Outline

 Introduction
 What is 4G?
 What's New in 4G?
 3G vs. 4G
 4G Network Features
 How 4G works
 Challenges
 Summary
 What is 4G?
 A wireless access technology and is the successor of 3G.

 Called "3G and Beyond".

 Enables seamless roaming between technologies.

 Plans on releasing the first commercial network in 2010.

 NTT DoCoMo Company is testing 4G communication at

100 Mbps while moving, and 1 Gbps while stationary.
What's New in 4G?

 Entirely packet-switched networks.

 All network elements are digital.
 Higher bandwidths to provide multimedia
services at lower cost (up to 100Mbps).
 Tight network security.
 Features of 4G Networks
 4G networks are all-IP
(Internet Protocol) based
heterogeneous networks
 This will allow users to:
 Select any system at
any time and any
where
 Use Multiple systems
at the same time (e.g.
GPS and WLANs and
CDMA)
 A wide range of
applications using only
one 4G integrated terminal
 Features of 4G Networks (cont.)

 Support interactive multimedia services:

teleconferencing, wireless Internet, etc.

 Wider bandwidths, higher bit rates.

 Global mobility and service portability.

 Low cost.
 Scalability of mobile networks (>10 times the capacity of 3G).
 3G vs. 4G
3G (including 2.5G) 4G
Major Requirement Driving Predominantly voice driven - Converged data and voice over IP
Architecture  data was always add on
Network Architecture Wide area cell-based Hybrid - Integration of Wireless LAN
(WiFi, Bluetooth) and wide area
Speeds 384 Kbps to 2 Mbps 20 to 100 Mbps in mobile mode
Frequency Band Dependent on country or Higher frequency bands (2-8 GHz)
continent (1800-2400 MHz)
Bandwidth 5-20 MHz 100 MHz (or more)
Switching Design Basis Circuit and Packet All digital with packetized voice
Access Technologies W-CDMA, 1xRTT, Edge OFDM and MC-CDMA (Multi Carrier
CDMA)
Forward Error Correction Convolution rate 1/2, 1/3 Concatenated coding scheme
Component Design Optimized antenna design, multi-band adapters Smarter
multi-band adapters  Antennas, software multiband and
wideband radios

IP  A number of air link protocols, All IP (IP6.0)

including IP 5.0 

From : www.mobileinfo.com
How 4G works (working principle)
 The IP address is based on IPv6.

 IPv4: X.X.X.X (32 bits)

example: 216.37.129.9

 IPv6: 4 × IPv4 (128 bits)

example:
216.37.129.9 , 79.23.178.229 , 65.198.2.10 , 192.168.5.120

home care-of mobile IP local network

address address address address
 IPv4 vs. IPv6

IPv4 IPv6
Structure 32 bits 128 bits
Security Poor security Enhance security
1. Multi-fun. and mobile fun. are built-in
Function Addressing
2. Plug & Play (Auto-Configuration)
 The 4G mobile network(s)
HAPS Satellite

Wireline or Wireless GSM

Networks
(Internet)

Services
Bluetooth
Care-ofMobile
Add. IP Add. WLAN

UMTS

Content

ADSL
Home Add.
Care-of Add.
Direct Sequence
TDMA WCDMA OFDM
OFDM Unspecified Frequency
FDD TD-CDMA TDD
Hopping

Very wide Personal

Wide area Metropolitan area Local area
area area
4G Systems Challenges
 To migrate current systems to 4G with the features
mentioned previously, researchers are facing a number
of challenges
 These challenges are grouped into the following
different aspects:
 Accessing Different Networks:
 Multimode Devices

 Overlay Network

 Terminal Mobility
 Location Management

 Handoff Management
4G Wireless Networks Challenges
First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks
 One of the most challenging problems facing
deployment of 4G technology is how to access
several and different mobile and wireless
networks
 There are two possible architectures
 Multimode Devices
 Overlay Network
 First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks
1. Multimode Devices Architecture
 A single physical terminal with
multiple interfaces to access the
different wireless networks
 Advantages:
 Improve call completion
 Expand coverage area
 Reliable coverage in case of
network, link or switch failure
 Disadvantages:
 Complexity in the hardware of
the device
 Handoff Mechanism:
Performed by the user, device or
network
Multimode Devices Architecture (cont.)

To reduce the complexity of the hardware in the device the most promising
technology is to adapt the software radio approach

bandpass filter Low noise amplifier Analog/digital converter reprogrammable

Baseband
User
BPF LNA ADC DSP

Analogue Digital

An ideal software radio system

 Multimode Devices Architecture (cont.)

Challenges in software radio technology

 High number of antennas: Still It is impossible

to have just one antenna and one LNA to
cover the bands of all 4G wireless networks

 The low speed of ADCs. the speed of the

fastest current ADC is still two to three times
slower than required
 First Challenge: Accessing Different Networks
2. Overlay Network Architecture
 A user accesses an overlay network
consisting of several UAPs
 UAPs Functions:
 Select a wireless network based
on availability and user choices
 Store IPs of user, network and
devices
 Advantages:
 Simplify hardware of device
 Supports single billing
 Disadvantages:
 More network devices
 Handoff Mechanism between UAPs:
Performed by overlay network rather
than the user or device
4G Wireless Networks Challenges
Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility
 In order to provide wireless services at any time
and anywhere, terminal mobility is a must in 4G
infrastructure
 Terminal mobility allows mobile clients to roam
across geographical boundaries of the wireless
networks
 There are two main issues in terminal mobility:
 location management
 handoff management
Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility
1. Location Management

 The system tracks and locates a mobile

terminal for possible connection

 Location management involves handing all

the information about
 Roaming terminals such as original and current
location cells
 Authentication information
 QoS capabilities
 Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility
2. Handoff Management
 Maintain ongoing communication when the terminal roams

 IP changes during handoff :

IPv6 within the same cell:

216.37.129.9, 79.23.178.229, 65.198.2.10, 192.168.5.120

home address care-of address mobile IP address local network address

Second Challenge: Terminal Mobility
2. Handoff Management

IPv6 when the terminal roams to another cell:

216.37.129.9, 79.23.178.229, 65.198.2.10, 192.168.5.120

home address care-of address mobile IP address local network address

Handoff Management (cont.)

Handoff Management Challenges

• Horizontal handoff is
performed when the terminal
moves from one cell to another
within the same wireless
system.

• Vertical handoff is performed

when the terminal moves
between two different wireless
systems (e.g., from WLAN to
GSM) .
Challenges in Handoff Management

 Vertical & Horizontal handoff will increase

 System load (increasing control packets)
 Packet losses
 Handover latency

 Hard correct handoff time: because measuring

handoffs is done among different wireless
systems
Summary
 The key concept behind 4G systems is
integrating their capacities with all of the existing
mobile technologies through advanced
technologies
 The IP address system used in 4G is based on
the new technology IPv6.
 4G networks is still in the development stage,
and in order to utilize their new features too
many challenges must be overcome
References
 Upkar Varshney and Radhika Jain, Issues in Emerging 4G Wireless
Networks, Georgia State Jain, Issues in Emerging 4G Wireless Networks,
Georgia State University.
Available:http://www.ee.oulu.fi/~skidi/teaching/mobile_and_ubiquitous_multim
edia_2002/issues_in_emerging_4G_wireless_networks.pdf
 Erik Fledderus, Bingulac, Broadband Radio; a vision on 4G, KPN Research,
The Netherlands. Available:
http://www.brabantbreedband.nl/publications/URSI-GA2002%20ER
%20Fledderus.pdf
 Ibrahim,Jawad “4G Features,” Bechtel Telecommunications Technical Journal
(Vol.1 No.1), Dec. 2002
 Yu Hui, Suk and Kai Hau Yeung, City University of Hong Kong: Challenges in
the Migration to 4G Mobile Systems. Available:
http://ieeexplore.ieee.org/iel5/35/28028/01252799.pdf
 Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/4G
References (cont.)
 Z. Theodore, “Migration toward 4G Wireless Communications,” IEEE Wireless
Communication, June. 2004
 U. Narumi, O. Toru, and M. Tatsuro “Overview of Fourth-generation Mobile
Communication System,” NTT Technical Review (Vol.2 No.0), Sep. 2004