Composites: Part B 43 (2012) 1405–1416

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Composites: Part B
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Analytical solution for bending of moderately thick radially functionally graded

sector plates with general boundary conditions using multi-term extended
Kantorovich method
S.M. Mousavi, M. Tahani ⇑
Department of Mechanical Engineering, Faculty of Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran

a r t i c l e i n f o a b s t r a c t

Article history: An analytical solution for bending of radially functionally graded (RFG) sector plates is presented using
Received 12 May 2011 multi-term extended Kantorovich method (MTEKM). Utilizing the principle of minimum total potential
Accepted 30 November 2011 energy the governing equations are derived based on a first-order shear deformation theory and con-
Available online 8 December 2011
verted into two sets of coupled ordinary differential equations (ODEs) using MTEKM. Next, the derived
sets of ODEs are solved analytically by the application of state-space method. Various examples are inves-
Keywords: tigated by the present method and also solid sector plates are studied as special cases. Results of the pres-
A. Plates
ent method are compared to those obtained by finite element method (FEM) and also available published
B. Mechanical properties
C. Analytical modeling
works in the literature. It is found that the method proposed here exhibits a high convergence rate as well
as presenting accurate results in all cases.
Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.

1. Introduction
Circular and sector plates are extensively used in all fields of
engineering. Bridge decks, thrust bearing plates, turbine disks
and clutches [1–3] are only some of the applications which can
exemplify the versatility of their usage. Recent advancements in
metallurgy have enabled us to manufacture materials with varying
properties in one or two directions which are known as function-
ally graded materials (FGMs). FGMs are first introduced by Japa-
nese scientists in 1984 [4] and since then many researches have
been conducted upon them [3–22]. These materials exhibit great
mechanical behavior especially in high temperature environment
due to gradual change of properties.
Due to the practical importance as well as design purposes,
many researches have been carried out both on static and dynamic
analysis of circular and sector plates [1–3,6–40]. The first case con-
cerning sector plates is believed to be the work of Nadai, cited by
Timoshenko and Woinowsky-Krieger [23], on bending analysis of
sector plates which was published in 1915. Conway and Huang
[24] studied bending of sectorial plates with clamped edges under
uniform loading. Next, Ramachandra and Sridhara [25] investi-
gated the case of sector plates having clamped radial edges and
general boundary conditions along curved edges. Stability of
orthotropic sector plates was studied by Rubin [26] based on the
classical plate theory. Static and dynamic governing equations of
⇑ Corresponding author. Tel./fax: +98 511 876 3304.
E-mail address: mtahani@ferdowsi.um.ac.ir (M. Tahani).
thin and thick sectorial plates were then solved by Cheung and
Chan [27] implementing finite strip method. Furthermore, Harik
[28] presented an analytical solution for bending of orthotropic
sector plates using eigenfunction series. By the application of
matrix method Srinivasan and Thiruvenkatachari [29] studied
large deflection of annular sector plates. Moreover, elastic large
deflection of annular sector plates was investigated by Salehi and
Turvey [30] using dynamic relaxation (DR) finite difference
method. After that, Salehi and Shahidi [31] presented a numerical
solution for large deflection behavior of thick isotropic sector
plates using DR method. Next, Sridhar and Rao [32] analyzed large
deflection of laminated circular composite plates utilizing finite
element method. In 1996, McGee et al. [33] developed an exact
solution for vibration of sectorial plates with Levy-type boundary
conditions. Reddy et al. [8] studied axissymmetric bending of
circular and annular circular plates based on FSDT.
Recently, both linear and non-linear studies have been con-
ducted on sector plates mostly based on differential quadrature
method (DQM). Liu and Liew [34] implemented differential
quadrature element method (DQEM) for static analysis of Reiss-
ner–Mindlin polar plates. Liew and Liu [35] also solved linear free
vibration of isotropic Mindlin sector plates using DQM. Salehi and
Sobhani [36] analyzed non-linear bending of rectilinearly fiber-
reinforced laminated sector plates. Next, Nath et al. [37] imple-
mented DQM to investigate non-linear analysis of moderately
thick sector plates. Also, Andakhshideh et al. [38] investigated
non-linear bending of composite sector plates using generalized
DQM. Unlike most of the researches which deal with isotropic

1359-8368/$ - see front matter Ó 2011 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
doi:10.1016/j.compositesb.2011.11.068
1406 S.M. Mousavi, M. Tahani / Composites: Part B 43 (2012) 1405–1416
and orthotropic materials, an increasing number of papers have
been published about FGM circular and sector plates in the last
three years. Najafizadeh and Heydari [9] considered buckling of
FG sector plates using higher-order shear deformation theory.
Nie and Zhong [10] studied vibration of FGM annular sectorial
plates which are simply supported along radial edges. Li et al.
[11] solved bending of a transversely isotropic FG circular plate.
Next, Tornabene [12] applied GDQM to solve free vibration of con-
ical cylindrical and annular plate. Sahraee [13] presented an ana-
lytical solution for bending of FG sectorial plates based on
Levinson plate theory. Bending of rotating FG disk was analyzed
by Bayat et al. [15]. In continuation, Bayat et al. [16] presented
an analysis on thermomechanical problem of rotating FG disk with
variable thickness. Moreover, Hosseni-Hashemi et al. [17] investi-
gated buckling of RFG circular and annular sector plates on elastic
foundation using DQM. Also, Hosseni-Hashemi et al. [18] imple-
mented the same method to investigate vibration of variable thick-
ness RFG sectorial plates on elastic foundation. Shahzamanian et al.
[19] studied thermoelastic contact problem of FG axisymmetric
disks. Furthermore, extended Kantorovich method was used in
combination with DQM to solve bending of fully clamped FG sector
plates by Aghdam et al. [20]. Moreover, Sepahi et al. [21] studied
large deflection of annular plate on non-linear foundation using
DQM. Most recently, however, Naderi and Saiedi [22] presented
an exact solution for buckling of thick FG sector plates resting on
Winkler foundation.
By looking at above mentioned references it can be concluded
that although many studies have analyzed mechanical response
of functionally graded circular and sector plates recently, quite
few cases are devoted to the RFGM sector plates and none pre-
sented an analytical solution for bending of them. Therefore, here
we have employed extended Kantorovich method to investigate
flexural response of RFG sector plates.
Extended Kantorovich method (EKM) was first introduced by
Kerr [41] and applied to torsion of prismatic bars with rectangular
cross-section and it was extended to investigate bending [42–46],
buckling [47–50] and vibration [51–54] of rectangular plates. The
method presents an analytical solution for two-dimensional prob-
lems by means of transforming a set of partial differential equa-
tions (PDEs) into two sets of coupled ODEs and then solving
them iteratively until a desired convergence is achieved. In this
method, it is assumed that one may present the solution as a prod-
uct of two independent functions of the problem’s spatial variables
or a sum of products of such functions (which are fi(x) and gi(y) for
a rectangular coordinate system or as for the present case fi(r) and
gi(h)) and each product is referred to as a solution term. Therefore,
considering the assumed number of solution terms, the method
can be categorized into single-term extended Kantorovich method
(STEKM) or multi-term extended Kantorovich method. MTEKM is
an extension over STEKM which provides more accurate results
by taking two or more numbers of solution terms. It is indisputable
that STEKM is faster in comparison to MTKEM, however, it has
been proven that MTEKM provides much more accurate results
which can cover a wider spectrum of problems with great accuracy
[46,47]. Recently, EKM has been utilized for the problems of polar
coordinate system as well as rectangular Cartesian coordinate sys-
tem. Aghdam et al. [39] used STEKM to analyze bending of thin
annular sector plates. Moreover, Alijani and Aghdam [54] applied
the method to the bending of clamped cylindrical panels and
Abouhamze et al. [55] investigated bending of symmetrically
laminated cylindrical panels using EKM. Next, Aghdam and
Mohammadi [40] implemented STEKM to the bending of thick
orthotropic sector plates. Aghdam et al. [20] also presented a
numerical solution for static analysis of moderately thick function-
ally graded sector plates using STEKM in combination with gener-
alized DQM. In these papers it is shown that the method offers the
same applicability, rapid convergence and great precision for prob-
lems of polar coordinate system as it does in Cartesian coordinate
system.
To the extent of the authors’ knowledge, no analytical solution
has been reported for bending of RFG sector plates. Hence, utilizing
MTEKM an analytical solution for bending of RFG sector plates is
presented here. Governing equations are developed within the
framework of a FSDT and solved for various boundary conditions
and loadings. Moreover, the presented solution is applied to the
case of solid sector plates which can be treated as special case of
sector plates.
2. Mathematical formulation
2.1. Geometry and material properties
Fig. 1 shows a view of an annular sector plate with a and b as
outer and inner radii respectively. The sector angle is c and it has
a constant thickness of h (see Fig. 1). It is assumed that a down-
ward loading along z-direction is applied on the upper surface of
the sector (z = h/2). For FGM with two material properties which
vary in radial direction, the elasticity modulus (Ef) and Poisson’s ra-
tio (vf) may be expressed by the change of volume fraction as:
Ef ¼ ðEc  Em ÞV f þ Em
ð1Þ
mf ¼ ðmc  mm ÞV f þ mm
in which Em and Ec are, respectively, elasticity modulus of metal and
ceramic parts also vm and vc denote their Poisson’s ratios. Moreover,
Vf is defined by a power-law as follows:
 a
r  r mid 1
Vf ¼ þ ð2Þ
ab 2
where rmid is the radius at the middle of sector plate shown in Fig. 2
and a is a gradient index. Given material properties defined by (1)
one can conclude that the material varies smoothly from the metal
phase at inner radius to ceramic one at outer radius.
2.2. Governing equations
As previously mentioned displacements are defined within the
framework of a FSDT which can be written as follows upon the
application of MTEKM:
 i ðhÞ
 i0 ðhÞ þ zwi ðrÞw
uðr; h; zÞ ¼ u0 ðr; hÞ þ zwðr; hÞ ¼ ui0 ðrÞu
v ðr; h; zÞ ¼ v 0 ðr; hÞ þ zuðr; hÞ ¼ v i0 ðrÞv i0 ðhÞ þ zui ðrÞu i ðhÞ
ð3Þ
i ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; n
wðr; h; zÞ ¼ w0 ðr; hÞ ¼ wi0 ðrÞw
 i0 ðhÞ
where a repeated index indicates summation over all values of that
 i0 ðhÞ; v i0 ðrÞv
index. Furthermore, ui0 ðrÞu  i0 ðhÞ and wi0 ðrÞw
 i0 ðhÞ denote
displacements of a point at mid-plane and wi ðrÞw  i ðhÞ and
Fig. 1. Geometry and coordinate system of an annular sector plate.
 S.M. Mousavi, M. Tahani / Composites: Part B 43 (2012) 1405–1416 1407

Also, the stress and moment resultants are defined as follows:

Z h=2
ðNr ; Nh ; Nrh ; Q r ; Q h Þ ¼ ðrr ; rh ; rrh ; rrz ; rhz Þdz
h=2
Z h=2
ð9Þ
ðM r ; M h ; M rh Þ ¼ ðrr ; rh ; rrh Þzdz
h=2

The boundary conditions of the simply supported (S), clamped (C)

and free (F) in this theory are defined as:

S : ui0 ¼ v i0 ¼ wi0 ¼ Mir1 ¼ /i ¼ 0 at r ¼ a; b

C : ui0 ¼ v i0 ¼ wi0 ¼ wi ¼ ui ¼ 0 at r ¼ a;
F : Nir1 ¼ Nirh2 ¼ Q ir1 ¼ Mir1 ¼ Mirh2 ¼ 0 at r ¼ a; b i ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; n
ð10Þ
Fig. 2. Schematic of the jth mathematical ring and middle radius.
Taking similar steps one can derive the other set of ODEs
assuming ui0 ; v i0 ; wi0 ; wi and ui as known variables:
ui ðrÞu
 i ðhÞ are, respectively, rotations of a transverse normal about
circumferential and radial directions. dui0 : ðNirh1 Þ0 þ Nir1 þ Nih1 ¼ 0
By substituting the displacement field (3) into the linear
dv i0 : ðNih2 Þ0 þ Nirh2  Nirh3 ¼ 0
strain–displacement relations of elasticity, the following strain–
displacement relations will be obtained: dwi0 : ðQ ih1 Þ0 þ Q ir1 þ Pi ¼ 0 ð11Þ
0 0
er ¼ e þ zjr ; eh ¼ e þ zjh ; ez ¼ 0; crh ¼ c þ zjrh ; crz 0 dwi : ðMirh1 Þ0 þ Mirh1 þ Mih1 þ Q ir2 ¼ 0
r h rh
dui : ðMih2 Þ0 þ Mirh2  Mirh3 þ Q ih2 ¼ 0 i ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; n
¼ c0rz ; chz ¼ c0hz ð4Þ
where R
 i ðhÞ ¼ a rpðr; hÞwi dr is the generalized applied transverse
in which P b 0
ui0 u
 i0 vv
i  i0 load and the generalized stress and moment resultants are defined
e0r ¼ ui00 ui0 ; jr ¼ wi0 w i ; e0h ¼ ; þ 0 0
as:
rr
1 i i
jh ¼ ðw w þ ui u  i0 Þ 2 3 2 3
r fNi gT Nir1 Nih1 Nih2 Nirh1 Nirh2 Nirh3
ð5Þ
ui u i0 v i v i 1  i0  ui u
 i þ ðwi w
6 7 6
4 fMi gT 5 ¼ 4 Mir1 Mih1 Mih2 Mirh1 Mirh2
7
Mirh3 5
c0rh ¼ 0 0 þ v i00 v i0  0 0 ; jrh ¼ ui0 u  iÞ
r r r
i  i0 fQ i gT Q ir1 Q ir2 Q ih1 Q ih2 0 0
 i ; c0 ¼ w0 w0 þ ui u
 i0 þ wi w
c0rz ¼ wi00 w i 2 3
Z a rNr u0 Nh u0 Nh v 0 Nrh u0 rNrh v i00 Nrh v i0
hz i0 i i i
r
6 i0 7
in which a prime denotes ordinary derivative over either r or h ¼ 4 rM r w M h w Mh ui M rh wi
i
rM rh ui0 Mrh ui 5dr ð12Þ
b
directions of unbarred and barred variables, respectively. Using rQ r wi00 rQ r wi Q h wi0 rQ h ui 0 0
the principle of minimum total potential energy
dU þ dV ¼ 0 ð6Þ The simply supported, clamped and free boundary conditions
corresponding to (11) are as follows:
two sets of equilibrium equations and boundary conditions are de-
rived. The first set of equilibrium equations can be shown as follows
assuming the functions u  i0 ; v
 i0 ; w  i and u
 i0 ; w  i to be known:  i0 ¼ v i0 ¼ w
S:u  i ¼ Mi ¼ 0 at h ¼ 0; c
 i0 ¼ w h2
 i ¼ v i ¼ w
C:u i ¼ w i ¼ u i ¼ 0 at h ¼ 0; c i ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; n
dui0 : ðrNir1 Þ0 þ Nirh1 þ Nih1 ¼ 0 0 0 0

dv i0 : ðrNirh2 Þ0 þ Nirh3 þ Nih2 ¼ 0 F: Nirh1 ¼ Nih2 ¼ Q ir1 ¼ Mirh1 ¼ Mih2 ¼ 0 at h ¼ 0; c ð13Þ

dwi0 : ðrQ ir1 Þ0 þ Q ih1 þ rPi ¼ 0 ð7Þ

Now considering a RFG sector plate, the plane-stress constitu-
dwi : ðrMir1 Þ0 þ Mirh1 þ Mih1 þ rQ ir2 ¼ 0
tive relations would be given by:
d i : ðrMirh2 Þ0 þ Mih2 þ Mirh3 þ rQ ih2 ¼ 0
u i ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; n
Rc 8 9
ðkÞ 2 3ðkÞ 8 9ðkÞ
where P ðrÞ ¼ i
0
 i0 dh
pðr; hÞw
is the generalized applied transverse >
>
rr >
>
Q 11 Q 12 0 > e >
> r >
< = 6 7 < =
load and the generalized stress and moment resultants are defined 6 7
as
rh ¼ 4 Q 12 Q 22 0 5 eh ;
>
> >
> >
> >
2 3 : ; : > ;
2 3 rrh 0 0 Q 66 crh
fNi gT Ni Nih1 Nih2 Nirh1 Nirh2 Nirh3
6 i T 7
6 r1 7 ( )ðkÞ " #ðkÞ ( )ðkÞ
4 fM g 5 ¼ 4 Mr1 Mih1 Mih2 Mirh1 Mirh2 Mirh3 7
6 i
5 rrz C 44 0 chz
¼ ð14Þ
fQ i gT Q ir1 Q ir2 Q ih1 Q ih2 0 0 rhz 0 C 55 crz
2 3
Z c Nr u  i0 Nh u i0 Nih v i00 Nirh u
 i00 Nirh v i0 Nirh v i0
6  i Mh w  i Mh u  i0 M rh u 7 ðkÞ
¼ 4 Mr w  i0 Mrh w  i M rh u  i 5dh in which Q ij ði; j ¼ 1; 2; 6Þ is the reduced stiffness coefficient of the
0 ðkÞ
Q rw  i Q hw
 i0 Q r w  i00 Q h ui 0 0 FGM and C ii ði ¼ 4; 5Þ is its stiffness coefficient. Upon substitution
of (14) into (9) and integrating over thickness the consequent stress
ð8Þ
and moment resultants are obtained as follows:
1408 S.M. Mousavi, M. Tahani / Composites: Part B 43 (2012) 1405–1416

Table 1 Table 4
List of materials and corresponding properties. Non-dimensional deflection and in-plane stresses for the case of radially functionally
graded SSCC sector plate with a = 2 under uniform loading.
Property Isotropic [28] Metal Ceramic
  
(aluminum) [59] (silicon carbide) [59] n  max
w r r 0:75; p4 ; 2h r h 0:75; p4 ; 2h r rh 0:75; 716p ; 2h
E (GPa) 200 70 427 1 0.0222 2.0689 1.0180 1.4146
m 0.3 0.3 0.17 2 0.0223 2.0454 1.0150 1.3829
3 0.0224 2.0623 1.0269 1.3736
4 0.0223 2.0374 1.0107 1.3885
FEM [58] 0.0223 2.0270 1.0100 1.3847
Table 2
List of plate types and corresponding geometries.

Plate Geometry Z h=2

Sector plate b = 0.5 m, a = 1 m, c = p/2 ðAij ; Dij Þ ¼ Q ij ð1; z2 Þdz; i; j ¼ 1; 2; 6

h=2
Solid sector plate b = 0, a = 0.5 m, c = p/3 Z ð16Þ
h=2
Aii ¼ C ii ð1; z2 Þdz; i ¼ 4; 5
h=2

8 9 2 38 0 9 Next, upon substitution of (15) into (8) and (12) and the subsequent
>
>
Nr >
>
A11 A12 0 0 0 0 > e >
> r > results in (7) and (11) as well as (10) and (13), governing equilib-
>
> >
> 6 7>
> e0 >>
>
> >
Nh > 6 A22 0 0 0 0 7>
> h >
> rium equations and boundary conditions are obtained. However,
>
> > 6 7> >
<N > = 6 A12 0 0 0
>
<
7 crh =
0
> due to the configuration of (15) one can conclude that in the re-
rh
¼6 7
7> j >; sulted governing equations and boundary conditions (without re-
> Mr >
> > 6 6 D11 D12 0 7> r >
>
> >
> 6 7>
> >
> gard to which BC is chosen) the first two equations are decoupled
>
> Mh > > 4 Sym: D22 0 5>
> j >
>
>
> >
> >
> h >
> from the rest (in both r- and h-directions). Therefore, given the
: ; : ;
Mrh D66 jrh application of transverse loading which leads to homogeneity of
   ( 0
)
the first two sets of governing equations in both directions and con-
Qh A44 0 c
hz
¼ ks 0
ð15Þ sidering the homogeneity of boundary conditions, it can be deduced
Qr 0 A55 c
rz
that ui0 ; v i0 and u
 i0 ; v i0 are readily zero and as a result, the first two
where ks = 5/6 is the shear correction factor defined in the FSDT. equations and their corresponding boundary conditions can be ne-
Moreover, Aij and Dij are given by: glected. Hence, the generalized stress and moment resultants may
be given in terms of displacement components as follows:

Table 3
Comparison of the maximum non-dimensional deflection and moment resultants of present work and those of Tahani et al. [56], Harik [28], Salehi and Turvey [30], Aghdam et al.
[39] and FEM [58].

b/a Present Tahani et al. [56] Salehi and Turvey [30] Harik [28] Aghdam et al. [39] FEM [58]

104 w
 max 0.25 2.8410 2.7600 3.412 2.8400 2.8600 2.8460
0.5 1.4257 1.4200 1.739 1.4100 1.4200 1.4240
0.75 1.0430 0.0900 0.1253 0.1000 1.0200 1.0420

100Mrmax 0.25 1.0940 1.1643 1.1420 1.1119 1.1288 1.0960

0.5 0.9405 0.9531 0.9688 1.0173 0.9336 0.9413
0.75 0.2607 0.2912 0.2686 0.2568 0.2581 0.2614

100Mhmax 0.25 1.1010 1.2638 1.1300 1.1459 1.1298 1.1040

0.5 0.4954 0.5249 0.5092 0.6203 0.4971 0.4959
0.75 0.0789 0.0907 0.0815 0.0698 0.1131 0.0791

Fig. 3. Convergence of non-dimensional deflection along (a) r-direction and (b) h-direction for a FCSC sector plate.
 S.M. Mousavi, M. Tahani / Composites: Part B 43 (2012) 1405–1416 1409

( ) ( )
fNi g  ig
fN
¼ ½Aij fnj g; fQ i g ¼ ½Bij fgj g ð17Þ  ij fnj g; fQ
¼ ½A  i g ¼ ½B
 ij fg
jg ð18Þ
fM gi  ig
fM

Table 5
Comparison of maximum deflection and in-plane normal and shear stresses obtained by present work with those of FEM [58] for metal and RFG sector plates with a = 0.2, a = 0.5
and a = 1 under uniform loading.
  
BC Method  max
w r r 0:75; p4 ; h2 r h 0:75; p4 ; 2h r rh 0:9; 716p ; 2h
Metal CCCC Present 0.0296 2.4936 0.8674 1.0370
FEM [58] 0.0296 2.4981 0.8696 1.0313
CFSC Present 0.0738 3.9657 1.2949 1.871
FEM [58] 0.0738 3.9664 1.2191 1.872
FCSS Present 0.4341 6.4690 6.0946 6.8626
FEM [58] 0.4340 6.4387 6.2186 6.8081
FFCF Present 1.0412 4.7376 1.9690 1.1235
FEM [58] 1.0413 4.6783 2.0082 1.1986
a = 0.2 CCCC Present 0.0066 2.5734 0.6923 1.3732
FEM [58] 0.0064 2.5544 0.6748 1.3493
CFSC Present 0.0159 4.4517 0.9805 2.5901
FEM [58] 0.0155 4.4144 0.9625 2.5770
FCSS Present 0.0975 5.6133 6.0977 9.1114
FEM [58] 0.0927 5.7288 5.9233 8.9311
FFCF Present 0.1889 5.1148 2.5115 1.2599
FEM [58] 0.1830 4.7286 2.4689 1.2447
a = 0.5 CCCC Present 0.0079 2.5012 0.7643 1.4654
FEM [58] 0.0079 2.5055 0.7625 1.4559
CFSC Present 0.0201 4.6384 1.1806 2.9018
FEM [58] 0.0200 4.6742 1.1828 2.9284
FCSS Present 0.1319 5.0361 6.5232 10.4316
FEM [58] 0.1257 5.0688 6.3188 10.1806
FFCF Present 0.1988 5.1144 2.0454 1.0024
FEM [58] 0.1978 4.9859 2.0701 1.0050
a=1 CCCC Present 0.0100 2.2979 0.7975 1.5556
FEM [58] 0.0100 2.2960 0.8038 1.5544
CFSC Present 0.0267 4.6636 1.3642 3.2837
FEM [58] 0.0256 4.6798 1.3736 3.2869
FCSS Present 0.1887 4.2301 6.7429 12.2632
FEM [58] 0.1792 4.2387 6.5158 11.8686
FFCF Present 0.2232 5.1098 1.4610 0.7418
FEM [58] 0.2242 5.1424 1.5003 0.7513

Table 6
Comparison of maximum deflection and in-plane normal and shear stresses obtained by present work with those of FEM [58] for ceramic and RFG sector plates with a = 2 and
a = 5 under uniform loading.
  
BC Method  max
w r r 0:75; p4 ; 2h r h 0:75; p4 ; 2h r rh 0:9; 716p ; 2h
a=2 CCCC Present 0.0130 1.9382 0.7328 1.5657
FEM [58] 0.0130 1.9725 0.7466 1.5780
CFSC Present 0.0371 4.3562 1.4108 3.6207
FEM [58] 0.0376 4.4930 1.4560 3.7560
FCSS Present 0.2646 3.6417 6.1122 13.7338
FEM [58] 0.2574 3.5883 6.0460 13.5652
FFCF Present 0.2802 5.1919 0.6870 0.5742
FEM [58] 0.2816 5.2688 0.7192 0.5420
a=5 CCCC Present 0.0172 1.6849 0.6256 1.2511
FEM [58] 0.0173 1.7129 0.6384 1.2774
CFSC Present 0.0549 3.9071 1.2801 3.3727
FEM [58] 0.0563 4.0312 1.3178 3.5823
FCSS Present 0.3451 4.1223 4.8710 11.8272
FEM [58] 0.3465 4.1928 4.9363 12.1080
FFCF Present 0.4415 5.155 0.2157 0.5979
FEM [58] 0.4440 5.1561 0.2201 0.5583
Ceramic CCCC Present 0.0052 2.4763 0.5477 1.2316
FEM [58] 0.0051 2.4638 0.5437 1.2002
CFSC Present 0.0120 3.9909 0.7062 2.2407
FEM [58] 0.0120 3.9808 0.7042 2.2306
FCSS Present 0.0714 6.2095 5.5052 8.0549
FEM [58] 0.0722 6.1981 5.5031 8.0482
FFCF Present 0.1733 4.6849 2.7434 1.4565
FEM [58] 0.1733 4.6958 2.7388 1.4584
1410 S.M. Mousavi, M. Tahani / Composites: Part B 43 (2012) 1405–1416

Fig. 4. Variations of deflection of SFCC sector plates with different power-law indices along (a) r-direction at (r, p/4) and (b) h-direction at (0.75, h).

where methods have been also implemented in similar cases available

" #T  T in the literature (e.g., see [56]). Therefore, solution procedure for
wi ui wi i0 ui wi r- and h-directions will be discussed separately.
fni g ¼ wi0 ; ; ; ;u ; ; fgi g ¼ wi00 ; wi ; 0 ; ui ð19Þ
r r r r r
3.1. h-Direction
fni g ¼ ½w
 i; w
 i; u  i0 ; u
 i0 ; w  i T ; fg
 i ; u  i g ¼ ½w  i; w
 i0 ; w  i T
 i00 ; u ð20Þ
 ij  and ½B
and the coefficient matrices ½Aij ; ½Bij ; ½A  ij  are defined as: In order to solve (A3), we assume that wi0 ; wi and ui are given.
 ij  and ½B
Therefore, the coefficient matrices ½A  ij  can be calculated
Z c Z c
using (22). Next, we employ the state-space approach to solve
½Aij  ¼ ½a  fni gfnj gT dh; ½Bij  ¼  j gT dh
 i gfg
½b  fg ð21Þ
0 0 (A3). To this end, the following state-space variables are
Z a Z a introduced:
 ij  ¼
½A ½a  fni gfnj gT rdr; ½B
 ij  ¼ ½b  fgi gfgj gT rdr ð22Þ
b b  i0 g; fX 2 g ¼ fw
fX 1 g ¼ fw  i00 g
with  denotes element by element multiplication of matrices.  i g; fX 4 g ¼ fw
fX 3 g ¼ fw  i0 g ð23Þ
Moreover, the matrices [a] and [b] appearing in Eqs. (21) and (22)
i
fX 5 g ¼ fu g; fX 6 g ¼ fu g  i0
are presented in Appendix A.
Finally, the reduced equilibrium equations of (7) and (11) can where for example, fX 1 g ¼ ½w 10 ; w  n0 T . Substitution of Eq. (23)
 20 ; . . . ; w
be expressed in terms of displacements by substituting the gener- into Eq. (A3) results in a system of 6n coupled first-order ordinary
alized stress resultants from (17) and (18) which are reported in differential equations which, on the other hand, may be presented
Appendix A. It is noteworthy to mention that in case of RFGMs as:
ðkÞ
since elasticity modulus differs in r-direction both Q ij ði; j ¼
ðkÞ
1; 2; 6Þ and C ii ði ¼ 4; 5Þ are variable as functions of r. Conse- fX 0 g ¼ ½TfXg þ fFg ð24Þ
quently, Aij and Dij will be functions of r and therefore, their deriv- T T T T
with fXg ¼ ½fX 1 g ; fX 2 g ; . . . ; fX 6 g  . The general solution of Eq.
ative in r-direction are taken into account in (A2). (24) is given by:
Z c
3. Solution method fXg ¼ ½U½QðhÞfKg þ ½U½Q ðhÞ ½Q ðfÞ1 ½U1 fFðfÞgdf ð25Þ
0

In order to obtain an analytical solution for the equilibrium Eqs.
(A2) and (A3), which are derived by application of EKM, state-space
method is utilized here. Due to the dependency of (A3) coefficients
to the r-direction, however, it is impossible to solve (A3) with its
current form. In order to overcome this obstacle a mathematical
ringing method, which will be elaborated upon later, is used and
next, state-space method is applied to the resulted equations. There-
fore, in the first step, a set of assumed functions in one direction (e.g.,
r-direction) are employed as initial guesses to determine the set of
ODEs in the other direction (e.g., h-direction). Here, initial guesses
are taken from common polynomials in which nth function would
be a sum of n polynomials powered by zero to n  1. As the next step
(second step), the solution of the given set of ODEs (e.g., h-direction),
which is obtained by the application of corresponding solution
procedure, is used as the assumed functions to determine coeffi-
cients of governing equations in the first direction (e.g., r-direction)
and therefore, the new set of ODEs can be readily solved applying
the respective solution procedure. This iterative manner will be
repeated for both directions until convergence is achieved.
As mentioned earlier, further mathematical operations are
needed to be applied to r-direction equilibrium equations as such
where ½U is the matrix of eigenvectors of ½T; fKg is an unknown
vector determined by imposing boundary conditions (13) and
½Q ðhÞ is a diagonal matrix given by:
  
½Q ðhÞ ¼ diagðek1 h ; ek2 h ; . . . ; ek6n h Þ ð26Þ
in which 
ki ði ¼ 1; 2; . . . ; 6nÞ are eigenvalues of the coefficient matrix
½T.
3.2. r-Direction
Due to dependency of coefficients of Eq. (A2) to variable r, using
state-space method in r-direction needs a further course of math-
ematical modifications. Therefore, mathematical ringing method,
is utilized here (see Tahani et al. [56] for more information). In this
method, it is assumed that the physical sector is divided into a high
number of mathematical rings (m) with equal thickness (t) so that
the variable coefficients of (A2) are assumed to be constant in each
mathematical ring and the magnitude of radius in all points of jth
ring is assumed to be equal to its mean radius rj as shown in Fig. 2.
Consequently, instead of solving one set of equations with variable
coefficients which has no analytical solution, m sets of ODEs with
 S.M. Mousavi, M. Tahani / Composites: Part B 43 (2012) 1405–1416 1411

constant coefficients are derived so that the state-space method fX 0 gðjÞ ¼ ½TðjÞ fXgðjÞ þ fFgðjÞ ð28Þ
would be applicable to each one. Next, in order to solve (A2) for
jth ring, for convenience, the following state-space variables are Similar to the h-direction, the general solution of Eq. (28) is given
introduced as: by:

fX 1 gðjÞ ¼ fwi0 gðjÞ ; fX 2 gðjÞ ¼ fwi00 gðjÞ fXgðjÞ ¼ ½UðjÞ ½Q ðrÞðjÞ fKgðjÞ þ ½UðjÞ ½Q ðrÞðjÞ
Z ri þt=2
fX 3 gðjÞ ¼ fwi gðjÞ ; fX 4 g ¼ fwi0 gðjÞ ð27Þ
 ½Q ðfÞ1ðjÞ ½U1ðjÞ fFðfÞgðjÞ df ð29Þ
ðjÞ i ðjÞ ðjÞ i0 ðjÞ
fX 5 g ¼ fu g ; fX 6 g ¼ fu g r i t=2

where [U](j) is the matrix of eigenvectors of [T](j) and [Q(r)](j) is a

where, for example, fX 1 gðjÞ ¼ ½w10 ; w10 ; . . . ; wn0 TðjÞ . Upon substitution diagonal matrix given by
of Eq. (27) into Eq. (A2) a system of 6n coupled first-order ODEs is
derived which can be presented as follows: ½QðrÞðjÞ ¼ diagðek1 r ; ek2 r ; . . . ; ek6n r ÞðjÞ ð30Þ

Fig. 5. Distributions of in-plane stress components of SFCC sector plates with different power-law indices along r- and h-directions for (a) r
 r atðr; p=4; h=2Þ, (b)
r r atð0:75; h; h=2Þ, (c) r h atðr; p=4; h=2Þ, (d) r h atð0:75; h; h=2Þ, (e) r rh atðr; 7p=16; h=2Þ and (f) r rh atð0:55; h; h=2Þ.
1412 S.M. Mousavi, M. Tahani / Composites: Part B 43 (2012) 1405–1416

Table 7
Non-dimensional deflection and in-plane stresses for metal, ceramic and RFG solid sector plates with different boundary conditions.
  
BC Method  max
w r r 0:5; p6 ; 2h r h 0:5; p6 ; 2h r rh 0:25; p4 ; 2h
Metal SSC Present 0.0073 0.4346 0.9534 0.0707
FEM [58] 0.0073 0.4353 0.9560 0.0710
FSC Present 0.0362 0.8362 0.0017 0.4397
FEM [58] 0.0361 0.8264 0.0002 0.4285
CSC Present 0.0051 0.2168 0.7007 0.3411
FEM [58] 0.0051 0.2167 0.7005 0.3446
a = 0.2 SSC Present 0.0014 0.3482 0.9269 0.0691
FEM [58] 0.0014 0.3588 0.9339 0.0687
FSC Present 0.0064 0.8433 0.0024 0.5626
FEM [58] 0.0065 0.8692 0.0015 0.5277
CSC Present 0.0001 0.1548 0.6955 0.3631
FEM [58] 0.0001 0.1554 0.7011 0.3693
a=1 SSC Present 0.0017 0.4339 0.9025 0.0294
FEM [58] 0.0017 0.4367 0.921 0.0312
FSC Present 0.0093 0.8741 0.0816 0.7921
FEM [58] 0.0096 0.8832 0.0842 0.8081
CSC Present 0.0012 0.2405 0.6758 0.2358
FEM [58] 0.0012 0.2471 0.6877 0.2393
a=5 SSC Present 0.0038 0.5149 0.7971 0.0001
FEM [58] 0.0038 0.5123 0.8064 0.0053
FSC Present 0.0212 0.8692 0.233 0.6346
FEM [58] 0.0214 0.8838 0.2398 0.6409
CSC Present 0.0026 0.3322 0.6092 0.1346
FEM [58] 0.0026 0.3367 0.6137 0.1381
Ceramic SSC Present 0.0013 0.3132 0.9339 0.0836
FEM [58] 0.0013 0.3139 0.9367 0.0854
FSC Present 0.0058 0.8382 0.0109 0.4657
FEM [58] 0.0058 0.8369 0.0063 0.4514
CSC Present 0.0009 0.1223 0.7019 0.4076
FEM [58] 0.0009 0.1222 0.7017 0.4118

in which ki (i = 1, 2, . . . , 6n) are eigenvalues of the coefficient matrix

ðMir1 ÞðjÞ
¼ ðM ir1 Þðjþ1Þ

[T](j) and {K}(j) is an unknown vector determined by imposing r¼r j þt=2

r¼r jþ1 t=2

boundary, continuity and stress equilibrium conditions. i ðjÞ

i ðjþ1Þ

ðMrh2 Þ
¼ ðMrh2 Þ
ð32Þ
In order to determine the 6mn unknown constants of {K}(j) aside

r¼r j þt=2

r¼r jþ1 t=2

from boundary conditions at r = a and b, the following continuity

ðQ ir1 ÞðjÞ
¼ ðQ ir1 Þðjþ1Þ

and equilibrium conditions at the interfaces of the mathematical r¼rj þt=2 r¼r jþ1 t=2

rings must be satisfied:

The displacement continuity conditions:


where t is depicted in Fig. 2.

ðwi0 ÞðjÞ
¼ ðwi0 Þðjþ1Þ
Hence, given the boundary conditions at inner and outer radii
r¼r j þt=2 r¼r jþ1 t=2


which are defined in (10) as well as (31) and (32) there will be
i ðjÞ
i ðjþ1Þ

ðw Þ
¼ ðw Þ
ð31Þ 6mn equations for 6mn unknowns of {K}(j)(j = 1, . . . , m). By solving
r¼r j þt=2 r¼rjþ1 t=2


the mentioned set of equations 6mn unknowns are derived and
i ðjÞ
i ðjþ1Þ

ðu Þ
¼ ðu Þ
solution for r-direction will be completed.
r¼r j þt=2 r¼r jþ1 t=2
The presented procedure for solving the coupled systems of
The stress equilibrium conditions: governing ODEs will be continued until the solution is converged.

Fig. 6. Variations of deflection of CCC solid sector plates with different power-law indices along (a) r-direction at (r, p/6) and (b) h-direction at (0.25, h).
 S.M. Mousavi, M. Tahani / Composites: Part B 43 (2012) 1405–1416 1413

Fig. 7. Distributions of in-plane stress components of CCC solid sector plates with different power-law indices along r- and h-directions for (a) r
 r atðr; p=6; h=2Þ, (b)
r r atð0:25; h; h=2Þ, (c) r h atðr; p=6; h=2Þ, (d) r h atð0:25; h; h=2Þ, (e) r rh atðr; p=4; h=2Þ and (f) r rh atð0:4; h; h=2Þ.

4. Numerical results sector plates no inner radius support is mentioned due to the nat-
ure of the problem.
To examine applicability of the proposed method and investi- All the numerical results for displacements and stresses shown
gate its accuracy bending problem of several cases are solved. in what follows are presented by means of the following non-
The material properties and geometries of the studied cases are dimensional quantities:
tabulated in Tables 1 and 2, respectively. Furthermore, radial
wEm rr  rh  rrh
length-to-thickness ratio, c ¼ ab
h
, is equal to 20. However, in cases  ¼
w 4
;r
 r ¼ 10 ; rh ¼ 10 2 ; r rh ¼
phc pc2 pc pc
the geometry differs from the stated configurations, the new
3
geometry specifications are mentioned accordingly. Moreover, it Eiso h wmax
 max ¼
w ; M r max ¼ pa2 M r max ; M h max ¼ pa2 M h max
is assumed that in all RFG sector plates the material change 12ð1  m2iso Þpa2
smoothly from a metal phase at inner radius to a ceramic phase
ð33Þ
at outer radius.
Furthermore, in all cases boundary conditions are stated respec- in which c is thickness to radial length ratio, p is the applied load,
tive to the edge number shown in Fig. 1. For instance, FCSS sector Eiso and viso are mechanical properties of the isotropic material
plate has free circumferential edge at inner radius, clamped radial reported in Table 1; also, Em is the elasticity modulus of Aluminum
edge at h = 0, simply supported circumferential edge at outer ra- given in Table 1. Non-dimensional radial and angular quantities are
dius and simply supported radial edge at h = c. Evidently, for solid also defined as:
1414 S.M. Mousavi, M. Tahani / Composites: Part B 43 (2012) 1405–1416
rb  h
r ¼ ;h ¼
ab c boundary conditions and different index gradients are considered.
Furthermore, the two following types of uniform and non-uniform
load distributions are employed as applied forces:
Uniform : p ¼ 1Pa; Non-uniform : p ¼  sinðph=cÞPa
4.1. Sector plates
A sector plate with c = 60° and c = 100 subjected to uniform load
is considered as the first example to validate the present method. It
is assumed that the sector plate is made up of an isotropic material
with mechanical properties given in Table 1 and all edges of the
plate are clamped. Results of non-dimensional deflection w  max
and moment resultants M r max and M h max , which are defined in
(33), are listed and compared in Table 3 to those reported by
Cheung and Chan [57], Harik [28], Salehi and Turvey [30], Aghdam
et al. [39] and the commercial finite element package of Abaqus
[58] for different inner to outer ratios. Apart from deflections
reported by Salehi and Turvey [30] which presents bigger estima-
tions it can be seen that the results obtained by the present method
are in close agreements with those obtained by other investigators
and FEM.
As the next example, the convergence of deflection along r- and
h-directions of a functionally graded FCSC sector plate with a = 1
having the geometry defined in Table 2 under an applied uniform
load is examined and results are depicted and compared to those
of FEM [58] in Fig. 3. It is seen that the method exhibits a high
convergence rate and results overlap only after four iterations.
Therefore, in all other examples the calculated results are achieved
using the same number of iterations.
Furthermore, in order to study the effect of number of solution
terms (i.e., n in Eq. (1)) on calculated deflection and stresses a func-
tionally graded SSCC sector plate with a = 2 and the geometry de-
fined in Table 2 is considered. The present results for maximum
deflection and stress components are tabulated in Table 4 and
compared to those obtained by FEM [58]. It can be concluded that
the results become more accurate as the number of solution terms
increases and the discrepancies between obtained results using
four solution terms and FEM [58] are even less than 0.5% and there-
fore, using more terms seems unnecessary.
Next, the effects of material change and gradient parameter a
on deflection and in-plane stresses of sector plates are investigated
applying the uniform transverse load in (35) and geometry given
by Table 2. In order to show generality of the solution four non-
Levy-type boundary conditions are considered as case studies
and maximum deflection and in-plane normal stresses at mid-
point of upper surface of sector plates and in-plane shear stress
at (0.9, 7p/16, h/2) are tabulated and compared to those of FEM
[58] in Tables 5 and 6. It can be seen that the results obtained by
the present method are in good agreements with those obtained
by FEM [58]. Furthermore, SFCC sector plates with the geometry
defined in Table 2 and different gradient indices are considered un-
der non-uniform loading. The present results for deflections and
in-plane stress components along r- and h-directions are depicted
in Figs. 4 and 5, respectively. As it can be seen in these figures,
using FGMs in sector plates undergoing mechanical loads has con-
siderable effect on deflection whereas it may increase shear stress
depending on the arrangement of boundary conditions, however,
generally it imposes little effect on the in-plane normal stresses.
4.2. Solid sector plates
It is shown in similar cases [38,39] that upon application of very
small values as inner radius one can solve the problem of solid
sector plates. Therefore, solid sector plates with three different
ð34Þ
The plates are subjected to uniform load (35) and their geometric
parameters are presented in Table 2. Results for maximum deflec-
tion along with in-plane normal stresses at (0.25, p/6, h/2) and
ð35Þ in-plane shear stress at (0.25, p/4, h/2) are reported in Table 7
and compared with those obtained by FEM [58]. Once again, great
agreement between results of the present method and those of
FEM [58] is found. Moreover, deflection and in-plane stresses along
r- and h-direction are illustrated in Figs. 6 and 7 for CCC solid sector
plates with geometry of Table 2 and different index gradients. As it
is illustrated in these figures, the application of different FGMs,
which is applied by the change of index gradient, causes great
changes in deflection of the plate whereas it imposes negligible
effect on stresses given the current loading condition. Therefore,
one can acquire a desired flexural response utilizing specific index
gradient.
5. Conclusions
An analytical solution for bending of RFG sector plates with
arbitrary boundary conditions and loadings was presented based
on MTEKM. The principle of minimum total potential energy was
employed to derive governing equations based on the framework
of a FSDT. In order to validate the method, isotropic sector plates
were studied and results were compared with those existing in
the literature as well as FEM. Moreover, investigations into the
number of iterations and also solution terms were conducted. It
was found that four numbers of iteration and four numbers of solu-
tion terms would suffice to obtain great convergence as well as
good accuracy. Furthermore, the effect of the change of index gra-
dient on the response of sector plates subjected to both uniform
and non-uniform transverse loads were investigated for non-
Levy-type boundary conditions and a great agreement between re-
sults of the presented method and those of FEM [58] was found. It
was shown that using FGMs would make considerable changes in
deflection of the plate when a mechanical load is applied on. Final-
ly, bending problem of solid sector plates were studied and once
more good agreement was found between the results obtained
by the present work and those of FEM [58]. It was shown that using
proper material distribution one can obtain customized
displacement.
Appendix A
The coefficient matrices [a] and [b] appearing in Eq. (21) and
(22) are defined as:
2 3
D11 D12 D12 0 0 0
6 7
6 D22 D22 0 0 0 7
6 7
6 7
6 D22 0 0 0 7
6 7
½a ¼ 6 7;
6 D66 D66 D66 7
6 7
6 7
6 Sym D66 D66 7
4 5
D66
2 3
A55 A55 0 0
6 7
6 A55 0 0 7
6 7
½b ¼ ks 6 7 ðA1Þ
6 Sym: A44 A44 7
4 5
A44
Also, the equilibrium equations in r- and h-directions derived by
substituting Eqs. (17) and (18) into Eqs. (7) and (11) can be repre-
sented as follows:
 S.M. Mousavi, M. Tahani / Composites: Part B 43 (2012) 1405–1416 1415

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þ þAij1111  Aij1112  Aij1211 þ Aij1212 þBij44 uj
þ Bij43 wj00 þ Bij41 wj0 ¼ 0:
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