04-06-2014

Indo-Norwegian Training Programme on Seismic Design of Multi-storey

Buildings: IS 1893 vs. Eurocode 8
May 26-28, 2014 at New Delhi
OUTLINE
• Rigid Base Model
MODELLING OF SOIL-FOUNDATION- • Flexible Base Model
STRUCTURE SYSTEM • Modeling of Shallow foundation
• Modeling of Raft foundation
by
• Modeling of Pile foundation
SHRABONY ADHIKARY
Research Scholar
(Department of Earthquake Engineering, IIT Roorkee)

FOUNDATION MODELING
Flexible Base Model
ASSUMPTION(FEMA-440)
Geotechnical
Rigid Base Model components of Structural
foundation components of
foundation

Infinitely rigid foundation and soil

Ug=free field motion (FFM)

with conventional damping
Ug=free field motion (FFM)
with conventional damping
• Base rotations and translations
• Inappropriate for Structural systems that incorporate stiff vertical system • Predicted period of the structure lengthens
for lateral resistance(e.q, shear walls,braced frames) • Distribution of forces among various element changes
• Allowable for moment frames • Realistic evaluation of the probable structural behavior

Soil Flexibility -ASCE 41

METHOD 1
For Rigid shallow foundation and flexible soil system

SOIL MODELLING FOR P

SHALLOW FOUNDATION ksr

M

ksh
H
ksv

1
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Stiffness of foundation at surface Correction Factor for Embedment

ASCE 41 ASCE 41

Effective shear modulus

METHOD 2
Flexible Base properties and Soil For Rigid shallow foundation and flexible soil system
Properties
Winkler Model
Foundation dimensions •
• Length, L
• Width, B Coefficient or
Modulus of Subgrade Reaction
• Thickness, d
• Depth, D 6 .83 G
k end =
(1 − ν )
ASCE 41 Stiffness per unit length
0 .73 G
k mid =
(1 − ν )
Component Stiffness

Modulus of Subgrade Reaction Empirical Relationships

IS 9214 (1979): Method of determination of modulus of subgrade reaction (ks-
value) of soils in field (Terzaghi Equation) (Vesic Equation,1961)

Initial Tangent For Footing on clay

or
Pressure, σ

initial secant line ks = k1 (B1/B)

ks = Es/B(1-µ2)
Δσ ks =Δσ/Δδ ks=1.33* kP * (Bp/B) 0.73 Moayad and Janbaz(2008)

Δδ
For Footing on sand
Deformation, δ
ks = k1 (B+B1/2B)2
ks value is taken as the slope of the line passing through the origin and the point on
the curve corresponding to 1.25 mm settlement

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METHOD 3

For flexible shallow foundation and soil system

unit subgrade spring coefficient, ksv

1 . 3G
k sv =
B (1 − ν )
SOIL MODELLING FOR RAFT
Poisson’s ratio ν FOUNDATION
v = 0.50 for saturated clay soils
ν = 0.25 for all other soils

Decoupled Winkler spring model similar to Method 2

IS : 2950 (Part I) – 1981, Code of Practice for Design and

Construction of Raft Foundations, Part 1 Design
Modeling of Raft Foundation

Rigid Foundation (Conventional Method)

a) The foundation is rigid relative to the supporting soil and the compressible soil
layer is relatively shallow.
b) The contact pressure variation is assumed as planar, such that the centroid of
the contact pressure coincides with the line of action of the resultant force of all
loads acting on the foundation. Column

Flexible Foundation (Simplified Method)

It is assumed that subgrade consists of an infinite array of individual elastic springs
each of which is not affected by others. The spring constant is equal to the
modulus of subgrade reaction ( k ). The contact pressure at any point under the
raft is, therefore, linearly proportional to the settlement at the point.

Estimate of Modulus of subgrade

Calculation of node springs reaction ks for Sandy soil
Loose Sand 4800-16000 kN/m3

9600-80000 kN/m3
Medium Dense Sand

Dense Sand 64000-128000 kN/m3

Clayey Medium Sand 32000-80000 kN/m3

Ki(kN/m) =ks (kN/m3)×Area(m2)

Silty Medium Dense Sand 24000-48000 kN/m3

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Estimate of Modulus of subgrade

reaction ks for Clayey soil
12000-24000 kN/m3
Clay, qa < 200kPa

SOIL MODELLING FOR PILE

Clay, 200kPa < qa <800kPa
24000-48000 kN/m3 FOUNDATION

>48000 kN/m3
Clay, qa > 800kPa

Determination of Depth of Fixity Determination of Lateral deflection and

Maximum moment in the Pile
IS : 2911 (Part 1/Sec 4) - 1984 IS : 2911 (Part 1/Sec 4) - 1984

Winkler Model Calculation of spring coefficients

Silva 2008 Silva 2008
Horizontal soil spring stiffness at any depth was obtained according to the relation

Vertical end bearing soil spring stiffness at bottom was obtained according to the
relation

Vertical skin friction spring stiffness along length of pile

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