What is 5G?

• 5G Wireless: 5th generation wireless technology

• Data with less than a millisecond of delay (compared to 
about 70 ms on today’s 4G networks)
• Peak download speeds of 20 gigabits per second
 (compared to 1 Gb/s on 4G) to users.
What does it offer?

• Worldwide cellular phones

• Extraordinary data capabilities
• High connectivity
• More power & features in hand held phones
• Large phone memory, more dialing speed, more clarity
in audio & video
Evolution from 1G to 5G

1G
2G
3G
4G
5G
1G

Developed in 1980s & completed in

early 1990s
Based on analog system
Speed up to 2.4 kbps
AMPS (Advance Mobile Phone System) was launched
by the US & it was the 1G mobile system
Allows user to make voice calls in 1 country
2G

Developed in late 1980s & completed in

late 1990s
Based on digital system
Speed up to 64 kbps
Services such are digital voice & SMS with more clarity
Semi global facility
2G are the handsets we are using today, with 2.5G
having more capabilities
3G
Developed between late 1990s & early 2000s
until present day
Transmission speed from 125 kbps to 2
Mbps
Superior voice quality
Good clarity in video conference
E-mail, PDA, information surfing, on-line
shopping/ banking, games, etc.
Global roaming
4G
Developed in 2010
Faster & more reliable
Speed up to 100 Mbps
High performance
Easy roaming
Low cost
5G
Next major phase of mobile telecommunication &
wireless system
10 times more capacity than others
Expected speed up to 1 Gbps
More faster & reliable than 4G
Lower cost than previous generations
COMPARISON OF 1G TO 5G TECHNOLOGIES
Technology 1G 2G/2.5G 3G 4G 5G
Deployment 1970/1984 1980/1999 1990/2002 2000/2010 2014/2015
Bandwidth 2kbps 14-64kbps 2mbps 200mbps >1gbps
Technology Analog Digital Broadbandwidth Unified ip &seamless
combo of
/cdma/ip 4G+WWWW
cellular cellular technology
LAN/WAN/WLAN/PAN

Service Mobile Digital Integrated high Dynamic information

access, variable
Dynamic information
access, variable devices
voice,short quality audio,
telephony messaging video & data
devices with AI capabilities

Multiplexing FDMA TDMA/CDMA CDMA CDMA CDMA

Switching Circuit Circuit/circuit for

access network&air
Packet except for All packet All packet
interface air interface

Core network PSTN PSTN Packet Internet Internet

network
Handoff Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal Horizontal&V Horizontal&V
ertical ertical
Key concepts
Real wireless world with no more limitations with access
& zone issues
Wearable devices
IPv6, where a visiting care of mobile IP address is
assigned according to location & connected network
One unified global standard
Smart radio
The user can simultaneously be connected with several
wireless access technology
Multiple concurrent data transfer path
 5G Service Enablers – meeting requirements

mmWave New Channel Coding Network Slicing

System/RFIC/Ant.
700 MHz 3 GHz 18 27 30 GHz

Legacy Bands New Bands

Wide
mmWave Coverage
RFIC Antenna LDPC (Low-Density Parity-Check )

< 6 GHz Massive MIMO Massive Connectivity Low Latency NW

Half Grant-based (IoT) Grant-Free ① Radio ② TCP Rate
Multiple Access Multiple Access Information Control
-Wavelength
3~4 Step 1 Step
eNB eNB

UE UE
Data
Mobile BS Server
Enabling Technology
• The main technologies to enable 5G networks include
• millimeter waves,
• small cells,
• massive MIMO,
• full duplex,
• beamforming.
• To understand how 5G will differ from today’s 4G networks, it’s
helpful to walk through these five technologies and consider what
each will mean for wireless users.
Millimeter Waves
• Frequencies currently used (<6GHz) are very congested
• Millimeter waves are broadcast at frequencies between
 30 and 300 gigahertz, compared to the bands below 6 GHz
• There is one major drawback to millimeter waves, though—they can’t
easily travel through buildings or obstacles and they can be absorbed
by foliage and rain.
Small Cells
• Small cells are portable miniature base stations that require minimal
power to operate and can be placed every 250 meters or so
throughout cities.
• Luckily, antennas on small cells can be much smaller than traditional
antennas if they are transmitting tiny millimeter waves.
• This size difference makes it even easier to stick cells on light poles
and atop buildings.
• One problem is, the sheer number of small cells required to build a 5G
network may make it difficult to set up in rural areas.
Massive MIMO
• 5G base stations can support about a hundred ports, which means many more
antennas can fit on a single array. That capability means a base station could send
and receive signals from many more users at once, increasing the capacity of
mobile networks by a factor of 22 or greater.
• This technology is called massive MIMO.
• Massive MIMO features dozens of antennas on a single array.
• This technology has set new records for spectrum efficiency, which is a measure of
how many bits of data can be transmitted to a certain number of users per second.
• Installing so many more antennas to handle cellular traffic also causes more
interference if those signals cross.
• That’s why 5G stations must incorporate beamforming.
Beamforming
• Beamforming is a traffic-signaling system for cellular base stations that identifies the most
efficient data-delivery route to a particular user, and it reduces interference for nearby users
in the process
• At massive MIMO base stations, signal-processing algorithms plot the best transmission route
through the air to each user. Then they can send individual data packets in many different
directions, bouncing them off buildings and other objects in a precisely coordinated pattern.
By choreographing the packets’ movements and arrival time, beamforming allows many users
and antennas on a massive MIMO array to exchange much more information at once.
• For millimeter waves, beamforming is primarily used to address a different set of problems:
Cellular signals are easily blocked by objects and tend to weaken over long distances.
• In this case, beamforming can help by focusing a signal in a concentrated beam that points
only in the direction of a user, rather than broadcasting in many directions at once.
• This approach can strengthen the signal’s chances of arriving intact and reduce interference
for everyone else.
Full Duplex
• Today's base stations and cellphones rely on transceivers that must take turns if transmitting and
receiving information over the same frequency, or operate on different frequencies if a user wishes to
transmit and receive information at the same time.
• With 5G, a transceiver will be able to transmit and receive data at the same time, on the same frequency.
• This technology is known as full duplex
• To achieve full duplex, researchers must design a circuit that can route incoming and outgoing signals so
they don’t collide while an antenna is transmitting and receiving data at the same time.
•  Recently, researchers have assembled silicon transistors that act like high-speed switches to enable the
transmission and reception of signals on the same frequency at once.  
• One drawback to full duplex is that it also creates more signal interference, through echo.
• When a transmitter emits a signal, that signal is much closer to the device’s antenna and therefore more
powerful than any signal it receives.
• Expecting an antenna to both speak and listen at the same time is possible only with special echo-
cancelling technology.
Features of 5G networks
Speed
• Typically, 4G speeds of about 16.9 megabits per second (Mbps) are
possible.
• 5G promises to deliver Gigabit speeds (>1Gbps).
• Where 4G allows you to stream your favorite YouTube videos in full
HD, 5G will make it possible to stream 4K HDR content—and more.
Lower Latency
• The third goal of 5G is to lower latency, or how long it takes the network to
respond to a request.
• Today, latency is about 9 milliseconds (ms).
• With 5G, that will drop to 1ms.
• Latency is particularly critical in automotive applications. Think about the
distance a car travels at 60mph in 9 ms compared to in 1 ms. That distance can
be the difference between life and death.
• Latency is also key to providing good experiences when exploring new worlds
in virtual reality, or stomping through the latest online multiplayer video game.
• (If a network’s data rate is how wide a garden hose is, latency is how long it
takes from the moment the spigot is turned on until water comes out the end.)
Cell Density/Capacity
• There will be far more 5G cell sites, each covering a smaller area.
• Moreover, those 5G sites will be able to connect many times more
devices to the network at once.
• That’s important because there will be many more devices
demanding data.
Spectrum
• There are two basic sets of airwaves being prepped for 5G, those
above 6 GHz, called millimeter wave (mmWave), and those below 6
GHz.
• In the U.S., mmWave airwaves are centered in the 28 GHz and 39 GHz
bands, while sub-6 GHz will fall in the 3.5 GHz band.
• In Europe, frequency blocks are 3.4 – 3.8 GHz and 26 – 27.5 GHz
• Rather than constructing towers, service providers will just install
their equipment (called small cells) on existing telephone lines and
buildings. The cells may have a range of around 250 meters (820 feet)
The Cost
• Service providers will blow billions (perhaps as much as $21 billion) to
make the jump from 4G to 5G [source: Real]. And consumers will have
to pay up too.
• You'll have to buy a new smartphone. Smartphones are backwards-
compatible, for example, your 4G-capable phone will work on older
3G networks.
• 5G phones will be equipped with numerous tiny antennas to help you
tap into the 5G frequency that's strongest in your location.
New for 5G – RAN architecture extensions
New Air Interface
• CP-OFDM – to introduce flexibility in OFDM and mitigate Inter
Symbol Interference
• Massive MIMO – large numbers of bearers to increase
UE bandwidth in sub-6GHz bands
• mmWave – provides access to broad frequency bands for
higher bandwidths
• Beam Forming – extends range/cell size for mmWave bands
• Shortened TTI – reduces latency
• Flexibility in band sizing – allows previously unavailable
bands to be used
Other RAN innovations
• CoMP – UE attached to multiple cells to provide greater reliability
• Small cell support – greater indoor coverage, increased cell density, self-backhauling
• 5G-NR in unlicensed bands – extension of mobile ecosystem
• Session management split from mobility management – enabler for RAN slicing
• D2D, V2X – devices connecting directly, with no network
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(not so) 5G – topology flexibility

Core, Transport
MEC MEC Policy VNF VNF
(RAN, CN) UE (RAN, CN)

C-RAN (V)PDG

MEC MEC
(RAN, CN) MEC (RAN, CN)
(RAN, CN)

‘Softwarisation’ of the network

C-RAN – removal of functionality from cell sites to consolidation point in the network
NFV and SDN – enabling flexibility in where functions are deployed and scaled
MEC – pushing Core Network functions and content ingress to cell sites
CP/UP split – decoupling of user plane traffic from control plane functions
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Video’s
• https://
www.youtube.com/watch?time_continue=361&v=GEx_d0SjvS0

• https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9gi_0KR80TQ

• https://spectrum.ieee.org/video/telecom/wireless/everything-you-ne
ed-to-know-about-5g