Introduction to Mobile

Computing
 Mobile Computing Features
• Mobile Computing characterizes
–Wireless Communication,
–Portable and small devices
– Wireless network to support mobility
and handover from one network to
another network.
 Mobile
• Computing device that is not restricted to a
desktop
 Any devices that allow the user to complete
computing tasks without being physically connected
to a network.
 Wireless
 Method of transferring information between a
computing device such as a PDA and data source (for
example an agency database server) without physical
connection.
 Not all wireless communications technologies
 leasers are used in wireless data transfer between building,
but cannot be used in mobile communications.
 Mobile Computing
• Is the technology enables people to transmit
and receive data from one device to another
device without having to be connected to a
fixed physical link
• Is an umbrella term used to describe
technologies that enable users to access
network services anyplace, anytime, and
anywhere
 Mobile history

• world “telecommunication” comes from

– Greek prefix ‘tele’ meaning “far”
– and the Latin “communicare “which means” to share
• In ancient times, the communication was the
light ON and OFF.
• In the years 150 BC, the Greeks had to use smoke
to communicate.
• This shows that humans had all the time needed
to communicate without the use of physical
media.
 Network types

– Wireless Personal Area Networks (WPAN)

• for the short distances between nearby equipment.
• Classified
– Bluetooth (IEEE 802.15.1),
– HomeRF (Home Radio Frequency),
– ZigBee (IEEE 802.15.4),
– and infrared.
– Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN),
• public places (for example universities, airports, companies,
private).
• Classified
– WiFi (or IEEE 802.11),
– Hiper LAN2 (High Performance Radio LAN 2),
– Digital Enhanced Cordless Telecommunications (DECT).
 Network types (cont.)
– Wireless Metropolitan Area Networks (WMAN)
• serve big cities and are also referred by the name Local
(WLL).
• WMAN are based on IEEE 802.16. one of its technology is
the WiMAX.
– Wide Wireless Area Networks (WWAN). WANs
– traditional technologies of voice and data transport. •
– Global System for Mobile communication (GSM) 2G,
– General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) 2.5G,
– Enhanced Data Rate for GSM Evolution (EDGE) 2.75G,
– Universal Mobile Telecommunication System (UMTS)
– 3G, high speed Packet access (HSPA), it is divided into two types:
downflow (HSDPA) 3.50G and upflow (HSUPA) 3.75G, 4G and 5G.
Mobile computing component
– Mobile communication: To establish a connection
between two devices, protocols, services, bandwidth ,
etc. are needed.
– Mobile hardware : It includes mobile devices or
device components that receive or access the mobility
service — for example, portable laptops,
smartphones, tablet Pc's, Personal Digital Assistants
(PDAs).
– Mobile software: It is the appliance operating system
(OS). In other words, it is the program that runs on
mobile hardware. It deals with mobile applications
characteristics and requirements. it is the mobile
device engine.
 Types of Communication
• Mobile and Wired: Some of the devices are wired and
are mobile such as Laptops.
• Fixed and Wired: In this case, the devices are fixed at a
position and are communicated through a physical link.
For instance, Desktop Computers.
• Mobile and Wireless: The devices are connected with
each other or to any network without any wired device
irrespective of their position. For Example: Cellular
network.
• Fixed and Wireless: In this case, wireless devices or
systems are operated in fixed locations such as offices
and homes.
 Mobile Computing Applications
• Vehicles/Traffic: Broadcast information such as music,
news, road conditions, weather reports, and etc. can be
received via digital audio broadcasting (DAB). The
current position of the car via the Global Position
System (GPS)can be determined.
• Emergencies Situation/Services: From a scene of an
accident; an ambulance has a high-quality wireless
connection, can send vital information about injured
persons to the hospital.
• In Business: Managers can use mobile computers to
present critical presentations to major customers,access
the latest market share information, and etc.
 Mobile Computing Applications
(cont.)
• Verification of the Credit Card: The intercommunication
required between the Point Of Sale ( POS )terminal, and
the bank central computer in order to effect verification of
the card usage, can take securely and place quickly over
cellular channels using a mobile computer unit.
• In Educational: Presentation, classes, and etc. can be
presented at anyplace and anytime.
• Wired Networks Replacement: Wireless networks can
replace wired networks.
• Web/Internet access/Infotainment: Up-to-date
information can be obtained by using wireless networks at
any appropriate location.
 Generations of Mobile
Communication Technology

Approximately every tenth year, a new cellular

standards generation has appeared.
 First Generation (1G): VOICE ONLY

• In the late1970s and early 1980s,1G

introduced.
• The phones generally had poor battery life.
• It is analogue technology,
• voice quality was poor without much security,
• Sometimes experience dropped calls.
• The max speed of 1G is 2.4 KBPS.
Second Generation (2G): SMS & MMS

• The 2G technology introduced call and text encryption, plus

data services like SMS, picture messages, and MMS.
• It is still used around the world.
• The max speed with General Packet Radio Service (GPRS) is
50 Kbps
• 170 Kbps with Enhanced Data Rates for GSM Evolution
(EDGE)
• 2.5G introducing a new packet switching technique that
was more efficient than what previously being used.
• This led to 2.75G, which provides a theoretical three fold
capacity increase.
Third Generation 3G: Mobile Internet,
Video Calls
• In 1998 3G networks were introduced.
• 3G
• faster data-transmission speeds so the cell
phone is more data-demanding ways like for
video calling and mobile internet.
• The estimated speed of 3G can be around 2
Mbps for non-moving devices and 384 Kbps in
moving vehicles.
 Fourth Generation 4G

• In 2008, the fourth generation of networks was

called 4G.
• It supports mobile web access like 3G; also,3D TV
, gaming services , HD mobile TV, video
conferencing, and other things that demand
higher speeds.
• When the device is moving, the max speed of a is
100 Mbps or 1 Gbps for low mobility
communication like when stationary or walking.
 Five Generation 5G:

• The five Generation promises significantly

much lower latency, higher connection density
, faster data rates, among other
improvements.
 A Comparison Between Mobile
Generations

Technology 1G 2G/2.5G 3G 4G 5G
Deployment 1970/1984 1980/1999 1990/2002 2000/2010 2014/2015
Bandwidth 2KBps 14-64KBps 2MBps 200MBps >1GBps
Broad Unified IP and a seamless
Analog Digital
Technology bandwidth/CDMA combo of 4G+WWW
cellular cellular
/IP technology LAN/WAN/WLAN/PAN
Dynamic
Digital
Integrated high- information
Mobile voice, Dynamic information
service quality audio, access, variable
telephony short, access, variable devices
video, and data devices with AI
messaging
application
TDMA/
multiplexing FDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA
CDMA
A Comparison Between Mobile
Generations