Learning Area General Biology 2 Grade Level 11/12

W2 Quarter 3rd Quarter Date

I. LESSON TITLE History of Life on Earth

II. MOST ESSENTIAL LEARNING At the end of the lesson students will be able to:
COMPETENCIES (MELCs) Describe general features of the history of life on Earth, including generally
accepted dates and sequence of the geologic time scale and characteristics
of major groups of organisms present during these time periods
III. CONTENT/CORE CONTENT The learners demonstrate an understanding on the relevance, mechanisms,
evidence/bases, and theories of evolution
Suggested
IV. LEARNING PHASES Learning Activities
Timeframe
A. Introduction 30 minutes In our previous lesson, you’ve learned about genetic engineering and recombinant DNA
technology. Recombinant DNA technology is joining the DNA molecules of two different
Panimula
species. This has great value in agriculture, medicine, research, and industry. Let us check
if you can still remember the process of DNA recombination. Try to complete the diagram
below, use a separate sheet of paper.

As we move forward with the advancement of technology we should remember to look

back and have a glimpse of the past. Let’s go back in time. I will show you some pictures
to give you a hint of the different possibilities in principle of how life started. Write your
answer on a separate sheet of paper. Let’s begin! Choose your answer from the given
concepts below
A. Extraterrestrial Origin C. Spontaneous Origin
B. Divine Creation D. Big Bang Theory
1. This is the oldest among life’s origin theories and the most accepted among
others. It may vary on the practice of a religion, but its commonality is that a
Divine God created life. It is called the
2. Meteorites contains amino acids, nucleotide bases and sugar. Hundreds of
thousands of meteorites and comets are known to have fallen into the early
Earth, suggesting that it may contain some organic materials. It is referred as
the _______________
3. Greek philosopher Aristotle proposed a theory with the idea that living matter
may arise from non-living matter. These are based on early observations such
as the appearance of maggots in rotting meat, mice on corn and fish from mud
of previously dry lakes.
ORIGIN OF LIFE
Where do you think it all began? What is the origin of life? The question is not easy to
answer because it is impossible to go back in time and observe nor any eyewitnesses.
The rocks of the earth will serve as a testimony. But geologist and scientists alike still find it
challenging. Today, you will investigate the theories and evidences of how life started on
earth. Let us read the different theories and hypothesis on how life started here on Earth.
1. Special Creation/Divine Creation. Life forms may have been placed on earth by
supernatural or divine forces. The hypothesis that a divine God created life is at the core
of most major religions.
2. Extraterrestrial Origin. This hypothesis, also referred as panspermia, proposes that
meteors or cosmic dusts may have carried significant amounts of complex organic
 molecules to earth, kicking off the evolution of life. It is hypothesized that an early source
of carbonaceous material is extraterrestrial, although not yet proven.
3. Spontaneous Origin. Most scientists accept the hypothesis of spontaneous generation
– that life evolved from inanimate matter as associations among molecules became
more and more complex. As changes in molecules increased their stability initiate more
and more complex associations, culminating in the evolution of cells.

Many ideas have been developed based on this hypothesis about where on earth life
first appeared:
3.a. At the ocean’ s edge. Life may arise from the constantly forming bubbles at the edge
of the ocean as suggested by some scientists.
3.b. Under frozen oceans. Just like Jupiter’ s moon, Europa, it is hypothesized that life
originated under a frozen ocean.
3.c. Deep in the earth’ s crust. Life may have formed as a by-product of volcanic activity
where sulfuric minerals, iron and nickel recombine. It is suggested by Gunter
Wachtershauser in 1988 and works of fellow scientists shows that these chemical
combinations can form precursors of amino acids which can be later linked to peptides.
3.d. Within clay. The silicate surface chemistry was hypothesized by some researchers,
emphasizing the positive charges of clay surface that may attract organic molecules and
providing potential catalytic surface where life’ s early chemistry may have occurred.
3.e. At deep sea vents. Another hypothesis is that life originated at deep sea vents where
the necessary prebiotic molecules are synthesized by metal sulfides in the vents. The
positive charge of sulfides may have attracted the negative charge of biological
molecules.
THE MILLER URREY EXPERIMENT

An early attempt to see what kinds of organic molecules might have been
produced on the early earth was carried out by Stanley L. Miller and Harold C. Urey in
1953. To carry out this experiment, Miller and Urey (1) assembled a reducing atmosphere
rich in hydrogen and excluding gaseous oxygen; (2) placed this atmosphere over liquid
water; (3) maintained this mixture at a temperature of 100 ᵒ C; and (4) stimulated lightning
by bombarding it with energy in form of sparks. Within a week, a variety of organic
molecules were formed including amino acids common in living things. Among the
compounds were formaldehyde (𝐶𝐻2𝑂) and hydrogen cyanide (𝐻𝐶𝑁). These compounds
form to make simple molecules such as formic acid (𝐻𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻) and urea (𝑁𝐻2 𝐶𝑂𝑁𝐻2). This
experiment is conducted to test the theory of Aleksandr Oparin and J. B. S. Haldane that
life on Earth came from non-living matter through a step by-step process, starting from
simple monomers to complex proteins.
B. Development 1 hour 30 What is the age of the Earth? When we study the Earth’s age, we are also
Pagpapaunlad minutes studying the fossil record and ultimately, the theory of evolution. The Earth is
approximately 4.6 billion years old – a very big number that sometimes can’t
easily relate with, especially, the specific time frame when we appeared.
Comparing the Earth’s age to one calendar year, events such as the extinction
of dinosaurs and the re-discovery of the New World by Columbus would appear
relatively much easier. “Understanding the geologic time scale reminds us of
our time and place in the universe.” Life on Earth arose around 3.5 billion years
ago. What was the Earth like millions of years ago?: “Have you seen the movies
Ice Age and The Land Before Time? How was the Earth presented in movies
such as these?” Based from what you may have read, describe the Earth million
of years ago. During this time Earth is covered with thick blanket of ice, (2) lots
of volcanoes and high mountains, (3) large organisms roamed the land, (4) the
atmosphere did not have high oxygen content, (4) asteroids/ meteors
 frequently hit the surface, (5) the lands moved a lot or the continents were a
little closer to each other, (6) volcanic eruptions, (7) a little bit warmer, (8) plants
were bigger, (9) humans were not yet around. When did man first appear on
Earth? You may enumerate the different hominid species but ask them the
approximate time when our species (modern humans) first appeared. Tell them
that humans did not co-exist with dinosaurs as what movies
Activity 1: Uncovering the Timeline
1. Watch a short clip
● Geologic Time Scale
(https://tinyurl.com/briefhistorygeologictimescale,
https://tinyurl.com/eon-era-periods-epochs and
https://tinyurl.com/geotimemadeeasy)
● “Four Ways to Understand the Earth’s Age.”
(https://tinyurl.com/4ways2understandearthage)
2. Use the following questions to guide the learners as they watch the
video.
a. What are the four ways mentioned in the film?
b. Why is it hard to create a timeline of events chronicling Earth’s
history?
c. What are the divisions of the geologic time scale?
C. Engagement 30 minutes Activity 2: Let’s Trace
Pakikipagpalih
an

Look and analyze at the illustration below and answer the question listed below.
1. For how long has there been life on Earth?
2. For what percentage of time has life existed on Earth (round to the
nearest whole number)?
3. For about how many years of geological time have humans existed on
Earth?
4. For about how many years of geological time have the dinosaurs existed
on Earth?
5. Did dinosaurs exist at the same time as humans?
6. How do scientists determine when an era begins and when it ends?
7. What is the purpose of making a geological timeline?
 D. Assimilation 1 hour Activity 3
Paglalapat

Additional Activities:
Directions: Analyze the graph shown below and express your answer concisely.
The graph shows the percentage concentration of oxygen on Earth’s
atmosphere as years pass by.

1. The numbers at the bottom of the chart represents the number of

years. What do you think is/are the reasons on the rise and decline of
oxygen levels on earth as years go by?
2. Do you think that the average annual global temperature and carbon
dioxide levels have been consistent throughout the history of earth?
Justify your answer.
V. ASSESSMENT see https://tinyurl.com/LeaP-Bio2-ActivitySheets
(Learning Activity Sheets for Other possible sources of quiz items on fossils: (Downloaded 04/16/16)
Enrichment, Remediation or
Assessment to be given on
1. Geologic Time Scale Practice Go to this site and try the quiz. (There is no need
Weeks 3 and 6) 15 minutes to memorize the smaller divisions of the geologic time scale.) http://
www.geosci.ipfw.edu/gildner/TimeScalePractice.html(Downloaded 04/16/16)
2. Geologic Time Scale Events Go to this site and try the quiz.
http://www.glencoe.com/qe/scienceOLC.php?qi=6024
3. Practice Quiz for the Nature of Fossils. Go to this site and try the quiz.
http://anthro.palomar.edu/time/quizzes/timquiz1.htm
VI. REFLECTION 15 minutes ● The learner communicates the explanation of their personal
assessment as indicated in the Learner’s Assessment Card.
● The learner, in their notebook, will write their personal insights about the
lesson using the prompts below.
I understand that ___________________.
I realize that ________________________.
I need to learn more about __________.
Prepared by: Marianne Kristine A. Rayala, Master Teacher I Checked by: Jocelyn B. Reyes