Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • (AJP) (Nguyen) The Relativistic Transformations of Velocity, Acceleration, and Higher Derivatives As Differentials of Nonlinear Extensions of The Lorentz Transformation

    Uploaded by

    jcb1961
    6 views4 pages

    Original Title

    [AJP][Nguyen] The relativistic transformations of velocity, acceleration, and higher derivatives as differentials of nonlinear extensions of the Lorentz transformation

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    6 views4 pages

    (AJP) (Nguyen) The Relativistic Transformations of Velocity, Acceleration, and Higher Derivatives As Differentials of Nonlinear Extensions of The Lorentz Transformation

    Uploaded by

    jcb1961

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 4
    Fig. 12, Image synthesized from Fourier transform phase of Velazquez's -Meninas an amplitude of periodic bar tes, V. CONCLUSIONS In this paper a series of experiments are presented with the idea of showing the role played by the amplitude and the phase of the Fourier transform on the images. The idea developed by Oppenheim and Lim,? that it is the phase that carries the most relevant information, is proved correct in common images. But we go further and show that this is true because, in most images, basically the amplitude has a similar shape in the frequency domain When dealing with images with substantially different Fourier transform amplitudes, the phase s not the essential element. ‘A last point should be made. Its interesting to note that for finding images with substantially different distribution of amplitudes it is necessary to search for very particular cases, for instance, with periodical appearance. Conse- quently, in most images, with variable elements and multi- plicity of spatial frequencies, the amplitudes are always similar and itis really the phase that is the differential ele- ‘ment. *R.C. Gonzales and P. Wint, Digital Image Processing (Addison-Wes ley, Reading, MA, 1977), pp. 136-168 A.V. Oppentcim and J. Lim, “The importance of pase in signals,” roc. IEEE. 69, 529-S41 (1981). 24.1. Homer and P. D. Gianino, “Phase-only matched filtering.” Appl. Opt. 23, 812-816 (1984) *E.0, Brighara, The Fast Fourer Transform (Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliff, NJ, 1974), pp. 148183 °X. Chen, J. Huang, and E- Loh, “Two-dimensional fast Fourier trans form and pattern processing with IBM PC," Am. J. Phys. 86, 747-749 (1988), The relativistic transformations of velocity, acceleration, and higher derivatives as differentials of nonlinear extensions of the Lorentz transformation D.B. Nguyen Yale University, School of Medicine, Department of Therapeutic Radiology, 333 Cedar Street, ‘New Haven, Connecticut 06510-8040 (Received 27 August 1990; accepted for publication 29 December 1990) The formulas for the relativistic transformation of velocity, acceleration, and higher derivatives are obtained in a simple way using the concept of the differential ofa function. Let F be a Lorentz transformation. Given the transformation F,, this paper describes a process by which one can construct the transformation F,, ;. Starting with the given Lorentz transformation Fo, this process yields a sequence of transformations F,, Fy, F,,.~ ‘Although the Lorentz transformation Fy is linear, F,, for all n> 0, are nonlinear. The differentials of these nonlinear transformations give the correct transformation formulas for velocity, acceleration, and all higher-order derivatives. L INTRODUCTION While the relativistic transformation formulas for space- time (considered as zero-order derivative) and for velocity (first-order derivative) are relatively simple, the formulas as well as the derivations for acceleration (second-order derivative), and higher derivatives, are more complicated. ‘One simple way to derive the transformation formulas for these and higher-order derivativesis to employ the concept ‘of the prolongation’ ofa function. The basic idea i as fol- 748 Amn J. Phys. $9 (8), August 1991 lows. Let Fy be a transformation (Galilean, Lorentz, or something else) which acts between two spacetimes Vo and W,. The differential” of the Fo will be shown to give the transformation of velocity (first derivatives). After this is done, one next constructs V, and W, by extending the dimension of ¥, and Wp by three to accommodate the three components of velocity. The transformation Fp, to- gether with the transformation of velocity, defines a trans- formation F, between V, and W,. The differential of F, will be shown to give the transformation of acceleration ©1991 American Association of Physics Teachers 748 (second derivatives). After this is done, one then con- structs V, and W, by extending the dimension of V, and W, by three to accommodate the three components of ac- celeration. The transformation F, , together with the trans- formation of acceleration, defines a transformation F, between V, and W,. The differential of F, will beshown to give the transformation of the third derivatives. This pro- cess can be repeated so that starting with V,_, and W7,_, and the transformation F,_;, one constructs V, and W, by extending the dimension of V, _, and W,_., by three to accommodate the three nth derivatives. The transforma- tion F, _,, together with the transformation of the nth de- rivatives, defines a transformation F,, between V, and W, ‘The differential of F, is then shown to give the transforma~ tion of the (7 + 1)th derivatives. If the transformations F,, 1 =0, 1, 2,... are viewed as ‘matrices, then by construction, the matrix F, contains as submatrices all of the F,, for

    You might also like