLE 12

Shifting Cipher
A shift cipher is a substitution
cipher, the principle of which
is to shift the letters by one or
more values in the alphabet.
2/1/20XX
The Caesar cipher is a shift
cipher, usually presented with
a shift key of value 3.
A shift cipher
involves replacing each letter
in the message by a letter that
is some fixed number of
positions further along in the
alphabet. We'll call this
number the encryption key. It
is just the length of the shift
we are using.
13
 Example of Shifting Cipher
 The letter A shifted by 1 place in the alphabet becomes B
 Take the letter E in position 5 in the alphabet ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ, it will be encrypted by a
shift of 3 in position 8 or H.
To encrypt the plaintext “Beware the ides of March” we shift each letter down three letters in the alphabet.

B E W A R E T H E I D E S O F M A R C H

C F X B S F U I F J E F T P G N B S D I

D G Y C T G V J G K F G U Q H O C T E J

E H Z D U H W K H L G H V R I P D U F K

Thus, our cipher text is EHZDUH WKH LGHV RI PDUFK.

2/1/20XX 14
Tripling Cipher
More correctly known as Triple
Data Encryption
Algorithm (TDEA). A block cipher
encryption method that uses the
DES encryption algorithm to
encrypt message blocks three
times, using three different 56-bit
keys. Triple DES is highly secure,
but slow, and largely has been
superseded by Advanced
Encryption Standard (AES).
2/1/20XX
In cryptography, Triple
DES (3DES or TDES), officially
the Triple Data Encryption
Algorithm (TDEA or Triple
DEA), is a symmetric-key block
cipher, which applies
the DES cipher algorithm three
times to each data block.
Triple Data Encryption Standard
(DES) is a type of computerized
cryptography where block cipher
algorithms are applied three times
to each data block.
15
Example of
Tripling Cipher
Encrypt Decrypt
• Encrypt DCODE with the • The ciphered
alphabet A=AAA, B=AAB, C=AAC, D=AB message ABAAACBBCABAABB have been
A, etc. The encrypted message is: ABA AAC encoded with the
BBC ABA ABB alphabet A=AAA, B=AAB, C=AAC, D=ABA,
etc. The original plain text is DCODE.

A AAA B AAB C AAC D ABA E ABB F ABC G ACA H ACB I ACC

J BAA K BAB L BAC M BBA N BBB O BBC P BCA Q BCB R BCC

S CAA T CAB U CAC V CBA W CBB X CBC Y CCA Z CCB ⌴ CCC

16
Affine Cipher
 Affine encryption is the name
given to a substitution cipher
whose correspondence is given
by an affine function endowed
with 2 coefficients A and B.
The Affine Cipher is a type
of monoalphabetic substitution
cipher, where each letter in an
alphabet is mapped to its numeric
equivalent, encrypted using a simple
mathematical function, and converted
back to a letter.
17
 Example of Affine Cipher
As an example, let us encrypt the plaintext "affine cipher", using the key a = 5, b = 8. Firstly we
must find the integer value of each of the letters in the plaintext alphabet (the standard alphabet of
26 letters in this case). The table below gives these values.

The standard values for the alphabet of 26 letters. Notice we start at 0, not 1.
With the integer values of the plaintext letters found, the next step is to perform the calculations on
those values. In this instance, the calculation needed is (5x+8 )

18
 The affine cipher with
a = 5 , b = 8 . We w o r k
out values of letters,
then do the
calculations, before
converting numbers
back to letters.
Thus the ciphertext
produced is
"IHHWVC SWFRCP”
SWFRCP".

2/1/20XX 19
Decimation Cipher
The decimation cipher A Decimation Cipher encrypts Decimation Cipher is similar
encrypts a message by using by multiplying each letter’s to a Caesar Cipher but it uses
modular arithmetic. Each letter position by a fixed amount multiplication, rather than
in the message is replaced by addition, by a number key.
its position in the alphabet (a
→ 0, b → 1, …, z → 25).

2/1/20XX 20
 Example of Decimation Cipher
How to Decimate by Three
PT A B C D E F G ⋯⋯
CT A B C ⋯

PT A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
C
A J S B K T C L U D M V E N W F O X G P Y H Q Z I R
T
Let's encrypt according to the formula
CT≡3×PT(mod26) PT=USE CODE B = PTNum=[20,18,4,2,14,3,4,1]
20×3=60 60/26=2 26×2=52 60-52=8(mod26)
18×3=54 54/26=2 26×2=52 54-52=2(mod26).
Thus, the numbers for the ciphertext are CTNum=[8,2,12,6,16,9,12,3].

Converting these back to letters we have CT=ICMGQJMD.

21
Mono-alphabetic Cipher
A mono-alphabetic
cipher (aka simple substitution
cipher) is a substitution cipher
where each letter of the plain
text is replaced with another
letter of the alphabet
The mono-alphabetical
substitution consists in using a mixed
alphabet (with the letters in an
unusual order) and replacing the
letters of the alphabet normal by it.
22
 Example of Mono-alphabetic Cipher

Example: NBAJYFOWLZMPXIKUVCDEGRQSTH is a totally random

alphabet with the 26 letters of the Latin alphabet.
 To understand, write the alphabet over the classic alphabet:

Plain alphabet ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ

Substitution alphabet NBAJYFOWLZMPXIKUVCDEGRQSTH

 All A become N, all the B remain B, all the C become A, etc.

With this substitution DCODE is encrypted as JAKJY.

23
 Example of Mono-alphabetic Cipher
"a simple message" becomes "B TJNQMF NFTTBHF".
 In general, when performing a simple substitution manually, it is easiest
to generate the ciphertext alphabet first, and encrypt by comparing this
to the plaintext alphabet. The table below shows how one might choose
to, and we will, lay them out for this example.

24
Homophonic
Cipher
A homophonic cipher is a
substitution cipher that uses a
correspondence table between
the letters / characters of the
plain message and one or more
letters / numbers / groups of
characters.
This cipher will require an alphabet
of more than 26 letters, as each letter
needs at least one ciphertext letter,
and many need more than this. The
standard way to do this is to include
the numbers in the ciphertext
alphabet, but you can also use a
mixture of uppercase, lowercase and
upside down letters. Some people
even design artistic symbols to use.
25
 Example of Homophonic Cipher
Any of the symbols R, 3, or 9 can be substituted for a plaintext
E, and either Y or 6 can be substituted for plaintext L.

PLAINTEX A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
T
CIPHERTE N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M
XT
8 9 1 6 4
3 5

So, using this key, plaintext HELLO can be encrypted as

U96YB. In this case, a cryptanalyst has no indication that
ciphertext 6 and Y both represent the same plaintext letter

26
Polygram Cipher
In Polygram substitution In Polygram substitution
cipher technique, rather cipher, the replacement of
than replacing one plain plain text happens block – by
text alphabet with one – block, rather than character
cipher text alphabet at a – by – character.
time, a block of alphabets
is replaced with another
block.

27
 Example of
Polygram Cipher
BECAUSE could be replaced
For example, HELLO
by XAYWQOA, but CAUSE
could be replaced by could be replaced by totally
Y U Q Q W, b u t H E L L different cipher IGAYK. This is
could be replaced by true despite the last five characters
a totally different of the two blocks of text
cipher text block (CAUSE) being the same.
TEUI

28
Vigenère Cipher
Vigenère Cipher is a Vigenère cipher is
method of encrypting
alphabetic text. It uses a
simple form
of polyalphabetic
substitution.
Vigenère Cipher type
probably the best-known of substitution cipher used
example of a for data encryption in
polyalphabetic cipher, which the original plaintext
structure is somewhat
though it is a simplified
concealed in the ciphertext
special case
by using several different
monoalphabetic substitutio
n ciphers rather than just
one
29
 Example of Vigenère Cipher
The encryption of the original text is done
using the Vigenère square or Vigenère table.

 Input : Plaintext : GEEKSFORGEEKS

Keyword : AYUSH
Output : Ciphertext : GCYCZFMLYLEIM

 For generating key, the

given keyword is repeated
in a circular manner until
it matches the length of
the plain text.
The keyword "AYUSH" generates
the key "AYUSHAYUSHAYU"
30
Playfair Cipher
The Playfair cipher (also
known as Playfair square) is a
written code or symmetric
encryption technique that was
the first substitution cipher used
for the encryption of data.
The Playfair cipher was the first
practical digraph substitution
cipher. The scheme was invented
in 1854 by Charles
Wheatstone but was named after
Lord Playfair who promoted the
use of the cipher.
31
 Example of Playfair Cipher
The Algorithm consists of 2 steps:
1. Generate the key Square(5×5):
 The key square is a 5×5 grid of alphabets that acts as the key for encrypting the plaintext.
Each of the 25 alphabets must be unique and one letter of the alphabet (usually J) is
omitted from the table (as the table can hold only 25 alphabets). If the plaintext contains J,
then it is replaced by I.

 The initial alphabets in the key square are the unique alphabets of the key in the order in
which they appear followed by the remaining letters of the alphabet in order.

32
 Example of Playfair Cipher
2.Algorithm to encrypt the plain text:
The plaintext is split into pairs of two letters PlainText: "instruments"
(digraphs). If there is an odd number of
After Split: 'in' 'st' 'ru' 'me' 'nt' 'sz'
letters, a Z is added to the last letter.

Pair cannot be made with same letter. Break Plain Text: “hello”
the letter in single and add a bogus letter to
After Split: ‘he’ ‘lx’ ‘lo’
the previous letter.
Here ‘x’ is the bogus letter.
If the letter is standing alone in the process of Plain Text: “helloe”
pairing, then add an extra bogus letter with
AfterSplit: ‘he’ ‘lx’ ‘lo’ ‘ez’
the alone letter
Here ‘z’ is the bogus letter.

33
 Example of Playfair Cipher
Rules for Encryption:
•If both the letters are in the same row: Take the letter
•If both the letters are in the same column: Take the letter below
to the right of each one (going back to the leftmost if at
each one (going back to the top if at the bottom). the rightmost position).
For example: •For example:
Diagraph: "me"
Encrypted Text: cl Diagraph: "st"
Encryption: Encrypted Text: tl
m -> c Encryption:
e -> l s -> t
t -> l

34
 •I f n e i t h e r o f t h e a b o v e r u l e s
is true: Form a rectangle with
the two letters and take the
letters on the horizontal
opposite corner of the
rectangle.
For example:

Diagraph: "nt"
E n c r y p t e d Te x t : r q
Encryption:
n -> r
t -> q

Example of Playfair 35
 Example of Playfair Cipher
For example:

Plain Text: "instrumentsz"

Encrypted Text: gatlmzclrqtx
Encryption:
i -> g
n -> a
s -> t
t -> l
r -> m
u -> z
m -> c
e -> l
n -> r
t -> q
s -> t
z -> x
Hill Cipher
Hill cipher is a poly graphic
substitution cipher based on
linear algebra. Each letter is
represented by a number
modulo 26.
Hill Cipher is a polyalphabetic
cipher created by extending
the Affine cipher, using linear
algebra and modular
arithmetic via a numeric matrix
that serves as an encryption and
decryption key.
37
Hill Cipher Example
A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25

We have to encrypt the message ‘ACT’ (n=3).The key is The message ‘ACT’ is written as vector :
‘GYBNQKURP’ which can be written as the nxn matrix:

38
Hill Cipher Example
The enciphered vector is given as:

In this, we just do the multiple matrices we just multiple the 1 row with 1 column
as we can say 6*0+24*2+1*19=67 same
as 13*0+16*2+10*19=222 and 20*0+17*2+15*19=319.

And that matrix does the mod 26 with particular column and made again
the 3*1 matrix and we alphabetically write them with called ciphertext i.e "POH".

39
 Application of Ciphers
1.Secure 2.End-to-end 3. Storing Data 4. Storing Password
communications Encryption

The most obvious use of Email is one area where We all store a large One of the main uses of
cryptography, and the one encryption is not widely in amount of data, and any this is to store passwords.
that all of us use use. When email moves data is valuable to at least It is very risky to store
frequently, is encrypting from server to server, and the person who generated passwords in an accessible
communications between from server to you, it is it. way. If stored in plaintext
us and another system. encrypted. on a system, anyone who
has access to the system –
legitimate or malicious –
can read the password.

40
 Application of Ciphers in Everyday Life
1. Authentication/
Digital Signatures:
Authentication is any process
through which one proves and
verifies certain information.
2. Time Stamping: 3. Electronic Money:
Time stamping is a The definition of electronic
technique that can certify money (also called electronic
that a certain electronic cash or digital cash) is a term
document or that is still evolving. It
communication existed or includes transactions carried
was delivered at a certain out electronically with a net
time. transfer of funds from one
party to another, which may be
either debit or credit and can
be either anonymous or
identified.
4. . Encryption/
Decryption in email:
Email encryption is a
method of securing the content
of emails from anyone outside
of the email conversation
looking to obtain a
participant’s information. In its
encrypted form, an email is no
longer readable by a human.
Only with your private email
key can your emails be
unlocked and decrypted back
into the original message.
41
 SUMMARY
A cipher converts the original message, called plaintext, into ciphertext using a key to determine how it is done. There are different
types of cipher which is the Caesar Cipher where a cipher converts the original message, called plaintext, into ciphertext using a key to
determine how it is done. Next is Credit Card Cipher encryption method scrambles the transaction information based on a certain algorithm
making it unusable by any fraudster without the corresponding encryption key. There are also called Shifting Cipher which is
involves replacing each letter in the message by a letter that is some fixed number of positions further along in the alphabet. Tripling Cipher
is a type of computerized cryptography where block cipher algorithms are applied three times to each data block. Next is A ffine Cipher
where each letter in an alphabet is mapped to its numeric equivalent, encrypted using a simple mathematical function, and converted back to
a letter.
Cipher also have Decimation Cipher which encrypts by multiplying each letter’s position by a fixed amount. Also, we have Mono
Alphabetic cipher is a substitution cipher where each letter of the plain text is replaced with another letter of the alphabet. Homophonic
Cipher is also a substitution cipher that uses a correspondence table between the letters / characters of the plain message and one or more
letters / numbers / groups of characters. In Polygram Cipher the replacement of plain text happens block – by – block, rather than character –
by – character. The Vigenère Cipher is a type of substitution Cipher which the original plaintext structure is somewhat concealed in the
ciphertext by using several different monoalphabetic substitution ciphers rather than just one, next is Playfair Cipher is a written code or
symmetric encryption technique that was the first substitution cipher used for the encryption of data. Last type is Hill Cipher which is a poly
graphic substitution cipher based on linear algebra. Each letter is represented by a number modulo 26. Lastly is the application of cipher in
common and in real life. Application of cipher includes Secure communications, End-to-end Encryption, Storing Data, and Storing
Password and the real life application of it is Authentication/ Digital Signatures, Time Stamping, Electronic Money, Encryption/ Decryption
in email.

42
ASSESMENT
◦ 1. How do you describe cipher?
◦ 2. What is the importance of cipher?
◦ 3. Do you use cipher in you life? In what ways?
◦ 4. Encrypt the word “NATURE IS BEAUTIFUL” using the table below.

Plain A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z

Cipher X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W

◦ 5. Encrypt the word “ NATURE” using the table bellow.

PLAINTEX A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
T
CIPHERTE N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z A B C D E F G H I J K L M
XT
8 9 1 6 4
3 5
43
 REFERENCES
blogs.ucl.ac.uk/infosec/2017/03/12/applications-of-cryptography/
cleartax.in/g/terms/credit-card-encryption
crypto.interactive-maths.com/affine-cipher.html
crypto.interactive-maths.com/caesar-shift-cipher.html
crypto.interactive-maths.com/homophonic-substitution.html
demonstrations.wolfram.com/TheDecimationCipher/
dharmamerchantservices.com/faq/what-is-credit-card-encryption/
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Affine_cipher
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caesar_cipher
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cipher
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jefferson_disk
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Triple_DES
en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vigen%C3%A8re_cipher
facweb1.redlands.edu/fac/Tamara_Veenstra/cryptobook/intro-deci.html
hmong.es/wiki/Encipherment
http://facweb1.redlands.edu/fac/Tamara_Veenstra/cryptobook/Shift-Ciphers.html#:~:text=To%20encrypt%20the%20plaintext%20%E2%80%9CBew
are,three%20letters%20in%20the%20alphabet.&text=Thus%2C%20our%20cipher%20text%20is%20EHZDUH%20WKH%20LGHV%20RI%20PDU
FK
.
44
 REFERENCES
http://www.crypto-it.net/eng/simple/vigenere-cipher.html#:~:text=The%20cipher%20was%20invented%20by,his%20book%20%22La%20cifra%20del .
http://www.cs.sjsu.edu/faculty/stamp/RUA/homophonic.pdf
interestingengineering.com/11-cryptographic-methods-that-marked-history-from-the-caesar-cipher-to-enigma-code-and-beyond
medium.com/@prashanthreddyt1234/real-life-applications-of-cryptography-162ddf2e917d
www.101computing.net/mono-alphabetic-substitution-cipher/
www.britannica.com/topic/cipher
www.dcode.fr/affine-cipher
www.dcode.fr/caesar-cipher
www.dcode.fr/homophonic-cipher
www.dcode.fr/shift-cipher
www.dcode.fr/triliteral-cipher
www.educba.com/types-of-cipher/
www.geeksforgeeks.org/hill-cipher/
www.geeksforgeeks.org/playfair-cipher-with-examples/
www.geeksforgeeks.org/vigenere-cipher/
www.hypr.com/cipher/
www.investopedia.com/terms/c/credit-card-encryption.asp#:~:text=Key%20Takeaways-,Credit%20card%20encryption%20is%20a%20security%20measure%
20used%20to%20reduce,financial%20institution%20conduct%20their%20transactions

45
 Thank you
for listening!

2/1/20XX 46