Thin-Walled Structures 182 (2023) 110244

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Thin-Walled Structures
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Asymmetric/Axisymmetric buckling of circular/annular plates under radial

load using first-order shear deformation theory
Adel Mohammad Qolipour a , Hamidreza Eipakchi a , Farid Mahboubi Nasrekani b ,∗
a
Faculty of Mechanical and Mechatronics Engineering, Shahrood University of Technology, Islamic Republic of Iran
b
School of Information Technology, Engineering, Mathematics and Physics, The University of the South Pacific (USP), Suva, Fiji

ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT

Keywords: This paper proposes a mathematical method for the asymmetric buckling analysis of homogeneous and isotropic
Circular/annular plate circular/annular plates under radial load based on the first-order shear deformation theory and nonlinear von
Asymmetric buckling Kármán relations. The buckling load is presented for different combinations of the free, clamped, and simply
Differential quadrature method
supported boundary conditions at the plate outer edges and different aspect ratios. The equilibrium equations
First-order shear deformation theory
which are five coupled nonlinear partial differential equations are extracted using the principle of virtual work
Perturbation technique
and they are solved analytically using the perturbation technique. The stability equations which are a system of
coupled linear partial differential equations with variable coefficients are obtained by employing the adjacent
equilibrium criterion. The differential quadrature method is utilized to find the buckling load which is the
eigenvalue of the stability equations. Also, the buckling load is examined using the classical plate theory as
well. The sensitivity analysis investigates the effect of geometrical parameters on the buckling load. The results
are compared with the obtained results from the classical plate theory, finite elements, and the results were
reported in the other references.

1. Introduction under uniform temperature using the first-order shear deformation

Circular plates are an important component of many engineering
structures such as nozzle covers, end closures in pressure vessels, pump
diaphragms, turbine disks, bulkheads in submarines and airplanes, and
so on [1]. The analysis of circular/annular plates from different view-
points has been the subject of much research. Some of the factors which
are considered usually in the analysis of plates are as the following:
(a) Analysis type: The stress analysis due to different loading, the
free and forced vibrational analysis, the buckling and post-buckling
analysis, and special cases such as the failure analysis are investigated.
(b) Material property: The isotropic, composite, functionally
graded (FG), and time-dependent materials are considered.
(c) Modeling: Three-dimensional (3D) theory of elasticity, shear
deformation theories, classical plate theory (CPT), and size-dependent
aspects are used for modeling.
(d) Solution method: The analytical and numerical methods are
used to solve the governing equations. The asymmetric buckling of the
stiffened circular plate was studied by Rossettos and Yang [2]. They
used the CPT and the analytical solution in their work. Saadaatpour
et al. [3] developed a numerical method for the stability analysis of
arbitrary quadrilateral-shaped elastic plates with intermediate supports
by using the CPT and Galerkin’s method. Najafizadeh and Eslami [4]
studied the thermal buckling of circular plates made of FG materials
theory (FSDT). They proposed an analytical solution with the manip-
ulation of governing equations for an axisymmetric case. Akbarov and
Rezayev [5] investigated the buckling of the elastic and viscoelastic
rotationally symmetric circular plate with a crack. They obtained the
numerical results using the finite elements (FE) method based on the 3D
for formulation. Liew et al. [6] modeled the buckling and post-buckling
behavior of piezoelectric FG rectangular plates that were subjected to
various thermo-electro-mechanical loads employing the Reddy higher-
order shear deformation plate theory (HSDT). An iteration algorithm
was proposed for the solution of the non-linear governing equations.
The axisymmetric nonlinear bending and thermal post-buckling behav-
ior of an FG circular plate under mechanical and thermal loading were
studied, by Ma and Wang [7,8] based on the CPT. The numerical shoot-
ing method was employed to solve the equations. Ma and Wang [9]
used the third-order shear deformation theory (TSDT) and the CPT
for axisymmetric bending and buckling problems of FG circular plates
analytically. Li et al. [10] investigated the geometrically nonlinear
post-buckling of a circular FG plate with an initial imperfection under
thermo-mechanical loads. They used the numerical shooting method for
the solution of the governing equations. Najafizadeh and Heydari [11]
presented an exact analytical solution for the mechanical buckling of
FG circular plates. They derived the equilibrium and stability equations

∗ Corresponding author.
E-mail address: farid.nasrekani@usp.ac.fj (F.M. Nasrekani).

https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tws.2022.110244
Received 16 August 2022; Received in revised form 4 October 2022; Accepted 9 October 2022
Available online xxxx
0263-8231/© 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.
A.M. Qolipour, H. Eipakchi and F.M. Nasrekani
of an FG circular plate under uniform radial compression, based on the
HSDT analytically for an axisymmetric case. Saidi et al. [12] obtained
axisymmetric bending and buckling solution of FG circular thick plates
based on the HSDT analytically. Farajpour et al. [13] studied the ax-
isymmetric buckling of circular graphene sheets under uniform in-plane
edge loads using the nonlocal elasticity theory in conjunction with the
CPT. They solved the governing equation analytically. An analytical so-
lution for bending, buckling and vibration analysis of thick rectangular
plates was presented by Thai and Choi [14] applying a two-variable
refined plate theory. This theory accounted for parabolic variations of
transverse shear stress through the thickness. Lal and Ahlawat [15]
presented axisymmetric buckling and vibrations of FG circular plates
subjected to uniform in-plane force based on the CPT. They employed
the differential transform method to solve the motion equation for
simply supported and clamped plates. Mojahedin et al. [16] analyzed
the buckling of radially loaded circular plates made of porous materials
based on the HSDT. They obtained an analytical solution for the
axisymmetric circular plates. Fan et al. [17] studied the axisymmetric
bending of foamed metal circular plate based on the FSDT, and CPT by
the shooting method. Ahlawat and Lal [18] presented the axisymmetric
vibrations and buckling of multi-directional FG circular plate on the
elastic foundation based on the CPT. They used the generalized dif-
ferential quadrature method (DQM) to obtain the eigenvalues. Bagheri
et al. [19] investigated the asymmetric thermal buckling behavior of
isotropic homogeneous annular plates resting on a partial Winkler-
type elastic foundation. The FSDT was used to obtain the governing
equations and the associated boundary conditions (BC). They solved
the resulting equations using the DQM. Feyzi and Khorshidvand [20]
investigated the axisymmetric post-buckling of a homogeneous and
isotropic saturated porous circular plate under uniformly distributed
radial compression. They obtained the nonlinear governing equations
based on the CPT and used the shooting method to solve the governing
equations. Yang et al. [21] examined the buckling and post-buckling
behaviors of FG beams reinforced with graphene plates. They derived
the nonlinear governing equations within the framework of the FSDT
and solved them using the DQM. Mirsalehi et al. [22] investigated the
mechanical instability and free vibration of the FG micro-plate based
on the Kirchhoff displacement field and the modified strain gradient
theory and solved the equations using the spline finite strip method.
Mohammadimehr et al. [23] presented the bending, buckling, and vi-
bration analysis of reinforced micro-composite circular/annular plates
under hydro-thermo-magneto-mechanical loadings using the FSDT and
modified strain gradient theory. They solved the governing equations
by the DQM. Abolghasemi et al. [24] investigated the buckling of the
isotropic rectangular plates with a circular cutout under uniaxial and
biaxial loading. The complex potential method was used to calculate
the pre-buckling stress distribution around the cutout of the plate with
the finite dimensions. They calculated the potential energy of the plate
by considering the FSDT and used the Ritz method to estimate the
buckling load. Bagheri et al. [25] analyzed the buckling behavior of
an isotropic homogeneous rotating annular plate subjected to uniform
compression based on the FSDT. They used the generalized DQM to
solve the stability equations. The equilibrium equations were solved
analytically for the axisymmetric case. Lal and Ahlawat [26] obtained
the effect of hydrostatic loading on the free axisymmetric vibrations
and buckling of two directional FG circular plates for the FSDT formu-
lation. They solved the governing equations by employing the DQM.
Bagheri et al. [27] presented the buckling of an isotropic homogeneous
annular plate subjected to torque on its outer edge. The governing
equations were established with Mindlin’s plate theory and solved by
the generalized DQM. Moita et al. [28] presented the linear buckling
and geometrically nonlinear analysis of laminated composite and FG
plates under mechanical and thermal loads. They obtained the solutions
by using a FE model based on the TSDT. Geng et al. [29] studied the
buckling analysis of FG graphene plates with the FE approach. They
modeled the structure using the FSDT. Arshadi et al. [30] presented a
2
Thin-Walled Structures 182 (2023) 110244
numerical analysis of the bending and buckling of non-homogeneous
circular/annular micro sandwich plates on the Pasternak layer using
the generalized DQM. The governing equations were derived using
the FSDT and modified couple stress theory. Fiorini and Ruta [31]
studied the buckling behavior of FG circular plates by neglecting the
shear deformations based on the CPT and using the linear strain–
displacement relations. Pawlus [32] evaluated the static stability of
composite annular plates based on the CPT and by employing the finite
difference method. The composite plate was made of auxetic facings
and a foam core. Alzawari et al. [33] studied the hygrothermal buckling
of piezoelectric circular nanoplates based on the CPT and the modified
Halpin–Tsai model. The equations were solved using the DQM.
According to previous studies, most researchers solved the buckling
governing equations numerically for the asymmetric case. In some
cases, these equations were solved analytically JUST for the circular
(and not annular) axisymmetric plates. In this study:
a. The equilibrium equations for prebuckling of a circular/annular
plate based on the FSDT and considering the nonlinear von
Kármán kinematic relations are derived which are a system
of coupled nonlinear partial differential equations. Both radial
and lateral deflections are considered in the formulation. By
applying the perturbation technique, an analytical solution for
axisymmetric/asymmetric radial loading and general boundary
conditions are presented.
b. The stability equations are obtained according to the adjacent
equilibrium criterion. These equations are a system of homoge-
nous coupled linear partial differential equations with variable
coefficients. The eigenvalues of this system are the buckling
loads. For this purpose, the DQM and averaging method (AM)
are employed for general boundary conditions. The DQM is
a numerical method and AM is an approximated analytical
solution.
c. The proposed solutions may conduct a parametric study that is
not applicable in numerical methods easily e.g., investigating
the effects of different geometrical parameters and boundary
conditions on the results. The results are compared with the FE
and references.
2. Equilibrium equations
An isotropic homogeneous annular plate with outer radius 𝑟𝑜 = a,
inner radius 𝑟𝑖 = b, and thickness h is considered. For defining the
geometry of the plate, the cylindrical coordinates system (r, 𝜃, z) is used
where r, 𝜃, and z are radial, circumferential, and through-thickness
coordinates (Fig. 1). The plate is subjected to a radial load per length
Q (N/m) in the mid-plane.
To obtain the governing equilibrium equations and boundary con-
ditions, the principle of virtual work is used. According to the virtual
work, variation of strain energy is equal to the variation of external
work as follows [34]:
𝛿 𝑊𝐼 = 𝛿 𝑊𝐸 (1a)
where 𝑊𝐼 is the strain energy and 𝑊𝐸 is the external work. The
variations of strain energy and external work are obtained as follows:
𝛿𝑊𝐼 = 𝜎𝑖𝑗 𝛿𝜀𝑖𝑗 𝑑𝑉
∫𝛺
= (𝜎𝑟 𝛿𝜀𝑟 + 𝜎𝜃 𝛿𝜀𝜃 + 𝜎𝑧 𝛿𝜀𝑧 + 𝜏𝑟𝜃 𝛿𝛾𝑟𝜃 + 𝜏𝑧𝜃 𝛿𝛾𝑧𝜃 + 𝜏𝑟𝑧 𝛿𝛾𝑟𝑧 )𝑑𝑉 (1b)
∫𝛺
⇀ ⇀ ⇀ ⇀
𝛿𝑊𝐸 = 𝑓 .𝛿 𝑈 𝑑𝑉 + 𝑇 .𝛿 𝑈 𝑑𝑠 (1c)
∫𝛺 ∫𝛤𝜎
where 𝜎𝑖𝑗 and 𝜀𝑖𝑗 are stress and strain tensor elements, respectively.
𝛺 is the body volume, and 𝛤𝜎 is the surface of the boundary. dV, ds
are the volume and surface elements, and T, f, and 𝛿U are the traction,
body force, and virtual displacement vectors, respectively. Note that
A.M. Qolipour, H. Eipakchi and F.M. Nasrekani Thin-Walled Structures 182 (2023) 110244

Fig. 1. Geometry and coordinates system of plate.

Eq. (1b) is valid when the constitutive equations are linear. To use where 𝑒𝑞 1 . . . 𝑒𝑞 5 are equilibrium equations in terms of stress resultants
Eqs. (1), we start by defining the displacement field. For the plate in which are reported later. The stress resultants are defined as the
Fig. 1, the displacement components according to the FSDT are as the following:
following [34]:
⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫
𝑢𝑟 = 𝑢 = 𝑢0 (𝑟, 𝜃) + 𝑧𝑢1 (𝑟, 𝜃), u𝜃 = 𝑣 = 𝑣0 (𝑟, 𝜃) + 𝑧𝑣1 (𝑟, 𝜃), ⎪𝑁 𝑟 ⎪ ⎪ 𝜎𝑟 ⎪ { } { }
⎪ ⎪ ℎ∕2
⎪ ⎪ 𝑄𝑟 ℎ∕2 𝜏𝑟𝑧
u𝑧 = 𝑤 = 𝑤0 (𝑟, 𝜃); 𝑈 = {𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤}𝑇 (2) ⎨𝑁 𝜃 ⎬ = ∫ ⎨𝜎𝜃 ⎬ 𝑑𝑧; =
∫
𝑘𝑠 𝑑𝑧;
⎪ ⎪ −ℎ∕2 ⎪ ⎪ 𝑄𝜃 −ℎ∕2 𝜏𝑧𝜃
where 𝑢𝑟 , 𝑢𝜃 , and 𝑢𝑧 are displacement components in the radial, cir- ⎪𝑁𝑟𝜃 ⎪ ⎪𝜏𝑟𝜃 ⎪
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
cumferential and transverse directions, respectively. 𝑢0 , 𝑣0 , and 𝑤0
designate the displacements of the mid-surface of the plate in r, 𝜃, and ⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫
⎪ 𝑀𝑟 ⎪ ⎪ 𝜎𝑟 ⎪
z directions, respectively. Also, 𝑢1 and 𝑣1 denote the transverse normal ⎪ ⎪ ℎ∕2
⎪ ⎪
⎨ 𝑀𝜃 ⎬ = ∫ 𝑧 ⎨𝜎𝜃 ⎬ 𝑑𝑧 (5)
rotations about the 𝜃 and r axis, respectively. In this study, the von ⎪ ⎪ −ℎ∕2 ⎪ ⎪
Kármán strains are used as follows [35]: ⎪𝑀𝑟𝜃 ⎪ ⎪𝜏𝑟𝜃 ⎪
( ) ( )2 ⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑤 2 𝜕𝑢0 𝜕𝑢 1 𝜕𝑤0
𝜀𝑟 = + = +𝑧 1 +
𝜕𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 2 𝜕𝑟 In which 𝑘𝑠 describe the shear correction factor. From Eq. (1c), the
( )2 𝑢 𝑢
𝑢 1 𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑤 work done by the outer radial load Q is obtained as follows:
𝜀𝜃 = + + = 0 +𝑧 1
𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 2𝑟2 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝑟
( ) ( ) 2𝜋
1 𝜕𝑣0 𝜕𝑣1 1 𝜕𝑤0 2
+ +𝑧 + 𝛿𝑊𝐸 = (𝑟𝑄𝛿𝑢0 ) |𝑟=𝑟𝑜 𝑑𝜃 (6)
𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 2𝑟2 𝜕𝜃 ∫0
( ) (3)
1 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣 𝑣 1 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤 1 𝜕𝑢0 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑣
𝛾𝑟𝜃 = + − + = +𝑧 1 + 0 According to Eqs. (1), (5), (6), the equilibrium equations are extracted
𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟
in terms of stress resultants as the following:
𝜕𝑣1 1 ( ) 1 𝜕𝑤0 𝜕𝑤0
+𝑧 − 𝑣 + 𝑧𝑣1 +
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 0 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕 𝜕𝑁𝑟𝜃
𝑒𝑞1 ∶ − (𝑟 𝑁𝑟 ) + 𝑁𝜃 − = 0;
𝜕𝑣 1 𝜕𝑤 1 𝜕𝑤0 𝜕𝑢 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤0 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝛾𝑧𝜃 = + = 𝑣1 + ; 𝛾𝑟𝑧 = + = 𝑢1 + ; 𝜀𝑧 = 0
𝜕𝑧 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑧 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑀𝑟𝜃
𝜕
𝑒𝑞2 ∶ − (𝑟 𝑀𝑟 ) + 𝑀𝜃 − + 𝑟 𝑄𝑟 = 0
Substituting Eqs. (2), (3) into Eqs. (1), results in: 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃
𝑟𝑜 2𝜋 ( )
𝛿𝑊𝐼 = 𝑒𝑞1 𝛿𝑢0 + 𝑒𝑞2 𝛿𝑣0 + 𝑒𝑞3 𝛿𝑢1 + 𝑒𝑞4 𝛿𝑣1 + 𝑒𝑞5 𝛿𝑤0 𝑑𝑟𝑑𝜃 𝜕𝑁𝜃 𝜕
∫𝑟𝑖 ∫0 𝑒𝑞3 ∶ − − (𝑟 𝑁𝑟𝜃 ) − 𝑁𝑟𝜃 = 0;
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟
2𝜋
+ 𝐴𝜃 𝑑𝜃; 𝜕𝑀𝜃 𝜕
∫0 𝑒𝑞4 ∶ − − (𝑟 𝑀𝑟𝜃 ) − 𝑀𝑟𝜃 + 𝑟 𝑄𝜃 = 0
(4) 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟
𝜕 𝜕𝑤 𝜕𝑤0 𝜕 𝑁𝜃 𝜕𝑤0 𝜕𝑤0
𝐴𝜃 = 𝑟𝑁𝑟 𝛿𝑢0 + 𝑟𝑀𝑟 𝛿𝑢1 + 𝑟𝑁𝑟𝜃 𝛿𝑣0 + 𝑟𝑀𝑟𝜃 𝛿𝑣1 𝑒𝑞5 ∶ (𝑟 𝑁𝑟 0 + 𝑁𝑟𝜃 + 𝑟 𝑄𝑟 ) + ( + 𝑁𝑟𝜃 + 𝑄𝜃 ) = 0
𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟
𝜕𝑤0 𝜕𝑤
+(𝑟𝑄𝑟 + 𝑁𝑟𝜃 + 𝑟𝑁𝑟 0 )𝛿𝑤0 (7)
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟

3
A.M. Qolipour, H. Eipakchi and F.M. Nasrekani Thin-Walled Structures 182 (2023) 110244

𝑛1 𝑛1
The corresponding essential and natural boundary conditions are as the ∑ ∑
𝑣1 ∗ = 𝜀𝑖 𝑣1𝑖 ∗ ; 𝑤0 ∗ = 𝜀𝑖 𝑤0𝑖 ∗ (11)
following: 𝑖=1 𝑖=1
𝑢0 = 0 or 𝑁𝑟 − 𝑄 = 0 at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜 ; where 𝑛1 is the number of terms in the perturbation expansions.
Eqs. (11), are substituted into the dimensionless form of the equilibrium
𝑢0 = 0 or 𝑁𝑟 = 0 at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑖
equations (A.1),. . . ,(A.5) and dimensionless boundary conditions, and
𝑢1 = 0 or 𝑟𝑀𝑟 = 0 at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜 , 𝑟𝑖 ; the terms with the same order of 𝜀 are separated. The equations
(8) order-one are as follows:
𝑣0 = 0 or 𝑟𝑁𝑟𝜃 = 0 at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜 , 𝑟𝑖
𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑣
𝐿1 [𝑢01 ∗ , 𝑣01 ∗ ] = 0; 𝐿1 [𝑢, 𝑣] = − − 𝛽2 − (𝛽1 + 𝛽2 ) ∗ (12a)
𝑣1 = 0 or
𝑟𝑀𝑟𝜃 = 0 at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜 , 𝑟𝑖 𝜕𝑋 2 𝜕𝜃 ∗2 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑋
∗ ∗ ∗
𝜕𝑤0 𝜕𝑤 𝐿2 [𝑢11 , 𝑣11 , 𝑤01 ] = 0;
𝑤0 = 0 or 𝑁𝑟𝜃 + 𝑟𝑁𝑟 0 + 𝑟𝑄𝑟 = 0 at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜 , 𝑟𝑖
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑟 ( ) 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕2 𝑢 𝜕𝑤
𝐿2 [𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤] = − 𝛽2 + 𝛽1 − (𝛽2 + ) + 12𝑘𝑠 𝛽2 ( + 𝑢)
To solve the equilibrium equations, it is necessary to write Eqs. (7), 𝜕𝜃 ∗ 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝜃 ∗2 𝜕𝑋 2 𝜕𝑋
in terms of displacement components. Therefore, the stress resultants (12b)
must be determined. For this purpose, we considered the Hooke’s law ( ) 2
𝜕 𝑢 2
𝜕 𝑣 2
𝜕 𝑣
(plane strain and plane stress assumptions) as the following [36]: 𝐿3 [𝑢01 ∗ , 𝑣01 ∗ ] = 0; 𝐿3 [𝑢, 𝑣] = − 𝛽2 + 𝛽1 − 𝛽2 − (12c)
𝜕𝜃 ∗ 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑋 2 𝜕𝜃 ∗2
∗ ∗ ∗
⎧ ⎫ ⎡ ⎤⎧ ⎫
𝐿4 [𝑢11 , 𝑣11 , 𝑤01 ] = 0;
⎪𝜎𝑟 ⎪ ⎢𝐴 𝜆 𝜆 ⎥ ⎪𝜀𝑟 ⎪ ( ) 𝜕2 𝑢
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎪ ⎪ 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕2 𝑣 𝜕𝑤
𝐿4 [𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤] = − 𝛽2 + 𝛽1 − (𝛽2 + ) + 12𝑘𝑠 𝛽2 ( ∗ + 𝑣)
⎨𝜎𝜃 ⎬ = ⎢𝜆 𝐴 𝜆 ⎥⎥ ⎨𝜀𝜃 ⎬ ; 𝐴 = 𝜆 + 2𝐺; (9a) 𝜕𝜃 ∗ 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑋 2 𝜕𝜃 ∗2 𝜕𝜃
⎪ ⎪ ⎢ ⎪ ⎪
⎪𝜎𝑧 ⎪ ⎣𝜆 𝜆 𝐴⎥⎦ ⎪𝜀𝑧 ⎪ (12d)
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭ 𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕𝑣 𝜕𝑢
[ ] [ ] 𝐿5 [𝑢11 ∗ , 𝑣11 ∗ , 𝑤01 ∗ ] = 0; 𝐿5 [𝑢, 𝑣, 𝑤] = −2𝑘𝑠 𝛽2 ( + + + )
𝜏𝑟𝑧 𝜏𝑧𝜃 𝜏𝑟𝜃 = 𝐺 𝛾𝑟𝑧 𝛾𝑧𝜃 𝛾𝑟𝜃 𝜕𝑋 2 𝜕𝜃 ∗2 𝜕𝜃 ∗ 𝜕𝑋
Plane Strain 𝜀𝑧 = 0; 𝜎𝑧 ≠ 0 (12e)
(9b) 𝜕𝑢01 ∗ 𝜕𝑣 ∗
𝜎𝑟 = 𝐴𝜀𝑟 + 𝜆(𝜀𝜃 + 𝜀𝑧 ); 𝜎𝜃 = 𝐴𝜀𝜃 + 𝜆(𝜀𝑟 + 𝜀𝑧 ); 𝜎𝑧 = 𝐴𝜀𝑧 + 𝜆(𝜀𝑟 + 𝜀𝜃 ) at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜 (or 𝑋 = 0) ∶ + 𝛽1 01∗ + 𝑄∗ (𝜃 ∗ ) = 0,
𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝜃
Plane Stress 𝜀𝑧 = 0; 𝜎𝑧 = 0 𝑣01 ∗ = 𝑢11 ∗ = 𝑣11 ∗ = 𝑤01 ∗ = 0 (12f)
𝐸 𝐸 (9c) at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑖 (or 𝑋 = (𝑟𝑖 −𝑟𝑜 )∕ℎ) ∶ 𝑢01 ∗ = 𝑣01 ∗ = 𝑢11 ∗ = 𝑣11 ∗ = 𝑤01 ∗ = 0
𝜎𝑟 = (𝜀𝑟 + 𝜈𝜀𝜃 ); 𝜎𝜃 = (𝜀𝜃 + 𝜈𝜀𝑟 )
1 − 𝜈2 1 − 𝜈2
Eqs. (12f) are the boundary conditions for this order. As it is seen,
where 𝜈, 𝜆, E, and G are Poisson’s ratio, Lame’s constant, the Young, and Eqs. (12) include a system of coupled partial differential equations. The
shear modulus, respectively. From Eqs. (3), (5), (9), the stress resultants first and third equations (Eqs. (12a), (12c)) are coupled together and
are calculated in terms of displacement components. By substituting they relate to the in-plane deformations and the other three equations
the stress resultants into Eqs. (7), the equilibrium equations in terms are coupled too and they defined the out-of-plane deformations. The
of displacement components are determined. These equations contain first order equations include homogeneous coupled equations with
five coupled partial differential equations with variable coefficients. constant coefficients.
Except for the last equation, the other equations are linear. The last
equation has the nonlinearity of order three. The dimensionless form 3.1. Solution of order-one
of equations is reported later.
To solve these equations the solutions are considered as the follow-
3. Solution of equilibrium equations ing expansions. For simplicity, we dropped the Sigma symbol in the
later formulas.
In this section, the analytical solution of the equilibrium equations
based on the perturbation technique is presented. For this aim, it is ⎧ 𝑢01 ∗ (𝑋, 𝜃 ∗ ) ⎫
⎪ 𝑢 ∗ (𝑋, 𝜃 ∗ ) ⎪
required to obtain the dimensionless forms of equations and boundary ⎪ 11 ∗ ∗ ⎪
conditions. The following dimensionless parameters are used in this ⎨ 𝑣01 (𝑋, 𝜃 ) ⎬
⎪ 𝑣11 ∗ (𝑋, 𝜃 ∗ ) ⎪
study: ⎪ ⎪
𝑟 𝜃 𝑢 𝑤 𝑣 ⎩𝑤01 ∗ (𝑋, 𝜃 ∗ )⎭
𝑟∗ = , 𝜃 ∗ = , 𝑢∗0 = 0 , 𝑤∗0 = 0 , 𝑣∗0 = 0 ,
𝑟6 𝑘1 ℎ ℎ ℎ ⎧ 𝑢01 (𝑋, 𝑛) cos(𝑛 ∗ 𝜃 ∗ ) ⎫ ⎧ 𝑢01 (𝑋) cos(𝑛 ∗ 𝜃 ∗ ) ⎫
𝜆 ⎪ 𝑢 (𝑋, 𝑛) cos(𝑛 ∗ 𝜃 ∗ ) ⎪ ⎪ 𝑢 (𝑋) cos(𝑛 ∗ 𝜃 ∗ ) ⎪
∗ ∗ ∑ ⎪ 11
∗ ∗ ⎪ 𝑓 𝑜𝑟 𝑠𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑖𝑐𝑖𝑡𝑦 ⎪ ⎪
𝑢1 = 𝑢1 , 𝑣1 = 𝑣1 , 𝛽1 = 11
(10)
𝐴 = ← ⎨ 𝑣01 (𝑋) sin(𝑛 ∗ 𝜃 ∗ ) ⎬
⎨ 𝑣01 (𝑋, 𝑛) sin(𝑛 𝜃 ) ⎬ ←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←→ (13)
𝐺 ℎ 𝑄(𝜃) 𝑛=1 ⎪ 𝑣 (𝑋, 𝑛) sin(𝑛 ∗ 𝜃 ∗ ) ⎪ ⎪ 𝑣11 (𝑋) sin(𝑛 ∗ 𝜃 ∗ ) ⎪
𝛽2 = , 𝜀 = , 𝑄∗ (𝜃 ∗ ) = , 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜 , 𝑘1 = 𝜀, ⎪ 11 ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
𝐴 𝑟6 𝜀𝐴.ℎ 6 ⎩𝑤01 (𝑋, 𝑛) cos(𝑛 ∗ 𝜃 ∗ )⎭ ⎩𝑤01 (𝑋) cos(𝑛 ∗ 𝜃 ∗ )⎭
where superscript (*) stands for the dimensionless form of parameters. We have 𝑛∗ 𝜃 ∗ = n. 𝜃 where n is a positive integer. By substituting
𝜀 is a small parameter that is used as the perturbation parameter in Eqs. (13), into Eqs. (12), and simplifying them the following differential
the equations. Also, we assume 𝑄∗ (𝜃 ∗ ) = 𝑄∗0 f (𝜃 ∗ ) where f is an
equations are obtained:
arbitrary continuous function of 𝜃 ∗ . By considering the new variable
X =(𝑟∗ -1)/𝜀 and applying the dimensionless parameters Eqs. (10), into 𝑑 2 𝑢01 ( ) 𝑑𝑣
− − 𝛽2 + 𝛽1 𝑛 ∗ 01 + 𝛽2 𝑛 ∗2 𝑢01 = 0 (14a)
the equilibrium equations, the dimensionless form of the equilibrium 𝑑𝑋 2 𝑑𝑋
equations is obtained. These equations are reported in Appendix A (Eqs. 𝑑 2 𝑢11 ( ) 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑤01
− − 𝛽2 + 𝛽1 𝑛 ∗ 11 + 12𝑘𝑠 𝛽2 + (12𝑘𝑠 𝛽2 + 𝛽2 𝑛 ∗2 )𝑢11 = 0
(A.1)–(A.5)). It should be mentioned that the dimensionless forms of 𝑑𝑋 2 𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋
the boundary conditions are obtained using the same dimensionless (14b)
parameters in Eqs. (10). The perturbation theory is used to solve the ( ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑑 2 𝑣01
equilibrium equations [37]. For this purpose, the solution is considered − 𝛽2 + 𝛽2 + 𝛽1 𝑛 ∗ 01 + 𝑛 ∗2 𝑣01 = 0 (14c)
as the following uniform expansion: 𝑑𝑋 2 𝑑𝑋
𝑑 2 𝑣11 ( ) 𝑑𝑢
𝑛1
∑ 𝑛1
∑ 𝑛1
∑ − 𝛽2 + 𝛽2 + 𝛽1 𝑛 ∗ 11 − 12𝑘𝑠 𝛽2 𝑛 ∗ 𝑤01 + (12𝑘𝑠 𝛽2 + 𝑛 ∗2 )𝑣11 = 0
𝑢∗0 = 𝜀𝑖 𝑢0𝑖 ∗ ; 𝑢1 ∗ = 𝜀𝑖 𝑢1𝑖 ∗ ; 𝑣0 ∗ = 𝜀𝑖 𝑣0𝑖 ∗ ; 𝑑𝑋 2 𝑑𝑋
𝑖=1 𝑖=1 𝑖=1 (14d)

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A.M. Qolipour, H. Eipakchi and F.M. Nasrekani Thin-Walled Structures 182 (2023) 110244

𝑑2𝑤 01 𝑑𝑢11 = 𝑣∗11 (𝑋, 𝜃 ∗ ) = 𝑤∗01 (𝑋, 𝜃 ∗ ) = 0 (16)

+ − 𝑛 ∗2 𝑤01 + 𝑛 ∗ 𝑣11 = 0 (14e)
𝑑𝑋 2 𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑢01 𝑑𝑢 By considering Eqs. (11), the equations of order-two are as the follow-
at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜 ∶ + 𝛽1 𝑛 ∗ 𝑣01 = 𝑄2 ∗ , 𝑣01 = 0 → 01 = 0, 𝑣01 = 0; 𝑎𝑛𝑑 ing:
𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋
𝑢11 = 𝑣11 = 𝑤01 = 0; 𝐿1 [𝑢02 ∗ , 𝑣02 ∗ ] + 𝐹21 = 0;
2𝜋∕𝑙𝑝 𝜕 2 𝑢01 ∗ 𝜕 2 𝑢01 ∗ 𝜕2 𝑣 ∗
𝑄2 ∗ =
1
𝑄∗ (𝜃 ∗ ). cos(𝑛 ∗ .𝜃 ∗ )𝑑𝜃 ∗ ; 𝑙𝑝 = 𝑟6 ∕ℎ (14f) 𝐹21 = 𝑋(3 + 𝛽2 + 2(𝛽1 + 𝛽2 ) ∗ 01 ) (17a)
𝜋 ∫0 𝜕𝑋 2 𝜕𝜃 ∗2 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑋
𝜕𝑢 ∗ 𝜕𝑣 ∗
⎧𝐹 𝑟𝑒𝑒 𝐵𝐶 ∶ 𝑑𝑢01 + 𝛽 𝑛 ∗ 𝑣 = 0, 𝑑𝑣01 + 𝑛 ∗ 𝑢 = 0 + 01 − (𝛽2 + 1) 01∗ = 0
⎪ 1 01 01 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝜃
at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑖 ∶ ⎨ 𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋 ; 𝐿2 [𝑢12 ∗ , 𝑣12 ∗ , 𝑤02 ∗ ] = 0; 𝐿4 [𝑢12 ∗ , 𝑣12 ∗ , 𝑤02 ∗ ] = 0;
⎪𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑, 𝑆𝑖𝑚𝑝𝑙𝑒 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑆𝑜𝑙𝑖𝑑 𝐵𝐶 ∶ 𝑢01 = 𝑣01 = 0
⎩ 𝐿5 [𝑢12 ∗ , 𝑣12 ∗ , 𝑤02 ∗ ] = 0 (17b,d,e)
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝑢11 = 𝑣11 = 𝑤01 = 0 ∗ ∗
𝐿3 [𝑢02 , 𝑣02 ] + 𝐹31 = 0;
Eqs. (14f) relates to the boundary conditions. We used the mentioned 𝜕2 𝑢 ∗ 𝜕 2 𝑣01 ∗ 𝜕 2 𝑣01 ∗
𝐹31 = −𝑋(2(𝛽1 + 𝛽2 ) ∗ 01 + + 3𝛽2 )
equations for different boundary conditions. The term ‘‘Solid’’ is used 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝜃 ∗2 𝜕𝑋 2 (17c)
𝜕𝑢01 ∗ 𝜕𝑣01 ∗
for the center of a circular plate. When the external force is in the form
−(𝛽2 + 1) − 𝛽2 =0
of 𝑄∗ (𝜃 ∗ ) = 𝑄∗ 0 f (𝜃 ∗ ) = 𝑄∗ 0 cos(𝑛∗ 𝜃 ∗ ), it results that 𝑄∗ 2 = 𝑄∗ 0 . We 𝜕𝜃 ∗ 𝜕𝑋
express the forgoing formulation with this external force. Eqs. (14a), Eqs. (17) are a system of coupled partial differential equations. Like
(14c) are coupled. Their solutions are considered as follows: Eqs. (12), the first and third equations (Eqs. (17a), (17c)) are coupled
{ } together and the other three equations are coupled. Also, the homo-
𝑢01 (𝑋) { } { }
= 𝛬𝑖 exp(𝜇𝑖 𝑋); 𝛬𝑖 = {𝑎1 , 𝑎3 }𝑇 (15a) geneous parts of equations are the same as the homogeneous parts of
𝑣01 (𝑋) Eqs. (12). The non-homogeneous terms of equations are functions of
the solution of order-one and due to Eqs. (16), the non-homogenous
where 𝜇𝑖 is the eigenvalue and {𝛬𝑖 } is the corresponding eigenvector. parts depend just the in-plane components of the displacement field.
By substituting Eqs. (15a), into Eqs. ((14a), (14c)) a system of algebraic
equations is obtained. ( ) 3.2. Solution of order-two
( ) 𝛽 2 + 𝛽 1 𝑛 ∗ 𝜇𝑖
(𝛽2 𝑛 ∗2 − 𝜇𝑖 2 )𝑎1 − 𝛽2 + 𝛽1 𝑛 ∗ 𝜇𝑖 𝑎3 = 0 → 𝑎1 = 𝑎3
(𝛽2 𝑛 ∗2 − 𝜇𝑖 2 ) The solutions are considered as the following expansions for Eqs.
(15b)
( ) (17a), (17c):
𝛽2 + 𝛽1 𝑛 ∗ 𝜇𝑖 𝑎1 + (𝑛 ∗2 − 𝛽2 𝜇𝑖 2 )𝑎3 = 0
𝑢02 ∗ (𝑋, 𝜃 ∗ ) = 𝑢02 (𝑋) cos(𝑛 ∗ 𝜃 ∗ ); 𝑣02 ∗ (𝑋, 𝜃 ∗ ) = 𝑣02 (𝑋) sin(𝑛 ∗ 𝜃 ∗ ) (18)
From the first equation in (15b), one can determine 𝑎1 in terms of 𝑎3
and by substituting it in the other equation, an algebraic equation is By substituting Eqs. (18), into Eqs. (17), the following differential
derived. It is an order-four equation (in terms of 𝜇i ) which has the equations of order-two are obtained:
repeated roots for an isotropic material (𝜇i = ± n∗ ). So Eqs. (15a) is 𝑑 2 𝑢02 ( ) 𝑑𝑣
− − 𝛽2 + 𝛽1 𝑛 ∗ 02 + 𝛽2 𝑛 ∗2 𝑢02 + 𝑓21 = 0
corrected as the following form: 𝑑𝑋 2 𝑑𝑋
𝑑 2 𝑢01 ( ) 𝑑𝑣 𝑑𝑢
{ } 𝑓21 = 𝑋(3 + 2 𝛽2 + 𝛽1 𝑛 ∗ 01 − 𝛽2 𝑛 ∗2 𝑢01 ) + 01 − (𝛽2 + 1)𝑛 ∗ 𝑣01
𝑢01 (𝑋) { } { } 𝑑𝑋 2 𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋
= ( 𝛬𝑖0 + 𝑋. 𝛬𝑖1 ) exp(𝜇𝑖 𝑋);
𝑣01 (𝑋) (19a)
{ } { } (
𝑑 2 𝑣02 ) 𝑑𝑢
𝛬𝑖0 = 𝑎10 , 𝑎30 𝑇 ; 𝛬𝑖1 = {𝑎11 , 𝑎31 }𝑇 (15c) −𝛽2 + 𝛽2 + 𝛽1 𝑛 ∗ 02 + 𝑛 ∗2 𝑣02 + 𝑓23 = 0
𝑑𝑋 2 𝑑𝑋
By substitute Eqs. (15c) into Eqs. (14a), (14c) we have: ( ) 𝑑𝑢 𝑑 2 𝑢01
[ ] 𝑓23 = 𝑋(2 𝛽2 + 𝛽1 𝑛 ∗ 01 − 3𝛽2 + 𝑛 ∗2 𝑣01 ) (19b)
(𝛽2 𝑛 ∗2 − 𝜇𝑖 2 )𝑎11 − (𝛽1 + 𝛽2 )𝜇𝑖 𝑛 ∗ 𝑎31 .𝑋
𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋 2
𝑑𝑣
[ ] −𝛽2 01 + (𝛽2 + 1)𝑛 ∗ 𝑢01
𝑑𝑋
+ (𝛽2 𝑛 ∗2 − 𝜇𝑖 2 )𝑎10 − (𝛽1 + 𝛽2 )𝑛 ∗ (𝜇𝑖 𝑎30 + 𝑎31 ) − 2𝜇𝑖 𝑎11 = 0
[ ] (15d) at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜 ∶
(𝛽2 𝜇𝑖 2 + 𝑛 ∗2 )𝑎31 + (𝛽1 + 𝛽2 )𝜇𝑖 𝑛 ∗ 𝑎11 .𝑋
𝑑𝑢02 𝑑𝑢
[ ] + 𝛽1 𝑛 ∗ 𝑣02 + 𝛽1 𝑢01 + 𝑋(2 01 + 𝛽1 𝑛 ∗ 𝑣01 + 𝑄∗0 ) = 0; 𝑣02 = 0 →
+ (𝛽2 𝜇𝑖 2 + 𝑛 ∗2 )𝑎30 + (𝛽1 + 𝛽2 )𝑛 ∗ (𝜇𝑖 𝑎10 + 𝑎11 ) + 2𝛽2 𝜇𝑖 𝑎31 = 0 𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋
𝑑𝑢02 𝑑𝑢
We consider the coefficients of X and the terms without X. So, we + 𝛽1 𝑢01 + 𝑋(2 01 + 𝑄∗0 ) = 0; 𝑣02 = 0
𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋
have four algebraic equations. It is possible to calculate 𝑎11 in terms of at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑖 ∶ (19c)
𝑎31 and 𝑎10 in terms of 𝑎31 , 𝑎30 . Therefore, in Eqs. (15c) two arbitrary
For Free BC∶ 𝑢11 = 𝑣11 = 𝑤01 =0 and
constants (𝑎31, 𝑎30 ) will remained for each value of 𝜇. The total solution
is: 𝑑𝑢02 𝑑𝑢
+ 𝛽1 𝑛 ∗ 𝑣02 + 𝛽1 𝑢01 + 𝑋(2 01 + 𝛽1 𝑛 ∗ 𝑣01 ) = 0;
𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋
⎧𝑢 (𝑋) ⎫ ⎧𝛼 𝑎 + 𝛼 𝑎 ⎫ ⎧𝛼 ⎫ 𝑑𝑣02 ∗ 𝑑𝑣
⎪ 01 ⎪ ⎪ 11 30 12 31 ⎪ ⎪ 13 ⎪ 𝜇𝑋 − 𝑛 ∗ 𝑢02 − 𝑣01 + 𝑋(2 01 − 𝑛 ∗ 𝑢01 ) = 0
⎨ ⎬ = (⎨ ⎬ + 𝑎 31 𝑋. ⎨ ⎬)𝑒 𝑑𝑋 𝑑𝑋
⎪𝑣01 (𝑋)⎪ ⎪𝑎30 ⎪ ⎪1 ⎪ For Clamped, Simple, and Solid BCs ∶ 𝑢02 = 𝑣02 = 𝑢11 = 𝑣11 = 𝑤01 = 0
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
⎧𝛼 𝑎′ + 𝛼 𝑎′ ⎫ ⎧𝛼 ⎫ Since the homogeneous parts of Eqs. (14a), (14c) and Eqs. (19a), (19b)
⎪ 14 30 15 31 ⎪
′ ⎪ 16 ⎪ −𝜇𝑋 are the same, the general solution of Eqs. (18) is the same as Eqs. (14a),
+ (⎨ ⎬ + 𝑎 31
𝑋. ⎨ ⎬)𝑒 ; 𝜇 = 𝑛∗ (15e)
⎪𝑎′ ⎪ ⎪1 ⎪ (14c) i.e Eqs. (15b). By substituting the solution of order-one (Eqs.
⎩ 30 ⎭ ⎩ ⎭ (15)), into Eqs. (19), the non-homogeneous terms of these equations
where 𝛼11 , . . . , 𝛼16 are known constant values. The constants 𝑎31 , 𝑎30 , are determined as 𝛴𝑖 ({𝐾1 }𝑖 X +{𝐾2 }i )exp(𝜇𝑖 X ). The particular solutions
a′ 31 , and a′ 30 are determined from the boundary conditions Eqs. (14f). of Eqs. (19), are considering as the following form:
Eqs. (14b), (14d), (14e) are coupled homogenous equations with ho- ⎧𝑢 (𝑋) ⎫
mogenous boundary conditions so their solutions are zero i.e. ⎪ 02𝑝 ⎪ ∑{ } 2 { } { }
⎨ ⎬= ( 𝛤1 𝑖 𝑋 + 𝛤2 𝑖 𝑋 + 𝛤3 𝑖 ) exp(𝜇𝑖 𝑋) (20)
𝑢11 (𝑋) = 𝑣11 (𝑋) = 𝑤01 (𝑋) = 0 → 𝑢∗11 (𝑋, 𝜃 ∗ ) ⎪𝑣02𝑝 (𝑋)⎪ 𝑖
⎩ ⎭

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A.M. Qolipour, H. Eipakchi and F.M. Nasrekani Thin-Walled Structures 182 (2023) 110244

where {𝛤1 }𝑖 , {𝛤2 }𝑖 , {𝛤3 }𝑖 , are constant vectors which are obtained by 5. Solution of stability equations
substituting into Eqs. (19). The total solutions are the summation of the
general and particular solutions. Eqs. (17b,d,e) are homogenous with The solution of the stability equations is presented to obtain the
homogenous boundary conditions so their solutions are zero as follows: buckling load in this section. To solve the stability equations, the
solutions are considered as the following:
∗
𝑢12 (𝑋) = 𝑣12 (𝑋) = 𝑤02 (𝑋) = 0 → 𝑢12 (𝑋, 𝜃 ∗ )
⎧ 1 ∗ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫ ⎧ ⎫
∗
= 𝑣12 (𝑋, 𝜃 ∗ ) = 𝑤02
∗
(𝑋, 𝜃 ∗ ) = 0 (21) ⎪𝑢1 (𝑋, 𝜃 ) ⎪ ⎪𝑈 𝑠 (𝑋) ⎪ ⎪𝑈 𝑐 (𝑋) ⎪
⎪ 1 ∗ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ∗ ∗ ⎪ ⎪ ∗ ∗
⎨𝑣 1 (𝑋, 𝜃 ) ⎬ = ⎨𝑉 𝑠 (𝑋) ⎬ sin(𝑚 𝜃 ) + ⎨𝑉 𝑐 (𝑋) ⎬ cos(𝑚 𝜃 ) (24)
The equations of the other orders and their solutions can determine as ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪ ⎪
the similar manner. ⎪𝑤 0 1 (𝑋, 𝜃 ∗ )⎪ ⎪𝑊 𝑠 (𝑋)⎪ ⎪𝑊 𝑐 (𝑋)⎪
⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭ ⎩ ⎭
where 𝑚∗ 𝜃 ∗ = m𝜃 and m is an integer number. Eqs. (24) and the
4. Stability equations solution of the equilibrium equations (Eqs. (11)) are substituted into
the dimensionless form of the stability equations (Eqs. (23b,d,e)). Then
In this section, the stability equations are obtained using the adja- each of the equations is multiplied once by cos(𝑚∗ 𝜃 ∗ ) and once by
cent equilibrium criterion. 𝑢0 0 , 𝑢1 0 , 𝑣0 0 , 𝑣1 0 , and 𝑤0 0 are considered sin(𝑚∗ 𝜃 ∗ ) and integrated for 𝜃 ∗ (0≤𝜃≤2𝜋). The non-zero terms can find
as the displacement components of equilibrium state and 𝑢0 1 , 𝑢1 1 , 𝑣0 1 , just for 2𝑚∗ = n∗ and 𝑚∗ = 0. The value 𝑚∗ = 0 corresponds to
𝑣1 1 , and 𝑤0 1 are small increment considered as the virtual displace- axisymmetric case. We continue the solution for 2𝑚∗ = n∗ case. Two
systems of homogenous Ordinary Differential Equations (ODE) with
ments corresponding to neighboring equilibrium state. Therefore, the
variable coefficients are obtained as the following form:
displacement field corresponding to adjacent equilibrium criterion is
considered as the following: [ ] 𝑑2 { } [ ] 𝑑 { } [ ]{ }
𝐴21 (𝑋) 𝑦1 + 𝐴11 (𝑋) 𝑦 + 𝐴01 (𝑋) 𝑦1 = {0} ;
𝑑𝑋 2 𝑑𝑋 1
𝑢0∗ = 𝑢0 0 + 𝑢0 1 , 𝑢1 ∗ = 𝑢1 0 + 𝑢1 1 , 𝑣0 ∗ = 𝑣0 0 + 𝑣0 1 , { } { }𝑇
𝑦1 = 𝑈 𝑐 𝑉𝑐 𝑊𝑐 (25a)
∗ 0 1
𝑣1 = 𝑣1 + 𝑣1 , 𝑤0 = 𝑤0 + 𝑤0 1
∗ 0
(22) [ ] 𝑑2 { } [ ] 𝑑 { } [ ]{ }
𝐴22 (𝑋) 𝑦2 + 𝐴12 (𝑋) 𝑦 + 𝐴02 (𝑋) 𝑦2 = {0} ;
𝑑𝑋 2 𝑑𝑋 2
By substituting Eqs. (22), into equilibrium equations (Eqs. (A.1). . . { } { }𝑇
(A.5)), three parts of equations are derived. The first part includes just 𝑦2 = 𝑈 𝑠 𝑉𝑠 𝑊𝑠 (25b)
𝑢0 0 , 𝑢1 0 , 𝑣0 0 , 𝑣1 0 , and 𝑤0 0 , which are the equilibrium equations and at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜 , 𝑟𝑖 ∶ Clamped BC ∶ 𝑈 𝑐 = 𝑈 𝑠 = 𝑉 𝑐 = 𝑉 𝑠 = 𝑊 𝑐 = 𝑊 𝑠 = 0 (25c)
will be equated to zero. The second part contains the terms with a
Eqs. (25c) are the boundary conditions (In the later, we report the
high degree of 𝑢0 1 , 𝑢1 1 , 𝑣0 1 , 𝑣1 1 , and 𝑤0 1 which are very small values,
formulation for clamped boundary conditions). The buckling load is
and they can be neglected. The third part includes 𝑢0 0 , 𝑢1 0 , 𝑣0 0 , 𝑣1 0 ,
the eigenvalues of these systems. Two different methods are explained
𝑤0 0 , 𝑢0 1 , 𝑢1 1 , 𝑣0 1 , 𝑣1 1 , 𝑤0 1 and their derivatives with power-one which
to find the eigenvalues of Eqs. (25) (system of ODE with variable
they form the stability equations. It is a system of partial differential
coefficients) in this research.
equations with variable coefficients. Note that the values of 𝑢0 0 , 𝑢1 0 ,
𝑣0 0 , 𝑣1 0 , and 𝑤0 0 have been calculated in Eqs. (11) (The solution of
5.1. Analytical solution of stability equations
equilibrium equations). The procedure to derive the stability equations
from the viewpoint of programming has been explained by Eipakchi For analytical solution, we used an approximated solution based on
and Nasrekani [38]. These equations are as follows: the averaging of equations coefficients. In this method which is called
𝐿𝑠1 (𝑢0 1 , 𝑣0 1 ) = 0; 𝐿𝑠3 (𝑢0 1 , 𝑣0 1 ) = 0; (23a,c) the Averaging Method (AM) in this text, each of the coefficients is
replaced with its averaging in the defined interval of the variable. The
𝐿𝑠2 (𝑢1 1 , 𝑣1 1 , 𝑤0 1 ) = 0; 𝐿𝑠4 (𝑢1 1 , 𝑣1 1 , 𝑤0 1 ) = 0; averaging of the function T (X ) is defined as the following:
𝐿𝑠5 (𝑋, 𝑢1 1 , 𝑣1 1 , 𝑤0 1 , 𝑢0 0 , 𝑣0 0 ) = 0 (23b,d,e) ( 𝑏1 )
1
𝑇 = 𝑇 (𝑋)𝑑𝑋 , 𝑎1 ≤ 𝑋 ≤ 𝑏1 (26)
at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜 , 𝑟𝑖 ∶ 𝑁1 𝛿(𝑢0 1 ) + 𝑁2 𝛿(𝑣0 1 ) + 𝑀1 𝛿(𝑢1 1 ) 𝑏1 − 𝑎1 ∫𝑎1
+ 𝑀2 𝛿(𝑣1 1 ) + 𝑄1 𝛿(𝑤0 1 ) = 0 By using the AM, two system of ODE with constant coefficients will
For Clamped BC ∶ 𝑢1 1 = 𝑣1 1 = 𝑤0 1 = 0 result. For example, for Eq. (25a) the following form is obtained:
[ ] 2 { } [ ] [ ]{ }
𝑑 𝑑 { }
For Simple BC ∶ 𝑀1 = 𝑀2 = 0, 𝑤0 1 = 0 (23f) 𝐴21 𝑦1 + 𝐴11 𝑦 + 𝐴01 𝑦1 = {0}
𝑑𝑋 2 𝑑𝑋 1
For Free BC ∶ 𝑀1 = 𝑀2 = 𝑄1 = 0 [ ] 𝑋𝑜 [ ]
1
𝐴𝑗1 = 𝐴𝑗1 (𝑋) .𝑑𝑋; 𝑋𝑜 = 𝑋|𝑟=𝑟𝑜 = 0, (27)
For center of a Circular (Solid) plate ∶ 𝑢1 1 = 0, 𝑀2 = 𝑄1 = 0 𝑋𝑜 − 𝑋𝑖 ∫𝑋𝑖

The differential operators 𝐿𝑠1 ...𝐿𝑠5 and the functions 𝑀1 , 𝑀2 , 𝑄1 , 𝑁1 , 𝑋𝑖 = 𝑋|𝑟=𝑟𝑖 ; 𝑗 = 0, 1, 2

and 𝑁2 are reported in Appendix B. The functions 𝑁1 and 𝑁2 do not
depend on the equilibrium solutions. It should be noted that:
a. The stability equations are a system of homogenous PDE with
variable coefficients.
b. Like equilibrium equations, Eqs. (23a,c) are coupled and Eqs.
(23b,d,e) are coupled too.
c. Just Eq. (23e) includes the equilibrium solution and so the effect
of external load is seen only in this equation.
d. Eqs. (23a,c) and their corresponding boundary conditions (𝑁1 ,
𝑁2 , 𝑢0 1 , 𝑣01 ) are homogenous so its solution is zero i.e., 𝑢0 1 =
𝑣0 1 = 0. Therefore, we must investigate Eqs. (23b,d,e) for
determining the eigenvalues and buckling load.
Eqs. (27) includes a system of three linear homogeneous ODE with
constant coefficients. The buckling load is obtained from the solu-
tion of Eqs. (27). For this purpose, the solutions are considered as
{𝑦1 }={F }3×1 exp(𝛼X). These solutions are substituted into Eqs. (27)
which results in a system of algebraic equations as the following:
[ ] [ ] [ ]
[𝑎𝑥]3×3 {𝐹 }3×1 = {0}3×1 ; [𝑎𝑥] = 𝐴21 𝛼 2 + 𝐴11 𝛼 + 𝐴01 (28)
For a nontrivial solution, the determinant of the coefficient matrix
([ax]3×3 ) set to zero which leads to an algebraic equation, and it is
name the dispersive equation. It is a relation between 𝑄0 ∗ and 𝛼 which
has degree-six with respect to 𝛼. The roots of this equation (𝛼𝑖 , 𝑖 = 1..6)
which are in terms of 𝑄0 ∗ are eigenvalues of the equation system (Eqs.
(27)). For each value of 𝛼𝑖 , an eigenvector {𝐹𝑖 } is determined from

6
A.M. Qolipour, H. Eipakchi and F.M. Nasrekani Thin-Walled Structures 182 (2023) 110244

Eqs. (28). The general solution form of Eqs. (27) can be written as the Table 1
following: Geometrical parameters and mechanical properties of a plate.
Parameter (unit) Value
∑
6
𝑦1 = 𝑐𝑖 {𝐹𝑖 } exp(𝛼𝑖 𝑋); 𝐶𝑙𝑎𝑚𝑝𝑒𝑑 𝐵𝐶 ∶ {𝑦1 }||𝑋=𝑋 = {0}; Modulus of elasticity (GPa) 𝐸 = 200
𝑖 Poisson’s ratio 𝜈 = 0.3
𝑖=1
Outer radius (m) 𝑟𝑜 = 0.15
{𝑦1 }||𝑋=𝑋 = {0} (29) Inner to outer radius 𝜂= r𝑖 /r 𝑜 = 0.3
𝑜
Thickness to outer radius h/r 𝑜 = 0.1
where 𝑐𝑖 are the constant coefficients and they are obtained by applying Shear correction factor 𝑘𝑠 = 0.83
the boundary conditions. Applying the boundary conditions results a
system of algebraic equations as [bx]{c}={0} where {c} contain 𝑐𝑖 , 𝑖 =
1..6. The determinant of the coefficient matrix ([bx]) is equated to zero
for non-trivial solution. It is a complicated equation in terms of 𝑄0 ∗ . For each n, the solving of Eq. (35), has a specific form. For 𝑛 = 2 the
The root of this equation results the buckling load. We employed the solution takes the following form:
bisection method to solve this equation. Assume that the least positive 𝐶4
𝑔 (𝑟) = 𝐶1 + 𝐶2 𝑟2 + 𝐶3 𝑟4 + (36)
root is named as 𝑝𝑠1 . A similar procedure is performed for Eqs. (25b). 𝑟2
The buckling load is names as 𝑝𝑠2 . The final result is ps = min(𝑝𝑠1, 𝑝𝑠2 ). 𝐶1 , 𝐶2 , 𝐶3 and 𝐶4 are constants which are determined from the bound-
ary conditions (Eqs. (34)). From Eq. (35), the stresses and their resul-
5.2. Numerical solution of stability equations tants are as the following:
( )
DQM which is a numerical solution is employed to solve the sta- 1 𝜕𝜙 1 𝜕2 𝜙 4𝐶1 6𝐶4
𝜎𝑟 = + = −2𝐶2 − − 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (2𝜃) ; 𝑁𝑟 = 𝜎𝑟 .ℎ
bility equations (25a), (25b). DQM has the capability of producing 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟2 𝜕𝜃 2 𝑟2 𝑟4
( )
highly accurate solutions with minimal computational effort. In this 𝜕2 𝜙 6𝐶4
𝜎𝜃 = = 2𝐶2 + 12𝐶3 𝑟2 + 𝐜𝐨𝐬 (2𝜃) ; 𝑁𝜃 = 𝜎𝜃 .ℎ
method, we approximate a function with its Taylor expansion. One of 𝜕𝑟2 𝑟4
the key issues in the accuracy of the DQM solution is the choice of ( )
𝜕 1 𝜕𝜙 2𝐶1 6𝐶2
sampling points [39]. In this study, we used the Chebyshev–Gauss– 𝜏𝑟𝜃 = − ( ) = 6𝐶3 𝑟2 + 2𝐶4 − − 𝐬𝐢𝐧 (2𝜃) ; 𝑁𝑟𝜃 = 𝜏𝑟𝜃 .ℎ
𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟2 𝑟4
Lobatto grid distribution, which has a good accuracy to ensure the
solution accuracy [39]. The grid distance is defined as follows: (37)
( )
1 − cos 𝑁𝑖−1−1 𝜋 The stress resultants are substitute into Eq. (32). The solution of result-
𝑋𝑖 = 𝑥
, 𝑖 = 1, 2, … , 𝑁 𝑥 (30) ing equation is considered as 𝑤 = 𝑓 (r).cos(m.𝜃) and it is substituted in
2 Eq. (32). Now, multiply the equation to cos(m.𝜃) and integrate it from
The derivative of a function at a sample point is defined as follows: 0 ≤ 𝜃 ≤ 2𝜋. m can be 0 or n/2. As Section 5, we consider 𝑚 = 𝑛∕2
𝑁𝑥
𝑑 𝑟 𝜓(𝑥) || ∑ for asymmetric analysis and 𝑚 = 0 for the axisymmetric case. Finally,
| = 𝐴 (𝑟) 𝜓 ; 𝜓(𝑥) = 𝑥 𝜈−1 ; 𝑖, 𝜈 = 1..𝑁 𝑥 ;
𝑑𝑥𝑟 |𝑥=𝑥𝑖 𝑘=1 𝑖𝑘 𝑘𝑗 an ordinary differential equation with variable coefficients is obtained.
(31)
[ (𝑟) ] [ (1) ] [ (𝑟−1) ] This equation is homogeneous and has a zero solution; but, for some
𝐴 = 𝐴 𝐴 value of 𝑃1 it can have a non-zero value. DQM is used to determine the
where 𝐴𝑖𝑘 (𝑟) is the weighting functions and 𝜓(x) is approximated with eigenvalue.
a general form of a polynomial i.e., 𝑥𝜈 and the values of weighting
functions can be arranged in a matrix form [A]. 7. Results and discussion

6. Determination of buckling load with CPT The presented formulation has been employed to provide a math-
ematical code in MAPLE software to perform a parametric study to
In this section, the buckling load of plates based on the CPT is investigate the buckling load for circular/annular plates. The geomet-
obtained to compare with the results of the FSDT. The governing rical and mechanical properties of the plate have been reported in
equation of a plate under in-plane loads in the cylindrical coordinate Table 1. All the reported results in this section are based on the given
system is as follows [40,41]: data in Table 1 and for the plane strain assumption (𝜀𝑧 = 0 and 𝜎𝑧 ≠0),
( ) except those are mentioned.
1 𝜕2 𝑤 𝜕 1 𝜕𝑤 1 𝜕𝑤 1 𝜕2 𝑤
∇4 𝑤 = 𝑁𝑟 + 2𝑁 𝑟𝜃 ( ) + 𝑁 𝜃( + ) (32) To obtain required 𝑛1 in Eq. (11) and study the convergence of the
𝐷 𝜕𝑟2 𝜕𝑟 𝑟 𝜕𝜃 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟2 𝜕𝜃 2
equilibrium solution, Fig. 2 shows the solution (𝑢0 ∗ ) of different orders
where 𝑁𝑟 , 𝑁𝜃 and 𝑁𝑟𝜃 are in-plane normal and shear loads (N/m).
of annular plate subjected to non-uniform (cosine function) in-plane
Eq. (32) is solved for an annular plate which is under in-plane pressure
load. It is observed that the results of orders 5 and 6 are completely con-
𝑃0 = 𝑃1 cos(n𝜃) which is applied on 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜 . Based on the relations of
verged. Consequently, in this study, the order of equilibrium solution
elasticity theory, to determine in-plane stresses in a ring, one can be
has been considered six (𝑛1 = 6).
utilized the compatibility equations [41]:
( 2 )( 2 ) Due to the examination of convergence of the critical buckling load
𝜕 1 𝜕 1 𝜕2 𝜕 𝜙 1 𝜕𝜙 1 𝜕2 𝜙 in DQM, the results are obtained for different values of N. Fig. 3 shows
∇4 𝜙 = 0 ⇒ + + + + = 0 (33)
𝜕𝑟2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟2 𝜕𝜃 2 𝜕𝑟2 𝑟 𝜕𝑟 𝑟2 𝜕𝜃 2 the variation of the dimensionless buckling load versus N. It is seen that
where 𝜙 is the stress function. The boundary conditions are defined as for N > 7, the results are converged. However, the number of nodal
follows: points in this study is equal to fifteen (𝑁 = 15). In this section, at
first the axisymmetric buckling results are examined. Afterward, the
at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑜 ∶ 𝜎𝑟 = −𝑃0 = −𝑃1 cos(n.𝜃) , 𝜏𝑟𝜃 = 0; at 𝑟 = 𝑟𝑖 ∶ 𝜎𝑟 = 0 , 𝜏𝑟𝜃 = 0 asymmetric results are presented.
(34) Axisymmetric For axisymmetric analysis, 𝜕∕𝜕𝜃 ∗ = 0 and the con-
stant n and m (number of circular nodes) in the solution, are considered
The stress function considered as follows: zero. In this text, the boundary conditions are designated with two let-
( 2 )
𝐸𝑞. (33) 𝑑 1 𝑑 𝑛2 ters which first letter is the boundary conditions at the inner edge and
𝜙 (𝑟, 𝜃) = 𝑔 (𝑟) 𝐜𝐨𝐬(𝑛.𝜃) ←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←←→
← + −
𝑑𝑟2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟2 the second letter is the boundary condition at the outer edge (e.g., CS
( 2 ) is an annular plate which is clamped at the inner edge and simply-
𝑑 𝑔 1 𝑑𝑔 𝑛2
× + − 𝑔 =0 (35) support at the outer edge). Fig. 4 reports the dimensionless buckling
𝑑𝑟2 𝑟 𝑑𝑟 𝑟2

7
A.M. Qolipour, H. Eipakchi and F.M. Nasrekani Thin-Walled Structures 182 (2023) 110244

Fig. 2. Different orders of dimensionless displacement of mid-surface in radial direction of annular plate (𝜃 ∗ = 0).

Fig. 3. Dimensionless axisymmetric buckling load of annular plate versus number of nodal points (N ) in DQM.

Fig. 4. Dimensionless axisymmetric buckling load of annular plate (h/𝑟𝑜 = 0.1, CC).

load (𝑄∗ 𝑐𝑟 ) critical value for 𝑄0 ∗ of axisymmetric annular plates with
CC boundary conditions obtained by Jawad and Krivoshapko [42],
Abolghasemi et al. [43], AM, and DQM formulation of the presented
method. Jawad and Krivoshapko [42] and Abolghasemi et al. [43]
used the CPT to obtain the buckling load, while AM and DQM results
are based on the FSDT formulation in this study. It is seen that the
presented method results (AM and DQM) are in good agreement with
the CPT results. However, the presented method has more conservative
results in comparison with the CPT. As a result, by increasing the inner
to outer radius of the annular plate, the buckling load increases.
Table 2 reports the dimensionless axisymmetric buckling load of
circular plate for different h/r 𝑜 determined by Jawad and Krivoshapko
[42], DQM, AM, and FE method. It is observed that the DQM and AM
which are based on the FSDT have more closer results with respect to

8
A.M. Qolipour, H. Eipakchi and F.M. Nasrekani Thin-Walled Structures 182 (2023) 110244

Table 2 Table 3
Dimensionless axisymmetric buckling load of circular plate for different values of Dimensionless axisymmetric buckling load of annular plate for different h/r 𝑜 with CC
h/𝑟𝑜 . boundary conditions(𝜂 = 0.3).
h/r 𝒐 Method B.C. h/r 𝒐 AM DQM CPT FE
C S 𝜎𝒛 ≠ 0 𝜎𝒛 = 0 𝜎𝒛 ≠ 0 𝜎𝒛 = 0
DQM 𝜎𝒛 ≠ 0 0.0102 0.0025 0.01 0.0642 0.0526 0.0635 0.0514 0.0641 0.0515
𝜎𝒛 = 0 0.0096 0.0027 0.05 0.3144 0.2487 0.2967 0.2430 0.3156 0.2437
0.01 AM 𝜎𝒛 ≠ 0 0.0109 0.0029 0.1 0.5224 0.4230 0.4923 0.4153 0.6112 0.4160
𝜎𝒛 = 0 0.0097 0.0027 0.2 0.6228 0.5268 0.5827 0.5221 1.0054 0.5218
Ref. [42] 0.0113 0.0030
FE 0.0099 0.0028
Table 4
DQM 𝜎𝒛 ≠ 0 0.0329 0.0098
Dimensionless axisymmetric buckling load of annular plate for different h/r 𝑜 with SS
𝜎𝒛 = 0 0.0293 0.0085
boundary conditions (𝜂 = 0.3).
0.03 AM 𝜎𝒛 ≠ 0 0.0334 0.0102
𝜎𝒛 = 0 0.0299 0.0085 h/r 𝒐 AM DQM CPT FE
Ref. [42] 0.0352 0.0107 𝜎𝒛 ≠ 0 𝜎𝒛 = 0 𝜎𝒛 ≠ 0 𝜎𝒛 = 0
FE 0.0298 0.0085
0.01 0.0175 0.0142 0.0171 0.0140 0.0187 0.0139
DQM 𝜎𝒛 ≠ 0 0.0544 0.0155 0.05 0.0855 0.0669 0.0842 0.0688 0.0856 0.0688
𝜎𝒛 = 0 0.0495 0.0141 0.1 0.1595 0.1315 0.1587 0.1309 0.1673 0.1308
0.05 AM 𝜎𝒛 ≠ 0 0.0549 0.0161 0.2 0.2585 0.2197 0.2578 0.2185 0.3346 0.2184
𝜎𝒛 = 0 0.0504 0.0146
Ref. [42] 0.0596 0.0174
FE 0.0494 0.0142 Table 5
DQM 𝜎𝒛 ≠ 0 0.0857 0.0246 Dimensionless asymmetric buckling load of annular plate (𝜂 = 0.3, h/r 𝑜 = 0.1).
𝜎𝒛 = 0 0.0778 0.0225 CC SS SC CS CF FC SF FS
0.08 AM 𝜎𝒛 ≠ 0 0.0868 0.0254 𝑄∗ 𝑐𝑟 0.8834 0.3246 0.5785 0.5050 0.0884 0.2796 0.0400 0.1712
𝜎𝒛 = 0 0.0786 0.0228
Ref. [42] 0.0948 0.0278
FE 0.0779 0.0226
DQM 𝜎𝒛 ≠ 0 0.1075 0.0309 is observed that the difference between the CPT results and AM, DQM
𝜎𝒛 = 0 0.0960 0.0280
(which are based on the FSDT) increases.
0.1 AM 𝜎𝒛 ≠ 0 0.1081 0.0312
𝜎𝒛 = 0 0.0962 0.0284 Fig. 5 reports the axisymmetric dimensionless buckling load of
Ref. [42] 0.1201 0.0350 annular plates for different values of 𝜂 obtained based on AM and
FE 0.0959 0.0282
DQM solutions. It is observed that by increasing 𝜂 in both CC and
SS boundary conditions, the buckling load increases and the buckling
load for CC boundary conditions is more than SS boundary conditions,
the FE in comparison with Jawad and Krivoshapko [42] which used the like circular plate. The behavior of the buckling load versus 𝜂 can
CPT to obtain the buckling load and this accuracy is more remarkable be extracted as a function of 𝜂 for the studied range and boundary
in thick plates by increasing the thickness. The results of the FE have conditions as follows:
been obtained in ABAQUS software and using S4R element. Also, the
FE results was checked with ANSYS software employing PLANE82 𝑄∗𝑐𝑟 = 𝑎3 𝜂 3 + 𝑎2 𝜂 2 + 𝑎1 𝜂 + 𝑎0 (38a)
element for axisymmetric case. The results of AM and DQM with plane CC ∶ 𝑎3 = 2.701, 𝑎2 = −0.772, 𝑎1 = 0.718, 𝑎0 = 0.288 (38b)
stress assumption are more accommodate with the FE results, while
SS ∶ 𝑎3 = 2.598, 𝑎2 = −1.088, 𝑎1 = 0.183, 𝑎0 = 0.127 (38c)
the results of presented method with plane strain assumption have
a maximum difference of about 13% with respect to the FE results. Fig. 6 shows the axisymmetric buckling mode shapes of annular
Although, the results of plane stress assumption are more conservative, plates with SS and CC boundary conditions for different values of 𝜂
but it seems that the results of plane strain assumption are still reliable obtained using the FE method.
because in plane stress assumption we are ignoring the stress in the
Asymmetric: In asymmetric analysis, constant m in formulation of
thickness direction. Considering the stress in the thickness direction
stability equations is not zero. The applied in-plane loading in this
(𝜎𝑧 ) may affect as an external pressure in z-direction which causes
section is considered as 𝑄∗ = 𝑄0 ∗ cos(n𝜃), 𝑛 = 2. Fig. 7 shows the
resistance of the plate against deflection and more stability in the
asymmetric dimensionless buckling load of circular/annular plates,
system and consequently increases the buckling load. The results of
obtained by AM, DQM, and CPT, for CC boundary conditions. The
AM are very close to the DQM, and it can be concluded that using
results of DQM and AM are in good agreement, while the results of CPT
the approximated averaging coefficients has acceptable results to find
for the range of 𝜂 > 0.1 are not reliable. However, by increasing h/r 𝑜
the eigenvalues of the stability equations (which have variable coef-
and 𝜂 a minor difference between AM and DQM results appears and in
ficients). Both simply-support and clamped boundary conditions are
all the cases like axisymmetric cases, the DQM has more conservative
considered in the results. With increasing the thickness, the buckling
results. Like axisymmetric results, it is observed that by increasing h/r 𝑜
load of the plate in clamped and simply-support boundary conditions
and 𝜂 the dimensionless asymmetric buckling load increases.
increases which was expected. It is observed that the buckling load
for the clamped boundary conditions is significantly more than the Table 5 reports the dimensionless asymmetric buckling load of
simply-support boundary conditions. annular plate with different boundary conditions. It is seen that the
The axisymmetric dimensionless buckling load of annular plate with maximum and minimum asymmetric buckling loads are for CC and SF
CC and SS boundary conditions for different h/r 𝑜 are presented based boundary conditions, respectively.
on the AM, DQM, CPT formulations, and the FE method in Tables 3 and To investigate the asymmetric buckling mode shapes of annular
4. Like previous results, the results of AM and DQM with plane stress plates, Fig. 8 shows the buckling mode shape (𝑤∗0 ) of annular plates
assumption are in good agreement with the FE results and the buckling with different boundary conditions.
load behavior versus thickness variations and boundary conditions is Fig. 9 shows the asymmetric mode shapes for buckling of the
the same as circular plates. In addition, by increasing the thickness it circular/annular plates with CC and SS boundary conditions.

9
A.M. Qolipour, H. Eipakchi and F.M. Nasrekani Thin-Walled Structures 182 (2023) 110244

Fig. 5. Dimensionless axisymmetric buckling load of annular plates (h/𝑟𝑜 = 0.1).

Fig. 6. Axisymmetric mode shapes of annular plates (h/r 𝑜 = 0.1).

8. Conclusion conditions were extracted by the principle of virtual work based on

the FSDT and the von Kármán theory. The stability equations were
In this paper the axisymmetric and asymmetric buckling of a circu- derived by employing the adjacent equilibrium criterion. The pertur-
lar/annular plate was examined. Equilibrium equations and boundary bation technique was utilized to solve the equilibrium equations and

10
A.M. Qolipour, H. Eipakchi and F.M. Nasrekani
Fig. 7. Dimensionless asymmetric buckling load of different circular/annular plates (CC).
Fig. 8. Buckling mode shape of annular plate with different boundary conditions (𝜂 = 0.3, h/r 𝑜 = 0.1).
the stability equations were solved by DQM and averaging method. In
addition to the FSDT, the equations based on the CPT was extracted
and solved. The results show the high accuracy of the DQM, and the
average method also provides acceptable results as an approximated
solution. According to the parametric study and considering the effect
of different parameters on the buckling load, the following results can
be obtained:
• The presented method can be used for any type of loading that is
a continuous function of 𝜃.
• This method is capable to consider all types of boundary condi-
tions for annular/circular plates.
• The presented method is easy to use for parametric study, unlike
the FE method which requires a new meshing and model for each
specific geometry.
• The results obtained by the DQM are more conservative with
respect to the FE method and they are in a good agreement.
11
Thin-Walled Structures 182 (2023) 110244
• The results show the high accuracy of the DQM and AM to find
the eigenvalue of system of partial differential equations with
variable coefficients for the studied range of parameters.
• For thicker plates, the results of the CPT are not acceptable
anymore.
• In the asymmetric case, for 𝜂 > 0.1, the CPT does not have a
reliable result.
• The FSDT has better results in comparison with the CPT, with
respect to the FE method.
• The results of AM and DQM with the plane stress assumption
are closer to the FE results in comparison with the plane strain
assumption.
• By increasing 𝜂 and h/r 𝑜 , the buckling load of axisymmetric/
asymmetric conditions increases.
• In the studied range of the parameters, the maximum and mini-
mum asymmetric buckling loads happen for CC and SF boundary
conditions, respectively.
A.M. Qolipour, H. Eipakchi and F.M. Nasrekani Thin-Walled Structures 182 (2023) 110244

Fig. 9. Asymmetric buckling mode shapes of annular plate (h/r 𝑜 = 0.1).

𝜕𝑤0 ∗ 𝜕 2 𝑤0 ∗ 1 ∗2 𝜕𝑤 ∗ 𝜕𝑣 ∗
CRediT authorship contribution statement +𝛽2 𝑟∗ − 𝜀𝑟 (𝛽1 − 1)( 0 )2 − 𝜀(1 + 𝛽2 )𝑟∗ 0∗
𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝜃 ∗2 2 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝜃
1 𝜕𝑤0 ∗ 2 2 ∗ ∗
− 𝜀(1 + 𝛽1 )( ) − 𝜀 𝑟 𝑢0 (A.1)
Adel Mohammad Qolipour: Validation, Software, Formal analysis, 2 𝜕𝜃 ∗
Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – original draft. Hamidreza 𝜕𝑢 ∗
+𝜀𝑟∗2 0 = 0
Eipakchi: Validation, Supervision, Investigation, Formal analysis, Data 𝜕𝑋
curation, Conceptualization, Methodology, Software, Writing – review 𝜕𝑣 ∗ 𝜕 2 𝑢1 ∗ 𝜕 2 𝑢1 ∗ 𝜕2 𝑣 ∗ 𝜕𝑢 ∗
ℎ∗2 (𝜀(1 + 𝛽2 ) 1∗ − 𝑟∗2 − 𝜀𝛽2 − (𝛽2 + 𝛽1 )𝑟∗ ∗ 1 − 𝑟∗ 1 )
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑋 2 𝜕𝜃 ∗2 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑋
& editing. Farid Mahboubi Nasrekani: Validation, Software, Formal
∗
analysis, Conceptualization, Investigation, Writing – review & editing. ∗2 𝜕𝑤0
+12𝑘𝑠 𝛽2 𝑟
𝜕𝑋

Declaration of competing interest +(12𝑘𝑠 𝛽2 𝑟∗2 + 𝜀2 ℎ∗2 )𝑢1 ∗ = 0

(A.2)
The authors declare that they have no known competing finan- 𝜕 2 𝑢0 ∗ 𝜕 2 𝑣0 ∗ 𝜕 2 𝑣0 ∗ 𝜕𝑤0 ∗ 𝜕 2 𝑤0 ∗
−(𝛽1 + 𝛽2 )𝑟∗2 ∗
− 𝛽2 𝑟∗3 − 𝑟∗ −
cial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑋 2 𝜕𝜃 ∗2 𝜕𝜃 ∗ 𝜕𝜃 ∗2
∗
𝜕𝑤 𝜕 𝑤0 2 ∗
influence the work reported in this paper.
−𝛽2 𝑟∗2 0∗ + 𝜀2 𝛽2 𝑟∗ 𝑣0 ∗
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑋 2
𝜕𝑤 ∗ 𝜕 2 𝑤0 ∗ 𝜕𝑢 ∗ (A.3)
Data availability −(𝛽1 + 𝛽2 )𝑟∗2 0 − 𝜀(𝛽2 + 1)𝑟∗ 0∗
𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝜃 ∗ 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝜃
∗ ∗ ∗
∗2 𝜕𝑣0 ∗ 𝜕𝑤0 𝜕𝑤0
No data was used for the research described in the article. −𝜀𝛽2 𝑟 − 𝜀𝛽2 𝑟 =0
𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝜃 ∗ 𝜕𝑋
2
𝜕 𝑢 ∗ 𝜕 𝑣1 ∗ 𝜕 2 𝑣1 ∗
2
−ℎ∗2 [(𝛽2 + 𝛽1 )𝑟∗ ∗ 1 + 𝛽2 𝑟∗2 +
Appendix A 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑋 2 𝜕𝜃 ∗2
𝜕𝑢 ∗ 𝜕𝑣 ∗ 𝜕𝑤 ∗
+𝜀(1 + 𝛽2 ) 1∗ + 𝜀𝛽2 𝑟∗ 1 ] + 12𝑘𝑠 𝛽2 𝑟∗ 0∗ (A.4)
Dimensionless form of the equilibrium equations: 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝜃
𝜕 2 𝑢0 ∗ 𝜕 2 𝑢0 ∗ 𝜕2 𝑣 ∗ 𝜕𝑤 ∗ 𝜕 2 𝑤0 ∗ +𝛽2 (12𝑘𝑠 𝑟∗2 + 𝜀2 ℎ∗2 )𝑣1 ∗ = 0
𝑟∗3 + 𝑟∗ 𝛽 2 + 𝑟∗2 (𝛽2 + 𝛽1 ) ∗ 0 + 𝑟∗3 0
𝜕𝑋 2 𝜕𝜃 ∗2 𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑋 𝜕𝑋 2
∗
𝜕𝑤 𝜕 𝑤0 2 ∗
+(𝛽1 + 𝛽2 )𝑟∗ 0∗
𝜕𝜃 𝜕𝜃 ∗ 𝜕𝑋

12
A.M. Qolipour, H. Eipakchi and F.M. Nasrekani Thin-Walled Structures 182 (2023) 110244

𝜕𝑤 𝜕 2 𝑣0 ∗
∗ 𝜕𝑢0 ∗ 𝜕𝑤 ∗
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