Unit 6

Ms Rupinder Nanda
6.1 The History of Air Travel
6.2 International Air Service Agreements
6.3 Geography Basics
6.4 Air Ticketing Basics
6.5 Electronic Ticketing
Travel Agency Managment 2

Appreciate the importance of ticketing in air travel.
Learn the basic terminologies used in ticketing.
Know the existing Airline Regulations that govern
air travel
Name the country codes, city codes and airline
codes.
Know what constitutes different parts of a ticket
coupon.
Learn about e – Ticketing basics

 In 1903 Orville and Wilbur Wright were the first to
take a 12-second flight at Kitty Hawk, N.C. which
covered a distance of 120 ft.
 In 1914 the first scheduled air service began in
Florida;
 1909 DELAG, the first airline to generate revenues
started with HQ in Frankfurt.
 Boeing built the first modern passenger airliner in
1933
 1969 another revolutionary aircraft, the Boeing 747
was launched .
 1978 saw the deregulation of airline which began
from the USA
1993 to 1997 -the European Union led open skies
policy regime in all the Europe countries.
Open Skies lowered fares, expanded access and

boosted tourism . commerce and movement
within the now 28-member market.
Open Air Skies is an international policy concept

that liberalizes the rules and regulations of the
international aviation industry—especially
commercial aviation—to create a free-market
environment for the airline industry.

Advantages of the open sky policy
 Frequent Flyer Programs
 Low Cost Airlines
 Privatizations
 Led to mergers of the smaller airlines
 Privatization of the Government airlines like the
British Airways
Disadvantages of the Open Sky Policy
 Increased Bankruptcy & Un-healthy Competition
 Consolidation led to Dominance of the airlines

 1911 - The first commercial flight in India between
Allahabad and Naini covering a distance of 6 miles took
off.
 In 1915 Tata Sons Ltd started regular air mail services
between Karachi and Madras .
 In 1932 Tata Airlines started Air Mail services on
the Karachi, Ahmadabad, Bombay,, Madras route.
 In 1946 Tata Airlines changed its name to Air India.
 Air India started international services under the name Air
India International Ltd it became India’s Flag carrier in
1948
 Today India is the 9th largest aviation market in the world
with 82 operational airports, 735 aircraft, 12 operational
scheduled airlines and 121 non-scheduled operators.

o International air services between countries operate
under the terms of a bilateral air service agreement
(ASA) negotiated between the two countries.
o In a Convention in 1944 in Chicago 54 countries signed
the convention on International Civil Aviation, known
as the Chicago Convention.
o It established the rules under which international
aviation operates.
o It also established the International Civil Aviation
Organization (ICAO)
o ICAO developed the traffic rights known as the
Freedoms of air .
o These bilateral agreements from the basis of rights
exchanged in air service negotiations.

International aviation is regulated by a complex web of over
3000 interlocking bilateral air services agreements known
as the bilateral agreements .They contain provisions on :-
1. Traffic rights—the routes airlines can fly, including cities

that can be served within, between and beyond the
bilateral partners. There are 5 major freedoms of air
2. Capacity—the number of flights that can be operated or

passengers that can be carried between the bilateral
partners.
3. Authorized Points. The allowable routes that could be

operated. Can be a detailed specification of individual
airports which could or could not be combined on a
particular flight and in what order.

4. Designation, Ownership and Control—the
number of airlines the bilateral partners can
nominate to operate services and the ownership
criteria airlines must meet ,is designated under
the bilateral agreement.
5. Tariffs—i.e. prices. They decide the method for

setting fares on the route. The conditions necessary for a
fare proposed by the airline of one country to become
operative. Ticket prices are submitted to aeronautical
authorities for approval.

 FirstFreedom of the Air - the right of
scheduled international air services,
granted by one State to another State to
fly across its territory without landing (also
known as a First Freedom Right).
Example - Air India’s flights overflying Dubai from

BOM to LON

 Second Freedom of the Air - the right of
granted by one State to another State or
States to land in its territory for non-traffic
purposes like refueling or maintenance.
 Ex- Air India’s flights stopping for refueling
in Dubai from BOM- LON.

 ThirdFreedom of The Air - the right of
put down, in the territory of the first
State, traffic coming from the home state
of the carrier .
Example Air India flights flying passenger
mail and cargo from BOM- LON

 Fourth Freedom of The Air - The right of
fly from the first State, traffic destined
for the home State of the carrier
Example -Air India Flying passenger , mail and

cargo from LON- BOM

 FifthFreedom of The Air - the right of
put down and to take on, in the territory of
the first State, traffic coming from or
destined to a third State
Ex Air India taking passengers , mail and cargo
form BOM- LON and then onward to NYC

IATA areas
 IATA has divided the world into 3 such areas

known as Area 1,Area 2& Area 3 – commonly
abbreviated as TC1, TC2 and TC3.
 Each of the IATA areas has been further divided
into a SUB-AREA
 These sub-areas, in the IATA context, may have
a different meaning from that generally
implied by the geographical terms

Sub Area Countries
North America Canada, Greenland, Mexico, St. Pierre & Miquelon,

USA including Alaska, Hawaii, Puerto Rico and
US Virgin Islands.
Caribbean Bahamas, Bermuda, Guyana, French Guiana,
Suriname and the Caribbean Islands.
Central Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica,

America Guatemala, Nicaragua.
South America Argentina, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, French Guiana,

Suriname, Brazil, Guyana, Uruguay, Chile, Panama,
Venezuela, Colombia, Paraguay

Sub Area Important Countries
Europe All European courtiers plus the Russia located west of
Ural Mountains
Middle East Bahrain, Jordan, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Kuwait, Sudan, Iran,
Lebanon, Syria, Iraq, Oman, United Arab Emirates, Israel,
Qatar, Yemen.
Central Africa Malawi, Zambia, Zimbabwe
Eastern Africa Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda,

Somalia, Tanzania, Uganda.
S Western Botswana, Lesotho, Mozambique, Namibia, South Africa,
Africa Swaziland.
Western Africa All the African to the west
Indian Ocean Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Reunion,

Islands Seychelles, Libya.

Sub Area Important Countries
South Asian Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh,

Maldives, Sri Lanka, Bhutan, Nepal.
South East Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,

Asia /Indian Maldives, Nepal, Pakistan and Sri Lanka
Sub continent
Japan/Korea Japan, Korea
South West American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji,

Pacific Kiribati, Nauru, New Caledonia New Zealand, ,
Solomon Island, Tonga, Vanuatu..

Important Variations in the IATA sub Areas
and the Geographical areas
 The IATA definition of Europe comprises of Europe and

parts of countries and islands of North African
countries ie Morocco, Algeria and Tunisia. The Azores,
Madeira and the canary islands and the Asian part of
Turkey
 Casablanca, Algiers, Tunis, Las Palmas and Ankara are
all situated within in the IATA Europe sub- Area
 Cyprus ,Egypt and Sudan are included in the IATA
middle East sub area.

It is a code that appears next to the fare and
tells what route the travel must take.
• For certain destinations it is possible for

passengers to take alternative routes
• Example – Passengers travelling to Los Angeles
from India can travel in two possible
directions. The fares would differ in both the
cases.
 via the Atlantic stopping at LON/ NYC - AT
 via Pacific , stopping at BKK and TYO - AP
 AP and AT are the Global Indicators.
.

GI IATA AREAS Example
Eastern Hemisphere – Journeys made within IATA area 2 PAR- CAI
EH or wholly IATA 3 SIN – SYD
Western Hemisphere Journeys are made within IATA area BOS - MEX
WH 1.
Far East – FE Journeys between Russia / Ukraine MOW- HKG- TYO
and Area 3
Trans Siberian – TS Journeys between IATA area 2 BKK- TYO- PAR
( except Russia) and area 3 – Japan /
Korea
Atlantic Pacific AP Journey between IATA area 2 and 3 PAR-YVR-SYD
via the Atlantic and Pacific ocean
Atlantic – AT Journey between IATA area 1 and 2 PAR – BOS
via the Atlantic ocean.
Pacific – PA Journeys between IATA area 1 and 3 BOS – SYD
via the Pacific ocean
Polar Route PO Journeys between Europe to the Far PAR- ANC-SIN
East via Alaska.
Latitudes :- Latitude are the imaginary angular lines on Earth
measured north or south of the equator which is 0 degrees. They
are measured in degrees, minutes and seconds. They Divide the
earth into Northern and Southern Hemisphere
The Important Latitudes are
 Equator at zero degrees divides the Earth into two equal

halves Northern and Southern Hemispheres , runs through ,
Columbia , Brazil , Congo , Uganda , Kenya , Maldives Indonesia.
 Tropic of Cancer at 23.5°N and runs through Mexico, Egypt,
Saudi Arabia, India and southern China.
 The Tropic of Capricorn at 23.5°S and it runs through Chile,
Southern Brazil, South Africa and Australia .
 Arctic Circle at 66.5 N , Canada Norway . Sweden , Finland,
Russia , Alaska
 Antarctic Circle - 66.5 S
 The North Pole =90 N
 The South Pole. =90 S
Longitudes - Longitudes, or meridians , are angular
distances measured in divisions of 15 degrees east
and west of 0 degree, or Prime Meridian or
Greenwich Mean Time (GMT). Longitudes divide
the earth into Eastern and Western Hemisphere.
The Important Longitudes
 0 degrees longitude is also the Prime Meridian

 180 degrees longitude, is the International Date
Line.
Twenty-four hour clock
 The Conventional clocks use the 12 Hour function

as a time function with am and pm separating the
Morning and Evenings timings .
 Travel Industry worldwide use the 24 Hour Clock
to eliminate confusion.

International Date Line
 IDL is an imaginary line that runs from the North Pole,

through the Pacific Ocean at 180 degrees longitude to
the South Pole.
 This line represents the meeting of the hours east and
west of Greenwich Mean Time (GMT).
 The east side of the line is 24 hours behind the west
side of the line
 Crossing the IDL west wards the day changes to the
Next.
Example :- If a passenger flies from USA to TYO on a
Wednesday , he would arrive after the 9 hours flight
and it would be Thursday in TYO , so he loses a day

TIME ZONES
 There are 24 meridians around the globe as well

as approximately 24 time zones.
 The Globe is divided into 24 zones of 15 degrees
longitude, each time zone increases or decreases
one hour for each 15 degrees you travel.
 The Meridian passing through the Observatory at
Greenwich, in London and is the prime meridian or
the zero degree longitude
 The universal day begins at the Mean Midnight at
Greenwich and counted on a 24-hour clock. ( 0000
Hrs )

IATA codes
o The air transport Industry uses codes for cities Airports,

airlines, currency , special service requests
o All countries cities and airports have been given three
letters ISO code by IATA.
o The Codes are designated as either 3 letters or 2 letters.
o If a city has more then one International airport it has a
different code than the city .
o Code basics -
• Country Codes are 2 letter -- IN , US
• City codes are 3 Letter -- DEL , BOM, LON
• Currency codes are 3 Letter -- INR , USD
• Airlines codes are 2 Letter – AI , BA
• Airports are 3 Letter - LHR and LGW ( 2 airports of LON )

Country Capital 3 letter IATA code
Canada Ottawa YOW
USA Washington WAS
Japan Tokyo TYO
Brazil Brasillia BSB
Egypt Cairo CAI
United Kingdom London LON
France Paris PAR
Switzerland Berne BRN
China Beijing BJS
India Delhi DEL
 Air fare is a price paid to acquire the right to use an
airline seat in a specific aircraft and within a prescribed
period.
 It is the price paid by a client to purchase an airline seat.
 The types of fares, rules and restrictions, taxes, etc., are
all components that complicate the price.
IATA definition: - The amount charged by the carrier for the

carriage of a passenger and his allowable free baggage
and is the current fare which a Member, in the
publication it normally uses to publish fares, holds out to
the public, or the appropriate segment of the public, as
being applicable to the class of service to be furnished.

There are two basic types of airfares -International and
Domestic
Domestic airfare are point to point fares within the country and are
applicable only after the approval from Director General of Civil
Aviation in India.(DGCA).
International airfares are applicable only after the approval from
International Air Transport Association (IATA), which are based on
bilateral agreements. Specific rules govern items such as the minimum
and maximum length of stay, or a Saturday night fare ,or if ticket is
purchased seven or more days in advance and so on.
Airfares are based on four main factors:

 Fare Types
 Fare Basis
 Class of Service
 Fare Rules

Fare Types
The airfares fall into two categories and are based on round trip or
one way categories .International fares are published airfares , and
are based on round-trip or one-way travel ,there are two main types
1. Normal Fares
2. Special Fares - are divided further
 APEX Fares
 Discounted Fares
 Excursion Fares
 PEX Fares - Instant Purchase fares

Normal Fares :-
 A fare established by IATA for intermediate, first or economy

class service and any other fare denominated and published
as a normal fare (e.g. C2, F2, Y2 COW , YOW ).
 They can be either

 One way – OW or Return RT or a Circle Trip – CT fare.
 Children’s fares and infants’ fares which are established as a

percentage of the fares to the normal fares are also
considered to be normal fares
 Various rules apply to construct these fares for a specified

routing

 Special Fares :-All fare other than the normal fare . Some
special fare types are
 APEX fares - Advance Purchase Excursion Fares and are discounted

They are usually require tickets to be purchased in advance by 7, 14,
or 21 days minimum advance purchase, and will have other restrictions -
non-refundable, change fees are just a few of the possible restrictions.
 Discount Fares -fares that tend to have a smaller price tag, and are
offered for a limited time. They have many restrictions such as specific
travel dates, minimum and maximum stay for example -a minimum
Saturday night stay, a maximum 30 day stay), etc.
 Excursion fares are lower priced fares that involve restrictions like
advance purchase, time of year, minimum/maximum stay, etc.
 PEX fares- Instant Purchase Excursion fares are round trip fares
whereby reservations and ticketing must be completed at the same
time. Tickets must show reservations for the entire journey.
Fare Basis
 It is an alpha or alpha-numeric code used by airlines to
identify a fare type
 Fare basis helps airline staff and travel agents to find the
rules applicable to that fare.
 Fare basic will be 3 to 7 characters long .
 Some factors that the determines the Fare basis are –
 The class of service
 Day of the week
 Type of trip
 Length of stay.
 Time of Travel

Classes of service on a flight
Code Type of class
P First Class
A First class discounted
J Business class premium

C Business class
D Business class discounted
W Economy class premium
S,Y Economy class

B, Q, H, T, K, V, L, Economy class discounted
M, N

Type Of Trip
Code Type
AP Advanced purchase fare
OX One way excursion fare
OW One way fare
PX PEX fare
SX SuperPEX fare
EE Excursion fare
SS Super saver fare
RT Round trip fare
CH Accompanied Child fare
IN Infant fare (Not occupying a seat)

CD Senior citizen fare

Time Of Travel
Code Type
W Weekend travel
X Midweek travel
H High or peak season
L Low or basic season
K High shoulder season
O Mid shoulder season
J Low shoulder season

Length of stay
• There is a minimum & maximum days stay a fare will allow .
• It is indicated by the following codes .
• 3M will indicate that the pax has to stay for a minimum of 3
months to take this fare.
Code Type
3M Maximum stay 3 months
45 Maximum stay 45 days

1Y Maximum stay 1 year
90 Maximum 90 days stay

De coding the Fare Basis for the above Codes
Fare Basis Decoding

YAP1M Economy. apex fare, valid 1 month
YPX3M Economy .PEX fare, valid 3 months
YEE90 Economy ,excursion fare, valid 90 days
YLPX1M Economy ,low season ,PEX fare, valid 1 month
YHWAP3M Economy ,high season ,weekend ,apex fare, valid 3
months
YEE45CH Economy, excursion fare, valid 45 days for a child
LHWAP3M Economy Class High Season Weekend apex , valid 3
Months
YEE3M/IN90 Economy Class , Excursion,3 months for a Infant
YHPX6M Economy Class, High Season, Apex for 6 Months

The Class of service a passenger flies can be either economy, business
or first class class, but the type of fare that was purchased within
these classes is suggested by the code that is mentioned on the
tickets .
First-class: Most expensive and most comfortable class and has flat beds
and many other features . F, P are the letters most commonly used to
indicate First Class.
Business Class: Provides higher quality of service such as better seat
accommodation and catering service. J, C are the letters used to
represent Business, Y is almost universally used to indicate a full fare
economy ticket.
Economy class:-The most basic class of service on most aircrafts.
Provides basic seat accommodation and minimal in-flight catering
service. Commonly purchased by leisure or family travellers.
B, H, L, M, V, etc. are just some of the letters indicating subclasses
(reduced, restricted, and/or discounted fares). These letters vary by
airline and in value.
X, U, R are a few of the letters commonly used to indicate a fare
purchased from a consolidator.

Discounted air fares are always subject to certain
restrictions. Lower the fare; the more are the
restrictions applicable.
These restrictions, commonly referred to as fare rules,
they fall into six main categories:
1. Minimum or Maximum stay
With most discount fares, the length of time between
Outbound and return flights is restricted. For example, a fare may be
valid only if the passenger is willing to stay over until the next Sunday
before starting a return trip.
2. Validity Dates:
The discount travel is valid on certain dates. It has both an
effective date and an expiration date. There may also be
blackout dates, meaning that the travel is not valid on those
dates.

 Combinability: Discount fares can be combined with other fare
types only as mentioned in the rule.
 EG- BOM –LON- T // LON BOM L ( T class fare and L class fares
combine)
 Routing: Only permitted routings may be used in restrictive
fares. Connecting and stopover points are given in the Rule box
 Penalties :- Penalties for cancellation in restricted fares and

non refundable fares
 Other Restrictions: A number of other special conditions may

also apply to discount fare.
 For example, a fare rule may require all segments of the itinerary to be
confirmed at the time of ticketing, or may prohibit travel on certain
dates of the week

An airline ticket - is a document, issued by an airline, to
confirm that an individual has purchased and paid for a seat on
a flight on an aircraft. A ticket is required to get a boarding
pass which allows the passenger to board the aircraft. Some
things to understand while issuance of tickets are
 Type of Journey undertaken

 Airline Traffic Document
 Components of an International ticket .
 Baggage Rules

One-way: Itinerary covered by a single ticket and involves travel in a
single geographical direction
BOM LON
Return: Itinerary covered by a single ticket and involves travel in two

geographical directions and the origin is also the final destination
BOM LON
Open-jaw: Itinerary covered by a single ticket and involves travel in

two geographical directions but origin / destination is not the same as
the final destination / origin .
BOM LON
DEL
See The table On Next Slide for Explanations

Explanation Entry of the Ticket
ITINERARY 3 LETTER CODES OF CITIES TYO SPK ( Tokyo - Sapporo
)
NO STOP/ STOP OVER IF NO STOP OVER ALLOWED / X ( DEL / X DXB LON ) – no
stop at Dubai
ISSUING AIRLINES 2 LETTER CODE OF THE AIRLINE JL
DOCUMENT NUMBER USUALLY THE FIRST 3 DIGITS 012 02692014725
SIGNIFY THE AIRLINE CODE.
FLIGHT TIME LOCAL TIME OF DEPARTURE 1050
STATUS OK- Confirmed/ HL- Holding W/L OK
FARE BASIS YPX3M
NOT VALID BEFORE DATE BY WHICH PAX CANNOT 31 OCT
TRAVEL
NOT VALID AFTER DATE BY WHICH PAX HAVE TO 31 OCT
RETURN
BAGGAGE ALLOWANCE KG - KILOGRAMS, PC - PIECE 20 K
TICKET RESERVATION PASSENGER NAME RECORDER - 2 VAC90
NUMBER PNR
FARE THE CURRENCY JPY
EQUIVALENT AMOUNT # LETTER CURRENCY CODE INR 25000

 IATA airlines specify the baggage allowance that a person
can carry free of charge which is known as the baggage
allowance.
 The fare on the ticket shows the kind of seat , service and
the baggage allowance
 IATA defines baggage as ―Articles effects and other
personal belongings of passengers destined to be worn or
used by them, or necessary for their comfort or
convenience during the journey
 IATA gives some guidelines for its member airlines on "Free
Baggage Allowance

 The Free Baggage Allowance Includes
 The Checked Baggage
 The Cabin Baggage
 Checked Baggage: - Checked baggage is the item of

luggage for transportation in the hold of an aircraft. This
baggage is limited by airlines with regard to size, weight,
and number. All sharp objects or cutting implements of
any kind and of any length, must be packed in checked
baggage. There are two concepts used worldwide
 Weight concept
 Piece Concept

 The "weight concept" defines the amount of baggage
entitled by the passenger's ticket in kilos. This concept is
applicable to all parts except USA and Canada.
 Economy class passenger - 20 KG
 Business class passenger 30 kilos
 The "piece concept" defines the amount of baggage

entitled by number of pieces .This Concept is applicable
for travel to and from USA and Canada.
 Two pieces of checked baggage are allowed per passenger,
each piece weighing no more than 23 kilos (50 lb) and
measuring no more than 158 cm (62 in)

Unchecked baggage or Cabin baggage - The Cabin
Baggage the passenger can carry inside the
aircraft and be stored in the aircraft cabin
overhead hold.
 There is a limit to baggage size, weight and
shape to fit under a passenger seat or in a
storage compartment.
 Cabin baggage should have maximum length of
22 in (56 cm), width of 18 in (45 cm) and depth
of 10 in (25 cm). These dimensions include
wheels, handles, side pockets, etc.
 Maximum weight of the cabin baggage is 5-7
Kgs

Excess Baggage
 When the baggage of a passenger exceeds the

free baggage allowances , the airline charges
the passenger extra charges
 The excess baggage charges are different for
each airlines .
 The Excess baggage’s may be accepted
depending on the availability in the same flight
or may be sent by another flight .

 On 1 June 2008, the travel industry switched over
completely to 100% electronic ticketing and Air India
entered in 2002.
 Electronic Ticketing is a method to record the sale of
passenger transportation without issuance of a paper value
ticket.
 The Details are stored in the airline's computer system and
it eliminates the need for the passenger to carry a paper
ticket.
 Passengers shows a valid photo identification card for
boarding cards to be issued at the time of check In .
 The flight coupons are produced electronically on the
system.
 Accounting coupons are printed on a broadcast printer.

Advantages of E – Tickets
 The passengers have the tickets stored on their mobiles

or computers so it cannot be lost.
 The travel agent don’t have to deliver the tickets
physically.
The domestic tickets may even be carried as a message
from the CRS or the Airlines.
 The passenger can change their travel itinerary using an
e-ticket, as the travel agency or airline need only update
their database
 E Tickets are an eco friendly option as they save a lot of
paper.
 Electronic tickets have resulted in sizeable amount of cost
savings for the industry of up to US$3bilion per year.


Unit 6

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Unit 6

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

Ms Rupinder Nanda

6.1 The History of Air Travel

6.2 International Air Service Agreements

6.3 Geography Basics

6.4 Air Ticketing Basics

6.5 Electronic Ticketing

Travel Agency Managment 2

Travel Agency Managment 3

Open Skies lowered fares, expanded access and

Open Air Skies is an international policy concept

Travel Agency Managment 5

Travel Agency Managment 6

Travel Agency Managment 7

Travel Agency Managment 8

1. Traffic rights—the routes airlines can fly, including cities

2. Capacity—the number of flights that can be operated or

3. Authorized Points. The allowable routes that could be

Travel Agency Managment 9

5. Tariffs—i.e. prices. They decide the method for

Travel Agency Managment 10

Example - Air India’s flights overflying Dubai from

Travel Agency Managment 11

Travel Agency Managment 12

Travel Agency Managment 13

Example -Air India Flying passenger , mail and

Travel Agency Managment 14

Travel Agency Managment 15

 IATA has divided the world into 3 such areas

Travel Agency Managment 16

North America Canada, Greenland, Mexico, St. Pierre & Miquelon,

Central Belize, El Salvador, Honduras, Costa Rica,

South America Argentina, Ecuador, Peru, Bolivia, French Guiana,

Travel Agency Managment 17

Eastern Africa Burundi, Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Kenya, Rwanda,

Indian Ocean Comoros, Madagascar, Mauritius, Mayotte, Reunion,

Travel Agency Managment 18

South Asian Afghanistan, India, Pakistan, Bangladesh,

South East Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, India,

Japan/Korea Japan, Korea

South West American Samoa, Australia, Cook Islands, Fiji,

Travel Agency Managment 19

 The IATA definition of Europe comprises of Europe and

Travel Agency Managment 20

• For certain destinations it is possible for

Travel Agency Managment 21

The Important Latitudes are

 Equator at zero degrees divides the Earth into two equal

The Important Longitudes

 0 degrees longitude is also the Prime Meridian

 The Conventional clocks use the 12 Hour function

Travel Agency Managment 25

 IDL is an imaginary line that runs from the North Pole,

Travel Agency Managment 26

 There are 24 meridians around the globe as well

Travel Agency Managment 27

o The air transport Industry uses codes for cities Airports,

Travel Agency Managment 29

IATA definition: - The amount charged by the carrier for the

Travel Agency Managment 31

Airfares are based on four main factors:

Travel Agency Managment 32

Travel Agency Managment 33

 A fare established by IATA for intermediate, first or economy