BRILLIANT PUBLIC SCHOOL,

SITAMARHI
(Affiliated up to +2 level to C.B.S.E., New Delhi)

Class X
S.A.-II Maths
I.I.T.Foundation, N.T.S.E. & Olympiad
Study Package
Session: 2014-15

Office: Rajopatti, Dumra Road, Sitamarhi (Bihar), Pin-843301

Ph.06226-252314 , Mobile:9431636758, 9931610902
Website: www.brilliantpublicschool.com; E-mail: brilliantpublic@yahoo.com
 TOPICS PAGES
1. Circles 1-5
2. Constructions 6-12
3. Trigonometry 13-20
4. Heights and Distances 21-26
5. Mensuration 26-39
6. Statistics 40-54
7. Probability 55-58

CIRCLES
9.1 CIRCLE
A circle is the locus of a points which moves in a plane in such a way that its distance from a fixed point
remains constant.
9.2 SECANT AND TANGENT :
⇒ Secant to a circle is a line which intersects the circle in two distinct points.
⇒ A tangent to a circle is a line that intersects the circle in exactly one point.
9.3 THEOREM :
Statement : A tangent to a circle i perpendicular to the radius through the point of contact.

Given : A circle C (O, r) and a tangent AB at a point P.

To prove : OP ⊥ AB
Construction :
Take any points Q, other than P on the tangent AB. Join OQ. Suppose OQ meets the circle at R.
Proof: Among all line segments joining the point O to a point on AB, the shorted one is perpendicular to
AB. So, to prove that OP ⊥ AB, it is sufficient to prove that OP is shorter than any other segment
joining O to any point of AB.
Clearly OP = OR
Now, OQ OR + RQ
⇒ OQ > OR
⇒ OQ > OP ( ∴ OP = OR)
Thus, OP is shorter than any other segment joining O to any point of AB.
Hence, OP ⊥ AB.
9.4 THEORM :
Statement : Lengths of two tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.

1
Given: AP and AQ are two tangents drawn from a point A to a circle C (O, r).
To prove : AP = AQ
Construction : Join OP, OQ and OA.

Proof : In ∆ AOQ and ∆ APO

∠OQA = ∠OPA [Tangent at any point of a circle is perp. to radius through the point of contact]

AO = AO [Common]

OQ = OP [Radius]

So, by R.H.S. criterion of congruency ∆AOQ ≅ ∆AOP

∴ AQ = AP [By CPCT] Hence Proved.

Result
Result : :
(i) (i) If Iftwo
twotangents
tangentsareare drawn
drawn to to a circle
a circle from
from anan external
external point,
point, then
then they
they subtend
subtend equal
equal angles
angles at at
the
the centre.
centre. ∠OAQ ∠OAQ
= ∠OAP= ∠[By
OAP [By CPCT]
CPCT]
(ii)(ii) If Iftwo
twotangents
tangents are
are drawn
drawn totoa acircle from
circle an external
from point,point,
an external they are
theyequally inclinedinclined
are equally to the to the
segment,
segment, joining
joining the
the centre
centre toto that
that point∠OAQ
point ∠OAQ= =∠OAP
∠OAP[By [By CPCT]
CPCT]

Ex. 1 If all the sides of a parallelogram touches a circle, show that the parallelogram is a rhombus.
gm
Sol. Given : Sides AB, BC, CD and DA of a ABCD touch a circle at P,Q,R and S respectively.
gm
To prove ABCD is a rhombus.
Proof : AP = AS .......(i)

BP = BQ .......(ii)

CR = CQ .......(iii)

DR = DS ........(iv)
[Tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal]
Adding (1), (2), (3) and (4), we get
⇒ AP + BP + CR + DR = AS + BQ + CQ + DS
⇒ (AP + BP) + (CR + DR) = (AS + DS_ + (BQ + CQ)
⇒ AB + CD = AD + BC
gm
⇒ AB + AB = AD + AD [In a ABCD, opposite side are equal]
⇒ 2AB = 2AD or AB = AD
But AB = CD AND AD = BC [Opposite sides of a gem]
∴ AB = BC = CD = DA
gm
Hence, ABCD is a rhombus.
Ex.2 A circle touches the BC of a ∆ ABC at P and touches AB and AC when produced at Q and R respectively
1
as shown in figure, Show that = (Perimeter of ∆ ABC).
2
So. Given : A circle is touching side BC of ∆ ABC at P and touching AB and AC when produced at Q and R
respectively.

2
 1
To prove : AQ = (perimeter of ∆ ABC)
2
Proof : AQ = AR .......(i)
BQ = BP .......(ii)
CP = CR ........(iii)
[Tangents drawn from and external point to a circle are equal]
Now, perimeter of ∆ ABC = AB + BC + CA
= AB + BP + PC + CA
= (AB + BQ) + (CR + CA) [From (ii) and (iii)]
= AQ + AR = AQ + AQ [From (i)]
1
AQ = (perimeter of ∆ ABC).
2

Ex.3 Prove that the tangents at the extremities of any chord make equal angles with the chord.
Sol. Let AB be a chord of a circle with centre O, and let AP and BP be the tangents at A and B respectively.
Suppose, the tangents meet at point P. Join OP. Suppose OP meets AB at C.

We have to prove that

∠PAC = ∠PBC
In triangles PCA and PCB
PA = PB [ ∴ Tangent from an external point are equal]
∠APC = ∠BPC [ ∴ PA and PB are equally inclined to OP]
And PC = PC [Common]
So, by SAS criteria of congruence
∆PAC ≅ ∆BPC
⇒ ∠PAC = ∠PBC [By CPCT]
Ex.4 Prove that the segment joining the points of contact of two parallel tangents passes through the centre.
Sol. Let PAQ and RBS be two parallel tangents to a circle with centre O. Join OA and OB. Draw OC PQ Now,
PA CO

0
⇒ ∠PAO + ∠COA = 1800 [Sum of co-interior angle is 180 ]
⇒ 900 + ∠COA = 1800 [∴ ∠PAO = 90]
⇒ ∠COA = 900
Similarly, ∠CON = 900
∴ ∠COA + ∠COB = 900 + 900 = 1800
Hence, AOB is a straight line passing through O.

3
OBJECTIVE DPP - 9.1

1. The length of the tangent drawn from a point 8 cm away from the centre of a circle of radius 6 cm is
(A) 7 cm (B) 2 7 cm (C) 10 cm (D) 5 cm
2. A tangent PQ at a point P of a circle of radius 5 cm meets a line through the centre O at a point Q, so that
OQ = 12 cm. Length of PQ is :
(A) 12 cm (B) 13 cm (C) 8.5 cm (D) 119 cm
3. If tangents PA and PB from a point P to a circle with centre O are inclined to each other at an angle of 800
then ∠POA is equal to
0 0 0 0
(A) 50 (B) 60 (C) 70 (D) 80
4. Two circle touch each other externally at C and AB is a common tangent to the circle. Then ∠ACB =
0 0 0 0
(A) 60 (B) 45 (C) 30 (D) 90

5. ABC is a right angled triangle, right angled at B such that BC = 6 am and AB = 8 cm. A circle with centre O
is inscribed in ∆ ABC. The radius of the circle is
(A) 1 cm (B) 2 cm (C) 3 cm (D) 4 cm
SUBJECTIVE DPP - 9.2
0
1. ABCD is a quadrilateral such than ∠D = 90 . A circle C (O, r) touches the sides AB, BC, CD and DA at P,
Q, R and S respectively. If BC = 38 cm, CD = 25 cm and BP = 27 cm, find r.
2. Two concentric circles are of radius 5 cm and 3 cm. Find the length of the chord of the larger circle which
touches the smaller circle.
3. In a circle of radius 5 cm, AB and AC are two chords, such that AB = AC = 6 cm. Find the length of chord
BC.
4. The radius of the incircle of a triangle is 4 cm and the segments into which one side is divided by the point
of contact are 6 cm and 8 cm. Determine the other two sides of the triangle.
5. In figure,
and m are two parallel tangents at P and R. The tangent at Q makes an intercept ST between

and m. Prove that ∠SOT = 900

6. PQR is a right angled triangle with PQ = 12 cm and QR = 5 cm. A circle with centre O and radius x is
inscribed in ∆ PQR. Find the value of x.

7. From an external point P, two tangents PA and PB are drawn to the circle with centre O. Prove that OP is
the perpendicular dissector of AB.
8. Two tangent TP and TQ are drawn to a circle with centre O from an external point T. Prove
that ∠PTQ = 2∠OPQ .

4
9. A circle touches the sides of a quadrilateral ABCD at P, Q, R, S respectively. Show that the angles
subtended at the centre by a pair of opposite sides are supplementary.
10. In figure, a circle touches all the four sides of a quadrilateral ABCD with AB= 6 cm, BC = 7 cm and CD = 4
cm. Find AD. [CBSE - 2002]

11. Prove that the lengths of the tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
Using the above, do the following :
In figure, TP and TQ are tangents from T to the circle with centre O and R is any point on the circle. If AB is
a tangent to the circle at R, prove that
TA + AR = TB + BR. [CBSE - 208]

12. In figure, if ∠ATO = 400, find ∠AOB [CBSE - 2008]

13. In figure OP is equal to diameter of the circle. Prove that ABP is an equilateral triangle. [CBSE - 2008]

ANSWERS
(Objective DPP 9.1)
Qus. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. B D A D B

(Subjective DPP 9.2)

1. 14 cm 2. 8 cm 3. 9.6 cm 4. 13 cm and 15 cm

6. 2 cm 10. 3 cm 12. 1000

5
 CONSTRUCTION
10.1 DIVISION OF A LINE SEGENT :
In order to divide a line segment internally is a given ratio m: n, where both m and n are positive integers,
we follow the following steps:
Step of construction :
(i) Draw a line segment AB of given length by using a ruler.
(ii) Draw and ray AX making an acute angle with AB.
(iii) Along AX mark off (m + n) points A1, A2,..., Am+n such that AA1 = A1A2 = ....=Am+n+Am+n.
(iv) Join B Am+n
(v) Through the point Am draw a line parallel to Am+n B by making an angle equal to ∠AA m+nB at Am.
Suppose this line meets AB at a point P.
The point P so obtained is the required point which divides AB internally in the ratio m : n.

Ex.1 Divide a line segment of length 12 cm internally in the ratio 3 : 2.

Sol. Following are the steps of construction.
Step of construction :
(i) Draw a line segment AB = 12 cm by using a ruler.
(ii) Draw any ray making an acute angle ∠BAX with AB.
(iii) Along AX, mark-off 5 (=3 + 2) points A1,A2,A3,A4 and A5 such that AA1 = A1A2 = A2A3 = A3A4 =
A4A5.
(iv) Join BA5
(v) Through A3 draw a line A3P parallel to A5B by making an angle equal to ∠AA 5 B at A 3 intersecting
AB at a point P.

The point P so obtained is the required point, which divides AB internally in the ratio 3 : 2.

6
10.2 ALTERNATIVE METHOD FOR DIVISION OF A LINE SEGMENT INTERNALLY IN A
GIVEN RATIO :
Use the following steps to divide a given line segment AB internally in a given ration m : n, where m and
natural members.
Steps of Construction :
(i) Draw a line segment AB of given length.
(ii) Draw any ray AZ making an acute angle ∠BAX with AB.
(iii) Draw a ray BY, on opposite side of AX, parallel to AX making an angle ∠ABY equal to ∠BAX .
(iv) Mark off a points A1, A2,....Am’ on AX and n points B1, B2,...Bn on BY such that AA1 = A1A2 = ...... =
Am-1 Am = B1B2 = ....B n-1Bn.
(v) Join AmBn. Suppose it intersect AB at P.

The point P is the required point dividing AB in the ratio m : n.

Ex.2 Decide a line segment of length 6 cm internally in the ratio 3:4.

Sol. Follow the following steps :

Steps of Construction :
(i) Draw a line segment AB of length 6 cm.
(ii) Draw any ray AX making an acute angle ∠BAX with AB.
(iii) Draw a ray BY parallel to AX by making ∠ABY equal to ∠BAX .
(iv) Mark of three point A 1,A2,A3 on AX and 4 points B1, B2m B3, B4 on BY such that AA1 = A1A2 = A 2A3
= BB1 = B1B2 = B2B3 = B2B4.
(v) Join A3B4. Suppose it intersects AB at a point P.
Then, P is the point dividing AB internally in the ratio 3:4.

7
10.3 CONTRUCTION OF A TRIANGLE SIMILAR TO A GIVEN TRIANGLE :
Scale Factor : The ratio of the sides of the triangle to be constructed with the corresponding sides of the
given triangle is known as their scale factor.

Steps of Construction when m<n :

(i) Construct the given triangle ABC by using the given data.
(ii) Take any one of the three side of the given triangle as base. Let AB be the base of the given triangle.
(iii) At one end, say A, of base AB. Construct an acute angle ∠BAX below the base AB.
(iv) Along AX mark of n points A1, A2,A3,.....An such that AA1 = A1A2 = ..... =An-1An.
(v) Join An B.
(vi) Draw AmB’ parallel to An B which meets AB at B’.
(vii) From B’ draw B’ C’ CB meeting AC at C’.
th
m
Triangle AB’C’ is the required triangle each of whose side is   of the corresponding side of ∆ ABC.
n
Ex.3 Construction a ∆ ABC in which AB = 5 cm, BC = 6 cm and AC = 7 cm. Now, construct a triangle similar to
∆ ABC such that each of its side is two-third of the corresponding side of ∆ ABC.
Sol. Steps of Construction
(i) Draw a line segment AB = 5 cm.
(ii) With A as centre and radius AC = 7 cm, draw an arc.
(iii) With B as centre and BC= 6 cm, draw another arc, intersecting the arc draw in step (ii) at C.
(iv) Join AC and BC to obtain ∆ ABC.
(v) Below AB, make an acute angle ∠BAX .
2
(vi) Along AX, mark off three points (greater of 2 and 3 in ) A1,A2,A3 such that AA1 = A1A 2 = A2A3.
3
(vi) Join A3B.

(viii) Draw A2B’ A3B, meeting AB at B’.

(iv) From B’, draw B’C’ BC, meeting AC at C’.
AB’C’ is the required triangle, each of the whose sides is two-third of the corresponding sides of ∆ ABC.

8
 Steps of Construction when m > n: (i) Construct the given triangle by using the given data.
(ii) Take any of the three sides of the given triangle and consider it as the base. Let AB be the base of the
given triangle. (iii) At one end, say A, of base AB construct an acute angle ∠BAX below base AB
i.e. on the composite side of the vertex C.
(iv) Along AX, mark-off m (large of m and n) points A1, A2,.....Am on AX such that AA1 = A1A2 = .... Am-1 Am.
(v) Join An to B and draw a line through Am parallel to An B, intersecting the extended line segment AB at B’.
(vi) Draw a line through B’ parallel to BC intersecting the extended line segment AC at C’.
(vii) ∆ AB’C’ so obtained is the required triangle.

0 0
Ex.4 Draw a triangle ABC with side BC = 7 cm, ∠B = 45 , ∠A = 150 Construct a triangle whose side are (4/3)
times the corresponding side of ∆ ABC.
Sol. In order to construct ∆ ABC, follow the following steps : (i) Draw BC = 7 cm.
(ii) At B construct ∠CBX = 450 and at C construct ∠BCY = 1800 - (450 + 1050) = 300
Suppose BC and CY intersect at A. ∆ ABC so obtained is the given triangle.
(iii) Construct an acute angle ∠CBZ at B on opposite side of vertex A of ∆ ABC.
4
(iv) Mark-off four (greater of 4 and 3 in ) points, B1,B2,B3,B4 on BZ such that BB2 - B1B2 = V2B3 = B 3B4.
3
(v) Join B3 ( the third point) to C and draw a line through B4 parallel to B3C, intersecting the extended
line segment BC at C’.
(vi) Draw a line through C’ parallel to CA intersecting the extended line segment BA at A’ Triangle
A’BC’ so obtained is the required triangle such that
A ' B' BC' A ' C' 4
= = =
AB BC AC 3

9
10.4 CONSTRCUTION OF TANGENT TO A CIRCLE :
10.4 (a)To Draw the Tangent to a Circle at a Given Point on it, When the Centre of the Circle is
Known :
Given : A circle with centre O and a point P and it.
Required : To draw the tangent to the circle at P.
Steps of Construction.
(i) Join OP.
(ii) Draw a line AB perpendicular to OP at the point P. APB is the required tangent at P.

Ex.5 Draw a circle of diameter 6 cm with centre O. Draw a diameter AOB. Through A or B draw tangent to the
circle.
Sol. Given : A circle with centre O and a point P on it.
Required : To draw tangent to the circle at B or A.
Steps of Construction.
(i) With O as centre and radius equal to 3 cm ( 6 ÷ 2 ) draw a circle.
(ii) Draw a diameter AOB.
(iii) Draw CD ⊥ AB.
(iv) So. CD is the required tangent.

10.4 (b) To Draw the Tangent to a Circle at a Given Point on it, When the Centre of the Circle is not Known :
Given : A circle and a point P on it.
Required : To draw the tangent to the circle at P.
Steps of Construction
(i) Draw any chord PQ and Joint P and Q to a point R in major arc PQ (or minor arc PQ).
(ii) Draw ∠QPB equal to ∠PRQ and on opposite side of chord PQ.
The line BPA will be a tangent to the circle at P.

Ex.6 Draw a circle of radius 4.5 cm. Take a point P on it. Construct a tangent at the point P without using the
centre of the circle. Write the steps of construction.
Sol. Given : To draw a tangent to a circle at P.
Steps of Construction
(i) Draw a circle of radius = 4.5 cm.
(ii) Draw a chord PQ, from the given point P on the circle.
(iii) Take a point R on the circle and joint PR and QR.

10
 (iv) Draw ∠QPB = ∠PRQ on the opposite side of the chord PQ.
(v) Produce BP to A. Thus, APB is the required tangent.

10.4 (c) To Draw the Tangent to a Circle from a Point Outside it (External Point) When its Centre is known :
Given : A circle with centre O and a point P outside it.
Required : To construct the tangents to the circle from P.
Steps of Construction :
(i) Join OP and bisect it. Let M be the mid point of OP.
(ii) Taking M as centre and MO as radius, draw a circle to intersect C (O, r) in two points, say A and B
(iii) Join PA and PB. These are the required tangents from P to C(O,r)

Ex.7 Draw a circle of radius 2.5 cm. From a point P, 6 cm apart from the centre of a circle, draw two tangents to
the circle.
Sol. Given : A point P is at a distance of 6 cm from the centre of a circle of radius 2.5 cm
Required : To draw two tangents to the circle from the given point P.
Steps of Construction :
(i) Draw a circle of radius 2.5 cm. Let it centre be O.
(ii) Join OP and bisect it. Let M be mid-point of OP.
(iii) Taking M as centre and MO as radius draw a circle to intersect C in two points, say A and B.
(iv) Join PA and PB. These are the required tangents from P to C.

10.4 (d) To Draw Tangents to a Circle From a Point Outside it (When its Centre is not Known):
Given : P is a point outside the circle.
Required : To draw tangents from a point P outside the circle.
Steps of Construction :
(i) Draw a secant PAB to intersect the circle at A and B.
(ii) Produce AP to a point C, such that PA = PC.
(iii) With BC as a diameter, draw a semicircle.

(iv) Draw PD ⊥ CB, intersecting the semicircle at D.

(v) Taking PD as radius and P as centre, draw arcs to intersect the circle at T and T’.

(iv) Join PT and PT’. Then, PT and PT’ are the required tangents.

11
Ex.8 Draw a circle of radius 3 cm. From a point P, outside the circle draw two tangents to the circle without using
the centre of the circle.
Given : A point P is outside the circle of radius 3 cm.
Required : To draw two tangents to the circle from the point P, without the use of centre.
Steps of constructing
(i) Draw a circle of radius 3 cm.
(ii) Take a point P outside the circle and draw a secant PAB, intersecting the circle at A and B.
(iii) Produce AP to C such that AP = CP.
(iv) Draw a semicircle, wit CB as a diameter.
(v) Draw PD ⊥ AB, intersecting the semi-circle AT D.
(vi) With PD as radius and P as centre draw two arcs to intersect the given circle at T and T’.
(vii) Joint PT and PT’. Which are the required tangents.

DAILY PRATICE PROBLEMS # 10

SUBEJCTIVE DPP -10.1

1. Draw a circle of radius 2.5 cm. Take a point P on it. Draw a tangent to the circle at the point P.
2. From a point P on the circle of radius 4 cm, draw a tangent to the circle without using the centre. Also, write
steps of construction.
3. Draw a circle of radius 3.5 cm. Take a point P on it. Draw a tangent to the circle at the point P, without using
the centre of the circle.
4. Draw a circle of radius 3 cm. Take a point P at a distance of 5.6 cm from the centre of the circle. From the
point P, draw two tangents to the circle.
5. Draw a circle of radius 4.5 cm. Take point P outside the circle. Without using the centre of the circle, draw
two tangents to the circle from the point P.
6. Construct a triangle ABC, similar to a given equilateral triangle PQR with side 5 cm. such that each of its
side is 6/7th of the corresponding side of the ∆ PQR.
7. Construct a triangle ABC. similar to a given isosceles triangle PQR with QR = 5 cm, PR = PQ = cm, such
that each of its side is 5/3 of the corresponding sides of the ∆ PQR.
8. Draw a line segment AB = 7 cm. Divide it externally in the ratio of
(i) 3 : 5 (ii) 5 : 3
9. Draw a ∆ ABC with side BC = 6 cm, AB = 5cm and ∠ABC = 600. Construct a ∆ AB’C’ similar to ∆ ABC
3
such that sides of ∆ AB’C’ are of the corresponding sides of ∆ ABC. [CBSE - 2008]
4

12
 TRIGONOMETRY
11.1 TRIGONOMETRY :
Trigonometry means, the science which deals with the measurement of triangles.

11.1 (a) Trigonometric Ratios :

A right angled triangle is shown in Figure. ∠B Is of 900 Side opposite to ∠B be called hypotenuse. There

are two other angles i.e. ∠A and ∠C . It we consider ∠C as θ , then opposite side to this angle is called

perpendicular and side adjacent to θ is called base.

(i) Six Trigonometry Ratio are :

Perpenicul ar P AB Hypoteuse H AC
sin θ = = = cos esθ = = =
Hypotenuse H AC Perpendicular P AB
Base B BC Hypotenuse H AC
cos θ = = = sec θ = = =
Hypotenuse H AC Base B BC
Perpendicular P AB Base B BC
tan θ = = = cot θ = = =
Base B BC Parpendicular P AB

(ii) Interrelationship is Basic Trigonometric Ratio :

1 1
tan θ = ⇒ cot θ =
cot θ tan θ
1 1
cos θ = ⇒ sec θ =
sec θ cos θ
1 1
sin θ = ⇒ cos ecθ =
cos ecθ sin θ
We also observe that

sin θ cos θ
tan θ = ⇒ cot θ =
cos θ sin θ

13
11.1 (b) Trigonometric Table :
0 0 0 0
θ→ 0 30 45 60 90

Sin 0 1 1 3 1
2 2 2
Cos 1 3 1 1 0
2 2 2
Tan 0 1 1 3 Not
defined
3
Cot Not 3 1 1 0
defined
3
Sec 1 2 2 2 Not
defined
3
Cosec Not 2 2 2 1
defined
3

11.1 (c) Trigonometric Identities :

(i) sin2 θ + cos2 θ = 1 (A) sin2 θ = 1 − cos2 θ
(B) cos2 θ = 1 − sin 2θ
(ii) 1 + tan 2 θ = sec 2 θ (A) sec 2 θ − 1 = tan2 θ
(B) sec 2 θ − tan2 θ = 1
(C) tan2 θ − sec 2 θ = −1
(iii) 1 + cot 2 θ = cos ec 2θ (A) cos ec θ − 1 = cot 2 θ
2

(B) cos ec 2θ − cot 2 θ = 1

(C) cot 2 θ − cos ec 2θ = −1
11.1 (d) Trigonometric Ratio of Complementary Angles :
sin (90 − θ) = cos θ cos (90 − θ) = sin θ
tan (90 − θ) = cot θ cot (90 − θ) = tan θ
sec (90 − θ) = cos ec θ cos ec (90 − θ) = sec θ
ILLUSTRATIONS :
EX.1 In the given triangle AB = 3 cm and AC = 5 cm. Find all trigonometric ratios.
Sol. Using Pythagoras theorem
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
⇒ 52 = 32 + p2
2
⇒ 16 = p ⇒ P = cm
Here P = 4 cm, B = 3 cm, H = 5 cm
P 4
∴ sin θ = =
H 5
B 3
cos θ = =
H 5
P 4
tan θ = =
B 3
B 3
cot θ = =
P 4
H 5
sec θ = =
B 3
H 5
cos ecθ = =
P 4

14
 m
Ex.2 If tan θ = , then find sin θ .
n
Sol. Let P = mα and B = nα
P m
∴ tan θ = =
B n
H2 = P2 + B2
H2 = m 2 α 2 + n 2 α 2
H = α m2 + n2
P ma
∴ tan θ = =
H a m2 + n2
m
sin θ =
m + n2
2

13
Ex.3 If cosec A = the prove than tan2A-sing2A = sin4A sec 2 A.
5
13 Hypotenuse
Sol. We hare coses A = =
5 Perpendicular
So, we draw a right triangle ABC, right angled at C such that hypotenuse AB = 13 units and perpendicular
BC = 5 units
B Pythagoras theorem,
AB2 = BC2 + AC2 ⇒ (13)2 = (5)2 + AC2
AC2 = 169 - 25 = 144
AC = 144 = 12 units
BC 5
tan A = =
AC 12
BC 5
sin A = =
AB 13
AB 13
and sec A = =
AC 12
L.H.S. tan2 A - Sin 2 A R.H.S. = sin4 A × sec2 A
2 2 4 2
 5 5 5  13 
=   −  =   × 
 
12  13   
13  12 
25 25 5 4 × 13 2
= − =
144 169 13 4 × 12 2
25(169 − 144) 54
= = 2
144 × 169 13 × 12 2
25 × 25 25 × 25
= =
144 × 169 144 × 169
So, L.H.S. = R.H.S. Hence Proved.
Ex.4 In ∆ ABC, right angled at B. AC + AB = 9 cm. Determine the value of cot C, cosec C, sec C.
Sol. In ∆ ABC, we have
(AC)2 = (AB)2 + BC2
⇒ (9 - AB)2 = AB 2 + (3)2 [ ∵ AC + AB = 9cm ⇒ AC = 9 - AB]
⇒ (81 + AB2 - 18AB = AB2 + 9
⇒ 72 - 18 AB = 0
72
⇒ AB = = 4 cm.
18
Now , AC + AB = 9 cm
AC = 9 - 4 = 5 cm
BC 3 AC 5 AC 5
So, cot C = = , cosec C = = − , sec C = = .
AB 4 AB 4 BC 3

15
Ex.5 Given that cos (A - B) = cos A cos B + Sin B, find the value of cos 150.
Sol. Putting A = 450 and B = 300
We get cos (450 - 300) = cos 450 cos 300 + sin 450 sin 300
1 3 1 1
⇒ cos 150. = × + ×
2 2 2 2
3 +1
⇒ cos 150 =
2 2
Ex.6 A Rhombus of side of 10 cm has two angles of 600 each. Find the length of diagonals and also find its area.
Sol. Let ABCD be a rhombus of side 10 cm and ∠BAD = ∠BCD = 600 . Diagonals of parallelogram bisect each
other.
S, AO = OC and BO = OD
In right triangle AOB
OB OA
sin 300 = cos 300 =
AB AB
1 OB 3 OA
⇒ = ⇒ =
2 10 2 10
⇒ OB = 5 cm ⇒ OA = 5 3
∴ BD = 2 (OB) ⇒ AC = 2(OA)
⇒ BD = 2(5) ⇒ AC = 2 (5 3 )
⇒ BD = 10 cm ⇒ AC = 10 3 cm
So, the length of diagonals AC = 10 3 cm & BD = 10 cm

1
Area of Rhombus = × AC × BD
2
1
= × 10 3 × 10
2
= 50 3cm 2.
sec 2 540 − cot 2 360 2
Ex.7 Evaluate : 2 0 2 0
+ 2 sin2 380 sec 2 520 − sin2 450 + tan 170 tan 600 tan 730
cos ec 57 − tan 33 3
sec 2 540 − cot 2 360 2
Sol. + 2 sin2 380 sec 2 520 − sin2 450 + tan 170 tan 600 tan 730
cos ec 2 570 − tan 2 330 3
sec 2 (900 − 360 ) − cot 2 360 2
= + 2 sin2 380 sec 2 (900 − 380 ) − sin2 450 + tan( 900 − 730 ) tan 730 tan 600
cos ec 2 (900 − 330 ) − tan 2 330 3
2
cos ec 2 360 − cot 2 360  1  2
= + 2 sin2 380 cos ec 2 380 −   + cot 730 tan 730 × 3
sec 2 330 − tan 2 330  2  3
1 2 0 1 1 2 1
= + 2 sin 38 × − + × × 73 × 3 [∵ cos ec 2θ − cot 2 θ = 1, sec 2 θ − tan2 θ = 1]
0
1 sin2 380 2 3 tan 730
1 1 9
= 1+ 2 − +2 = 5− = .
2 2 2
Ex.8 Prove that : cos ec( 650 + θ) − sec( 250 − θ) − tan( 550 − θ) + cot( 350 + θ) = 0
Sol. cos ec( 650 + θ) = cos ec {900 − ( 250 − θ)} = sec( 250 − θ) ….(i)
0 0 0 0
cot(35 + θ) = cot{90 − (55 − θ)} = tan( 55 − θ) …..(ii)
0 0 0 0
∴ L.H.S. cos ec(65 + θ) − sec( 25 − θ) − tan( 55 − θ) + cot(35 + θ)
= sec( 250 − θ) − sec( 250 − θ) − tan( 550 − θ) + tan( 550 − θ)
= 0 [u sin g (i) & (ii)] R.H.S.

16
 2 cos2 θ − 1
Ex.9 Prove that : cot θ − tan θ =
sin θ cos θ
Sol. L.H.S. cot θ − tan θ
cos θ sin θ  cos θ sin θ 
= − ∵ cot θ = sin θ , tan θ = cos θ 
sin θ cos θ  
cos2 θ − sin2 cos2 θ − (1 − cos2 θ)
= = [∵ sin2 θ = 1 − cos 2 θ]
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
cos 2 θ − 1 + cos 2 θ 2 cos 2 θ − 1
= = R.H.S. Hence Proved.
sin θ cos θ sin θ cos θ
Ex.10 Prove that : (coses A – sin A) (sec A – cos A) (tan A + cot A) = 1.
Sol. L.H.S. (cosec A – sin A) (sec A – cos A) (tan A + cot A)
 1  1   sin A cos A 
= − sin A   − cos A   + 
 sin A   cos A   cos A sin A 
 1 − sin2 A   1 − cos 2 A   sin2 A + cos 2 A 
=    
 sin A   cos A   sin A cos A 
    
 cos 2 A   sin2 A   1 
=    [∵ sin2 A + cos2 A = 1]
 sin A   cos A   sin A cos A 
   
=1 R.H.S. Hence Proved.
2
Ex. 11 If sin θ + cos θ = m and sec θ + cos ecθ = n, then prove that n (m - 1) = 2m.
Sol. L.H.S. n(m 2 - 1)
= (sec θ + cos ecθ)[(sin θ + cos θ)2 − 1]
 1 1 
= +  (sin2 θ + cos 2 θ + 2 sin θ cos θ − 1)
 cos θ sin θ
 cos θ + sin θ 
=  (1 + 2 sin θ cos θ − 1)
 sin θ cos θ 
(cos θ + sin θ)
= ( 2 sin θ cos θ)
sin θ cos θ
= 2(sin θ + cos θ)
= 2m R.H.S. Hence Proved.

1 1
Ex.12 If sec θ = x + , then prove that sec θ + tan θ = 2 x or .
4x 2x
1
Sol. sec θ = x + ….....(i)
4x
∴ 1 + tan2 θ = sec 2 θ
2
 1 
⇒ tan2 θ = sec 2 θ − 1 ⇒ tan 2 θ =  x +  −1
 4x 
1 1
⇒ tan2 θ = x 2 + + 2× x × −1
16x 2 4x
1 1  1 
⇒ tan2 θ = x 2 + 2
+ −1 ⇒ tan θ = ± x − 
16x 2  4x 
2
 1   1 
⇒ tan2 θ =  x −  ⇒ tan θ = ± x − 
 4x   4x 
1
So, tan θ = x − …….(ii)
4x

17
  1 
or tan θ = − x −  ……..(iii)
 4x 
Adding equation (i) and (ii)
1 1
sec θ + tan θ = x + +x−
4x 4x
sec θ + tan θ = 2x
Adding equation (i) and (ii)
1 1
sec θ + tan θ = x + −x+
4x 4x
1
=
2x
1
Hence, sec θ + tan θ + 2x or .
2x
Ex.13 If θ is an acute angle and tan θ + cot θ =2 find the value of tan9 θ + cot9 θ
Sol. We have, tan θ + cot θ = 2
1
⇒ tan θ + =2
tan θ
tan 2 θ + 1
⇒ =2
tan θ
⇒ tan2 θ + 1 = 2 tan θ
⇒ tan2 θ − 2 tan θ + 1 = 0
⇒ (tan θ − 1)2 = 0
⇒ tan θ − 1 = 0
⇒ tan θ = 1
⇒ tan θ = tan 450
⇒ θ = 450
∴ tan9 θ + cot 9 θ
= tan9 450 + cot 9 450
= (tan 45)9 + (cot 45)0
= (1)9 + (1)9
= 2.

DAILY PRACTIVE PROBLEMS # 11

OBJECTIVE DPP - 11.1
π 1
1. If α + β = and α = , then sin β is
2 3
2 2 2 2 3
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 3 3 4
5 sin θ − 3 cos θ
2. If 5 tan θ = 4, then value of is
5 sin θ + 2 cos θ
1 1 4 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 6 5 3
π
3. If 7 sin α = 24 cos α; 0 < α < , then value of 14 tan α − 75 cos α − 7 sec α is equal to
2
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) 4
2
4. Given 3 β + 5 cos α; β = 5, then the value of ( 3 cos β − 5 sin β ) is equal to
9 1 1
(A) 9 (B) (C) (D)
5 3 9

18
  
 
tan θ
5. If tan θ = 4, then   is equal to
 sin3 θ 
 + sin θ cos θ 
 cos θ 
(A) 0 (B) 2 2 (C) 2 (D) 1
6. The value of tan 50 tan 100 tan 150 200 .... tan 850, is
(A) 1 (B) 2 (C) 3 (D) None of these
π
7. As x increases from 0 to the value of cos x
2
(A) increases (B) decreases (C) remains constant (D) increases, then decreases
π π π
cot 2 sec tan
π 2 π 6 3 4
8. Find the value of x from the equation x sin cos =
6 4 cos ec 2 π cos ec π
4 6
(A) 4 (B) 6 (C) - 2 (D) 0
9. The area of a triangle is 12 sq. cm. Two sides are 6 cm and 12 cm. The included angle is
1 1 1 1
(A) cos −1   (B) cos −1   (C) sin−1   (D) sin−1  
3 6 6 3
10. If α + β = 900 and α = 2β then cos2 α + sin2 β equals to
1
(A) (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) 2
2

SBJECTIVE DPP - 11.2

1. Evaluate :
sin θ cos θ sin(900 − θ) cos θ sin θ cos( 900 − θ) sin2 27 0 + sin2 630
(A) + +
cos( 900 − θ) sin(90 0 − θ) cos 2 400 + cos 2 500
(B) cos 100 cos 20 cos 30 − − − − − − − cos 1800

C) sin(500 + θ) − cos( 400 − θ) + tan 10 tan 200 tan 700 tan 800 tan 890
2 1
(D) (cos4 300 − sin4 450 ) − 3(sin2 600 − sec 2 450 ) + cot 2 300
3 4
cos2 200 + cos2 700
(E) + 2 cos ec 2 580 − 2 cot 580 tan 320 − 4 tan 130 tan 370 tan 450 tan 530 tan 770
sec 2 50 − cot 2 400
3 sec θ − cos ecθ 1
2. If cot θ = , prove that = .
4 sec θ + cos ecθ 7
0
3. If A + B = 90 , prove that :
tan A tan B + tan A cot B sin2 B
− = tan A
sin A sec B cos2 A

4. If A, B, C are the interior angles of a ∆ ABC, show that :

B+C A B+C A
(i) sin = cos (ii) cos = sin
2 2 2 2
Prove the following (Q, 5 to Q. 13)
5. tan2 θ − sin2 θ = tan2 θ sin2 θ
6. (sin θ + cos ecθ) + (cos θ + sec θ)2 = 7 + tan 2 θ + cot 2 θ [CBSE - 2008]
tan θ cot θ
7. + = sec θ cos ecθ + 1
1 − cot θ 1 − tan θ

19
 1 − sin θ
8. = sec θ − tan θ
1 + sin θ
sin A + cos A sin A − cos A 2 2
9. + = =
sin A + cos A sin A + cos A sin2 A − cos 2 A 1 − 2 cos 2 A
10. (sin θ + sec θ)2 + (cos θ + cos ecθ)2 = (1 + sec θ cos ecθ)2
11. (1 + cot θ − cos ecθ)(1 + tan θ + sec θ) = 2
12. (sin8 θ − cos8 θ) = (sin2 θ − cos 2 θ)(1 − 2 sin2 θ cos 2 θ)
tan θ + sec θ − 1 1 + sin θ
13. =
tan θ − sec θ + 1 cos θ
2 2 2 2
14. If x = r sin θ cos φ, y = r sin θ sin φ, z = r cos θ, then Prove that : x + y + z = r .
2 2/3 2 2/3
15. If cot θ + tan θ = x and sec θ - cos θ = y, then prove that (x y) – (xy ) = 1
p2 − 1
16. If sec θ + tan θ = p, then show that = sin θ [CBSE - 2004]
p2 + 1
2 2 cos2 B − cos2 A sin2 A − sin2 B
17. Prove that : tan A – tan B = 2 2
= [CBSE - 2005]
cos B cos A sin2 A sin2 B
1 1 1 1 1
18. Prove that : − = = − [CBSE - 2005]
sec x − tan x cos x cos x cos x sec x + tan x
2  1  1
19. Prove : (1 + tan A) + 1 + = [CBSE - 2006]
 tan2 A  sin2 A − sin4 A
20. Evaluate :

cot 540
tan 70 tan 230 tan 600 tan 670 tan 830 + 0 0
+ sin 20 sec 70 – 2. [CBSE - 2007]
tan 360
21. Without using trigonometric tables, evaluate the following :
(sin2 650 + sin2 250) + 3 (tan 50 tan 150 tan 300 tan 750 tan 850) [CBSE - 2008]
22. If sin 3 θ = cos ( θ - 600) and 3 θ and θ - 600 are acute, find the value of θ [CBSE - 2008]
23. If sin θ = cos θ , find the value of θ . [CBSE - 2008]
1
24. If 7 sin2 θ + 3 cos2 θ = 4, show that tan θ = [CBSE - 2008]
3
25. Prove : sin θ (1 + tan θ ) + cos θ (1 + cot θ ) = sec θ + cosec θ . [CBSE - 2008]

ANSWERS
(Objective DPP - 11.1)

Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10

Ans. B B B A D A B B D A

(Subjective DPP 11.2)

113
1. (A) 2 (B) 0 (C) 1 (D) (E) -1
24

20 3 21. 2 22. 240 23. 450

20
 HEIGHTS & DISTANCES

12.1 ANGLE OF ELEVATION :

In order to see an object which is at a higher level
compared to the ground level we are to look up.
The line joining the object and the eye of the
observer is known as the line sight and the angle
which this line of sight makes with the horizontal
drawn through the eye of the observer is known as
the angle of elevation. Therefore, the angle of
elevation of an object helps in finding out its height
(figure)

12.2 ANGLE OF DEPRESSION :

When the object is at a lower level tan the

observer’s eyes, he has to look downwards to
have a view of the object. It that case, the angle
which the line of sight makes with the horizontal
thought the observer’s eye is known as the angle
of depression (Figure).

ILLUSTRACTIONS :
EX.1 A man is standing on the deck of a ship, which is 8 m above water level. He observes the angle of
elevations of the top of a hill as 600 and the angle of depression of the base of the hill as 300. Calculation
the distance of the hill from the ship and the height of the hill. [CBSE = 2005]
Sol. Let x be distance of hill from man and h + 8 be height of hill which is required.
is right triangle ACB.

AC h
⇒ tan 60 0 = =
BC x

h
⇒ 3=
x

In right triangle BCD.

1 8
⇒ = ⇒ x=8 3
3 x
∴ Height of hill = h + 8 = 3.x + 8 = ( 3 )(8 3 )+ 8 = 32 m.
Distance of ship from hill = x = 8 3 m.

21
Ex.2 A vertical tower stands on a horizontal plane and is surmounted by vertical flag staff of height 5 meters. At a
point on the plane, the angle of elevation of the bottom and the top of the flag staff are respectively 300 and
600 find the height of tower. [CBSE-2006]
Sol. Let AB be the tower of height h metre and BC be the height of flag staff surmounted on the tower, Let the
point of the place be D at a distance x meter from the foot of the tower in ∆ ABD

AB
tan 300 =
AD
1 h
⇒ =
3 x
⇒ x = 3h …..(i)
In ∆ ABD
AC
tan 600 =
AD
5+h
⇒ 3=
x
5+h
⇒ x= …….(ii)
3
From (i) and (ii)
5+h
⇒ 3 h
3
⇒ 3h = 5 + h
⇒ 2h = 5
5
⇒ h = = 2.5m So, the height of tower = 2.5 m
2
Ex.3 The angles of depressions of the top and bottom of 8m tall building from the top of a multistoried building
are 300 and 450 respectively. Find the height of multistoried building and the distance between the two
buildings.
Sol. Let AB be the multistoried building of height h and let the distance between two buildings be x meters.
∠XAC = ∠ACB = 450 [Alternate angles ∵ AX DE]
XAD = ADE = 300 [Alternate angles ∵ AX BC]
In ∆ ADE
AE
tan 300 =
ED
1 h −8
⇒ = ( ∵ CB = DE = x)
3 x
⇒ x = 3(h − 8) …….(i)
In ∆ ACB
h
tan 450 =
x
h
⇒ 1=
x
⇒ x=h …….(ii)
Form (i) and (ii)

3 (h − 8) = h ⇒ 3h − 8 3 = h
⇒ 3h − h = 8 3
⇒ h( 3 − 1) = 8 3
8 3 ( 3 + 1)
⇒ h= ×
3 −1 3 +1

22
 8 3( 3 + 1)
⇒ h= ⇒ h = 4 3 ( 3 + 1)
2
⇒ h = 4(3 + 3 ) metres
Form (ii) x = h
So, x = 4(3 + 3) metres
Hence, height of multistoried building = 4(3 + 3 ) metres
Distance between two building = 4(3 + 3 ) metres
Ex.4 The angle of elevation of an aeroplane from a point on the ground is 450. After a flight of 15 sec, the
elevation changes to 300. If the aeroplane is flying at a height of 3000 metres, find the speed of the
aeroplane.
Sol. Let the point on the ground is E which is y metres from point B and let after 15 sec flight it covers x metres
distance.
In ∆ AEB.
0 AB 3000
tan 45 = ⇒ 1= ⇒ y = 3000 m ……(i)
EB y
In ∆ CED
CD
⇒ tan 300 =
ED
1 3000
⇒ = (∵ AB = CD)
3 x+y
⇒ x + y = 3000 3 ……(ii)
From equation (i) and (ii)
⇒ x + 3000 = 3000 3 ⇒ x = 3000 3 − 3000 ⇒ x = 3000( 3 − 1)
⇒ x = 3000 × (1.732 − 1) ⇒ x = 2196 m
Dis tan ce cov ered 2196
Speed of Aeroplane = = m / sec . = 146.4 m / sec .
Tiem taken 15
2196 18
= × Km / hr = 527.04 Km/hr
15 5
Hence, the speed of aeroplane is 527.04 Km/hr.
Ex.5 If the angle of elevation of cloud from a point h metres above a lake is α and the angle of depression of its
2h sec α
reflection in the lake is β , prove that the distance of the cloud from the point of observation is .
tan β − tan α
Sol. Let AB be the surface of the lake and let C be a point of observation such that AC- h metres. Let D be the
position of the cloud and D’ be its reflection in the lake. Then BD = BD’.
In ∆ DCE

DE
tan α =
CE

H
⇒ CE = ……(i)
tan α

In ∆ CED’
ED'
tan β =
EC

h+H+h
⇒ CE =
tan β
2h + H
⇒ CE = ……(ii)
tanβ

23
 From (i) & (ii)
H 2h + H
⇒ =
tan α tan β
⇒ Htan β = 2h tan α + H tan α
⇒ Htan β − H tan α + 2h tan α
⇒ H(tan β − tan α) = 2h tan α
2h tan α
⇒ H= ………(iii)
tan β − tan α
In ∆DCE
DE
Sin α =
CD
DE H
⇒ CD = ⇒ CD =
sin α sin α
Substituting the value of H from (iii)
sin α
2h
2h tan α cos α
CD = ⇒ CD =
(tan β − tan α ) sin α (tan β − tan α ) sin α
2h tan α
CD =
tan β − tan α
2h sec α
Hence, the distance of the cloud from the point of observation is Hence Proved.
tan β − tan α
Ex.6 A boy is standing on the ground and flying a kite with 100 m of string at an elevation of 300. Another boy is
standing on the roof of a 10 m high building and is flying his kite at an elevation of 450. Both the boys are on
opposite sides of both the kites. Find the length of the string that the second boy must have so that the two
kites meet.
Sol. Let the length of second string b x m.
In ∆ ABC
AC
Sin 300 =
AB
1 AC
= ⇒ AC = 50 m
2 100
In ∆AEF
AF
Sin 300 =
AE
1 AC − FC
=
2 x
1 50 − 10 1 40
= [ ∴ AC = 50 m, FC = ED = 10 m] =
2 x 2 x
x = 40 2m (So the length of string that the second boy must have so that the two kites meet = 40 2 m.)
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEMS # 12
OBJECTIVE DPP - 12.1
1. Upper part of a vertical tree which is broken over by the winds just touches the ground and makes an angle
of 300 with the ground. If the length of the broken part is 20 metres, then the remaining part of the trees is of
length (A) 20 metres (B) 10 3 metres (C) 10 metres (D) 10 2 metres
2. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower as observed from a point on the horizontal ground is ‘x’. If we
move a distance ‘d’ towards the foot of the tower, the angle of elevation increases to ‘y’, then the height of
the tower is
d tan x tan y d tan x tan y
(A) (B) d(tan y + tan x) (C) d(tan y – tan x) (D)
tan y − tan x tan y + tan x

24
3. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower, as seen from two points A & B situated in he same line and at
distances ‘p’ and ‘q’ respectively from the foot of the tower, are complementary, then the height of the tower
p
is (A) pq (B) (C) pq (D) noen of these
q
50 3
4. The angle of elevation of the top of a tower at a distance of metres from the foot is 600. Find the
3
height of the tower
20
(A) 50 3 metres (B) metres (C) -50 metres (D) 50 metres
3
5. The Shadow of a tower, when the angle of elevation of the sun is 300, is found to be 5 m longer than when
its was 450, then the height of tower in metre is
5 5 5
(A) (B) ( 3 − 1) (C) ( 3 + 1) (D) None of these.
3 +1 2 2
SUBJECTIVE DPP - 12.2

1. From the top a light house, the angles of depression of two ships of the opposite sides of it are observed to
be α and β . If the height of the light house be h meters and the line joining the ships passes thought the
h(tan α + tan β)
foot of the light house. Show that the distance between the ships is meters.
tan α tan β
2. A ladder rests against a wall at angle α to the horizontal. Its foot is pulled away from the previous point
through a distance ‘a’, so that is slides down a distance ‘b’ on the wall making an angle β . With the
a cos α − cos β
horizontal show that =
b sin β − sin α
3. From an aeroplanne vertically above a straight horizontal road, the angle of depression of two consecutive
kilometer stone on opposite side of aeroplane are observed to be α and β . Show that the height of
tan α tan β
aeroplane above the road is kilometer.
tan α + tan β
4. A round balloon of radius ‘r’ subtends an angle θ at the eye of an observer while the angle of elevation of
θ
its centre is φ . Prove that the height of the centre of the balloon is r sin φ cosec .
2
5. A window in a building is at a height of 10 m from the ground. The angle of depression of a point P on the
ground from the window is 300. The angle of elevation of the top of the building from the point P is 600. Find
the height of the building.
6. A man on a cliff observers a boat at an angle of depression of 300 which is approaching the shore to the
point immediately beneath the observer with a uniform speed. Six minutes later, the angle of depression of
the boat is found to be 600. Find the total time taken by the boat from the initial point to reach the shore.
7. The angles of elevation of the top of a tower two points ‘P’ and ‘Q’ at distances of ‘a’ and ‘b’ respectively
from the base and in the same straight line with it, are complementary. Prove that the height of the tower
is ab . [CBSE - 2004]
8 Two pillars of equal height are on either side of a road, which s 100m wide. The angles of elevation of the
0 0
top the pillars are 60 and 30 at a point on the road between the pillar. Find the position of the pint between
the pillars. Also find the height of each pillar, [CBSE - 2005]
5
9 At a point, the angle of elevation of a tower is such that its tangent is ,On walking 240mnearer the tower,
12
3
the tangent to the angle of elevation becomes , Find the height of the tower. [CBSE - 2006]
4
10 From a window ‘x’mtres high above the ground in a street, the angles of elevation and depression of the top
and foot of the other hose on the opposite side of the street are α and β respectively, Show that the
opposite house is x (1 + tan α cot β ) metres. [CBSE - 2006]
11 A pole 5m high is fixed on the top of a towel, the angle of elevation of the top of the pole observed from a
point ‘A’ on the ground is 600 an the angle of depression the point ;A; from the top of the tower is 450 Find
the height of the tower. [CBSE - 2007]

25
 0
12 The angle of elevation of a jet fighter from a point A on the ground is 60 After a flight of 15 seconds, the
0
angle o elevation changes to 30 If the jet is flying at a spies of 720km/fr, find the constant height at which
the jet is flying. [use 3 = 1.732] [CBSE - 2008]

ANSWERS

(Objective DPP 12 .1)

Q 1 2 3 4 5
A. C A C D C

(Subjective DPP 12.2)

5. 30 m 6. 9 min.

8. Height = 43.3 m, Position – point is 25 m from 1st end and 75 m from 2nd end.

9. 225 m 11. 6.82 m 12. 2598 m.

MENSURATION
13.1 MENSRTION:
Figure lying in a plane is called a plane figure. A plane figure made up of lines or curve or both, is said to be
a closed figure if it has on free ends. Closed figure in a plane covers some part of the plane, then
magnitude o that part of the plane is called the area of that closed figure. the unit of measurement of that
part of the plane is called the area of that closed figure. the unit o measurement of area is square unit (i.e.
square centimeter, square metre etc.)
13.1 (a)Mensuration of a Triangle:
perimeter = a + b + c
1
Area = × Base × Height
2
1
= ah
2
Heron’s formula: Area = s(s − a)(s − b)(s − c )

a+b+c
Where’s = semi – perimeter =
2
13.1(b) Menstruation of a Rectangle:

Perimeter = 2(
+ b)
Area =
× b
Length of diagonal =
2 + b 2

13.1(c) Menstruation of a Square:

Perimeter = 4 a
Area = a2
Length of diagonal = a 2

26
13.1(d) Menstruation of a parallelogram:
Perimeter = 2 (a + b)
Area =ah1 = bh2

13.1(e)Mensuration of a Rhombus:
Perimeter = 4a = 2 d12 + d22
1
Area = d1d2
2

13.1 (f) Mensuration of a Quadrilateral:

Let AC = d
1
Area = d(h1 + h2 )
2

13.1(g) Menstruation of a Trapezium:

1
Area = h(a + b)
2

13.2 AREA RELTED TO CIRCLE:

Circle: Circle is a point, which moves so such a manner that its distance from a fixed point id always equal.
The fixed point is called center of the circle of the circle and the fixed distance is called radius of the circle.
Area of circle (A) = πr 2
Circumference (C) = 2πr
Diameter (D) = 2r
Circle

RESULTS:
RESULTS:
(i)
(i) If two Ifcircles
two circles
touchtouch
internally.
internally.
then then
the distance
the distancebetween
between
theirtheir
centers
centers
is equal
is equal
to the
to the
difference
difference
of their
radii, of their radii,
(ii)
(ii) If twoIf twocircles
circles
touchtouch
externally,
externally,
thenthenthe distance
the distance
between
betweentheirtheir
centers
centers
is equal
is equal
to the
to the
sumsum
of their
of their
radii. radii.
(iii)
(iii) Distance
Distance
movedmoved
by a by
rotating
a rotating
wheelwheel
in one in revolution
one revolution
is theiscircumference
the circumferenceof theofwheel.
the wheel.
(iv) Number of revolutions completed by a rotating wheel in one Dis minute
tan ce moved in one min ute
(iv) Number of revolutions completed by a rotating wheel in one minute =
Dis tan ce moved in one min ute Circumference
=
(v) Angle describedCircumfere hand is one minute = 60.
by minute nce
0
(vi)
(v) AngleAngledescribed
described
by hour
by minute
hand inhand
one hour
is one=30 minute
. = 60.
0
(vi) Angle described by hour hand in one hour =30 .

13.5(a) Semicircle:
Perimeter = πr + 2r = ( π + 2)r
πr 2
Area (A) = Semi-Circle
2

27
13.2(b)Sector:
πr 2θ
Area (A) =
3600
πrθ
Length of arc (
) =
1800
1
Area(A) = ×
×r Sector of a Circle
2
Perimeter =
+ 2r
13.2(c)Segment :
Shaded portion in the figure id called segment of a circle.

Minor segment Major segment

Minor Segment
Area of minor segment =Area of the sector -Area of triangle OAB
πr 2θ 2 θ θ πr 2θ r 2
A= 0
− r sin cos OR A = − sin θ
360 2 2 3600 2
Here, segment ACB is called manor segment while ADB is called major segment.
13.3 MENSURATION (SOLID FIGURES) :
If any figure such as cuboids, which has three dimensions length, width and height are height are known as
three dimensional figures. Where as rectangle has only two dimensional i.e., length and width. Three
dimensional figures have volume in addition to areas of surface from which these soils figures are formed.
Some of the main solid figures are:
13.3 (a) Cuboid:
Total Surface Area (T.S.A.) : The area of surface from which cuboid is formed. There are six faces
(rectangular), eight vertices and twelve edges n a cuboid.
(i)Total Surface Area (T.S.A.) = 2[
0215b + b × h + h ×
]
(ii) Lateral Surface Area (L.A.A.) = 2[b × h + h ×
]

(or Area of 4 walls) = 2h[
+ b]

(iii) Volume of Cuboid = (Area of base) × height

(iv) Length of diagonal =
2 + b 2 + h2

13.3 (b) Cube :

Cube has six faces. Each face is a square.

(i) T.S,A = 2[ . x + x. x + x. x]
=2 2x2 + x2 + x2]= 2(3x2) = 6x2

(ii) L.S.A. = 2 [x2 + x2] =4x2

(iii) Volume = (Area of base) × Height)

= (x2) . x = x3

(iv) Length of altitude = x 3

28
13.3 (c) Cylinder :
Curved surface area of cylinder (C.S.A.) : It is the area of surface from which the cylinder is formed.
When we cut this cylinder, we will find a rectangle with length 2πr and height h units.
(i) C.S.A. of cylinder = ( 2πr ) × h = 2πrh .
(ii) Total Surface Area (T.S.A.) :
T.S.A. = C.S.A. + circular top & bottom
= 2πrh + 2πr 2
= 2πr(h + r ) sq. units.
(iii) Volume of cylinder :
Volume = Area of base × height
= ( πr 2 ) × h
= πr 2h cubic units
13.3 (d) Cone :
(i) C.S.A. = πr

(II) T.S.A. = C.S.A. + Other area
= πr

= πr (
+ r )
1 2
(iii) Volume = πr h
3
Where, h = height
r = radius of base

= slant height

13.3 (e) Sphere :

T.S.A. = S.A. = 4πr 2

4 3
Volume = πr
3
13.3 (f) Hemisphere :
C.S.A = 2πr 2

T.S.A = C.S.A. + other area

= 2πr 2 + πr 2
= 3πr 2
2
Volume = πr 3
3
13.3 (g) Frustum of a Cone :
When a cone is cut by a plane parallel to base, a small cone is obtained at top and other part is obtained at
bottom. This is known as ‘Frustum of Cone’.
∆ ABC ~ ∆ ADE

AC AB BC
∴ = =
AE AD DE

h1
r
= = 1
h1 − h
1 −
r2

h1
1 r
Or = = 1
h
r1 − r2

29
 1 2 1 2
Volume of Frustum = πr1 h1 − πr2 (h1 − h)
3 3

1 2
= π[r1 h1 − r22 (h1 − h)]
3

1  2  r1h  2  r1h  1  r13 − r 23 

= πr1   − r2 
  − h  = πh 
3   r1 − r2   r1 − r2  3  r1 − r 2 

1
3
[
πh r12 + r22 + r1r 2
= ]
Curved Surface Area of Frustum = πr1
1 − πr2 (
1 −
)
  r
  r
  r2 r2 
= πr1  1  − r2  1 −
 = π
 1 − 2 
  r1 − r2   r1−r   r1 − r2 r1 − r 2 
 2 
= π
(r1 + r2 )
Total Surface Area of Frustum = CSA of frustum + πr12 + πr12 + πr22
= π
(r1 − r2 ) + πr12 +
r22
Slant height of a Frustum = h 2 + (r1 − r2 ) 2
where,
h - height of the frustum
r1 = radius of larger circular end
r2 = radius of smaller circular end
ILLUSTRACTION :
Ex.1 A chord of circle 14 cm makes an angle of 600 at the center of the circle. Find :
(i) area of minor sector (ii) area of the minor segment
(iii) area of the major sector (iv) area of the major segment
Sol. Given, r = 14 cm, θ = 600
θ
(i) Area of minor sector OAPB = πr 2
360 0
60 0
= × 3.14 × 14 × 14
360 0

= 102.57 cm 2
πr 2 θ r2
(ii) Area of minor segment APB = 0
− sin θ
360 2

14 × 14
= 102.57 - sin 60 0
2
3
= 102.57 – 98 ×
2

= 17.80 cm 2
(iii) Area of major sector = Area of circle - Area of minor sector OAPB
= π (14)2 - 102.57
= 615.44 - 102.57 = 512.87 cm 2
(iv) Area of major segment AQB
= Area of circle - Area of minor segment APB
= 615.44 - 17.80
= 597.64 cm 2.

30
Ex.2 ABCP is a quadrant of a circle of radius 14 cm. With AC as diameter, a semicircle is drawn. Find the area of
the shaded portion (figure).

Sol. In right angled triangle ABC,

we have.
AC2 = AB2 + BC2
AC2 = 142 + 142
AC = 2 × 14 2 = 14 2 cm
Now required Area = Area APCQA
= Area ACQA - Area ACPA
= Area ACQA - (Area ABCPA - Area of ∆ ABC)
2
 14 2 
1
= ×π×  −  1 × π(14) 2 + 1 × 14 × 14
  4 
2  2   2 
1 22 1 22
= × ×7 2 ×7 2 − × × 14 × 14 + 7 × 14
2 7 4 7
= 154 – 154 ÷ 98 = 98 cm 2
Ex.3 The diameter of cycle wheel is 28 cm. How many revolution will it make in moving 13.2 km ?
Sol. Distance traveled by the wheel is one revolution = 2πr
22 28
= 2× × = 88 cm
7 2
and the total distance covered by the wheel = 13.2 × 1000 × 100 cm
= 1320000 cm
1320000
∴ Number of revolution made by the wheel = = 15000.
88
Ex. 4 How many balls, each of radius 1 cm, can be made from a solid sphere of lead of radius 8 cm ?
4
Sol. Volume of the spherical ball of radius 8 cm = π × 8 3 cm 3
3
4
Also, volume of each smaller spherical ball of radius 1 cm = π × 13 cm 3 .
3
Let n be the number of smaller balls that can be made. Then, the volume of the larger ball is equal to the
sum of all the volumes of n smaller balls.
4 4
Hence, π × n = π × 8 3 ⇒ n = 8 3 = 512
3 3
Hence, the required number of balls = 512.
Ex.5 An iron of length 1 m and diameter 4 cm is melted and cast into thin wires of length 20 cm each. If the
number of such wires be 2000, find the radius of each thin wire.
Sol. Let the radius of each thin wire be r cm. The, the sum of the volumes of 2000 thin wire will be equal to the
volume of the iron rod. Now, the shape of the iron rod and each thin wire is cylindrical.
4
Hence, the volume of the iron rod of radius cm = 2 cm is π × 2 2 × 100cm 3
2
Again, the volume of each thin wire = πr 2 × 20
Hence, we have π × 2 2 × 100 = 2000 × πr 2 × 20
1 1
⇒ 40r 2 = 4 ⇒ r 2 = ⇒r= [Taking positive square root only]
100 10
1
Hence, the required radius of each thin wire is cm. of 0.1 cm.
10

31
Ex.6 By melting a solid cylindrical metal, a few conical materials are to be made. If three times the radius of the
cone is equal to twice the radius of the cylinder and the ratio of the height of the cylinder and the height of
the cone is 4 : 3 find the number of cones which can be made.
Sol. Let R be the radius and H be the height of the cylinder and let r and h be the radius and height of the cone
respectively. Then.
3r = 2R
and H : h = 4 : 3 .....(i)
H 4
⇒ =
h 3
⇒ 3H = 4h .....(ii)
Let be the required number of cones which can be made from the material of the cylinder. The, the
volume of the cylinder will be equal to the sum of the volumes of n cones. Hence, we have
n
πR 2H = πr 2 h ⇒ 3R 2 H = nr 2 h
3
9r 2 4h
2 3× ×
3R H 4 3 3r 4h
⇒ n= = [ ∴ From (i) and (ii), R = and H = ]
r 2h r 2h 2 3
3× 9× 4
⇒ n=
3× 4
⇒ n=9
Hence, the required number of cones is 9.
Ex.7 The base diameter of solid in the form of a cone is 6 cm and the height of the cone is 10 cm. It is melted
and recast into spherical balls of diameter 1 cm. Find the number of balls, thus obtained.
Sol. Let the number of spherical balls be n. Then, the volume of the cone will be equal to the sum of the volumes
6
of the spherical balls. The radius of the base of the cone = cm = 3 cm
2
1
and the radius of the sphere = cm
2
1
Now, the volume of the cone = π × 3 2 × 10cm 3 = 30πcm 3
3
3
4 1 π
and, the volume of each sphere = π   cm 3 = cm 3
3 2 6
Hence, we have
π
n = 30π ⇒ n = 6 × 30 = 180
6
Hence, the required number of balls = 180.
Ex.8 A conical empty vessel is to be filled up completely by pouring water into it successively with the help of a
cylindrical can of diameter 6 cm and height 12 cm. The radius of the conical vessel if 9 cm and its height is
72 cm. How many times will it required to pour water into the conical vessel to fill it completely, if, in each
time, the cylindrical can is filled with water completely ?
Sol. Let n be the required number of times. Then, the volume of the conical vessel will be equal to n times the
volume of the cylindrical can.
1
Now, the volume of the conical vessel = π × 9 2 × 72cm 3 = 24 × 81π cm 3
3
Add the volume of the cylindrical can = π × 3 2 × 12 cm 3 = 9 × 12 π cm 3
Hence , 24 × 81 π = 9 × 12 π × n
24 × 81
⇒n= = 18
9 × 12

Hence, the required number of times = 18.

32
Ex.9 The height of a right circular cylinder is equal to its diameter. It is melted and recast into a sphere of radius
equal to the radius of the cylinder, find the part of the material that remained unused.
h
Sol. Let n be height of the cylinder. Then, its diameter is h and so its radius is . Hence, its volume is
2
2
h πh 3
V1 = π  h =
2 4
h
Again, the radius of the sphere =
2
3
4 h πh 3
Hence, the volume of the sphere is V2 = π  =
3 2 6
πh 3 πh 3 πh 3 (3 − 2) πh 3 1 πh 3 1
∴ The volume of the unused material = V1 − V2 = − = = = =× = V1
4 6 12 12 3 4 3
1
Hence, the required volume of the unused material is equal to of the volume of the cylinder.
3
Ex.10 Water flows at the rate of 10 m per minute through a cylindrical pipe having its diameter as 5 mm. How
much time till it take to fill a conical vessel whose diameter of the base is 40 cm and depth 24 cm ?
5 1
Sol. Diameter of the pipe = 5 mm cm = cm.
10 2
1 1 1
∴ Radius of the pipe = × cm = cm.
2 2 4
In 1 minute, the length of the water column in the cylindrical pipe = 10 m = 1000 cm.
1 1
∴ Volume, of water that flows out of the pipe in 1 minute = π × × × 1000 cm 3 .
4 4
1
Also, volume of the cone = × π × 20 × 20 × 24 cm 3 .
3
1 1 1 
Hence, the time needed to fill up this conical vessel =  π × 20 × 20 × 24 ÷ π × × × 1000  minutes
 3 4 4 
 20 × 20 × 24 4 × 4  4 × 24 × 16
= × = minutes
 3 1000  30
256
= minutes = 51.2 minutes.
5
Hence, the required time of 51.2 minutes.
3
Ex.11 A hemispherical tank of radius 1 is full of water. It is connected with a pipe which empties it at the rate of
4
7 liters per second. How much time will it take to empty the tank completely ?
7 7
Sol. Radius of the hemisphere = m = × 100 cm = 175 cm
4 4
2
∴ Volume of the hemisphere = × π × 175 × 175 × 175 cm 3
3

The cylindrical pipe empties it at the rate of 7 liters i.e., 7000 cm 3 of water per second.

 2 22 
Hence, the required time to empty the tank =  × × 175 × 175 × 175 ÷ 7000 s
3 7 

2 22 175 × 175 × 175 11 × 25 × 7 1925

= × × min = min = min
3 7 7000 × 60 3 × 2 × 12 72

≅ 26.75 min, nearly.

33
Ex.12 A well of diameter 2 m is dug 14 m deep. The earth taken out of its is spread evenly all around it to a width
of 5 m to from an embankment. Find the height of the embankment.
Sol. Let n be the required height of the embankment.
The shape of the embankment will be like the shape of a cylinder of internal radius 1 m and external radius
(5 + 1) m = 6 m [figure].
The volume of the embankment will be equal to the volume of the earth dug out from the well. Now, the
volume of the earth = volume of the cylindrical well
= π × 12 × 14 m 3
3
= 14 π m
Also, the volume of the embankment
2 2 3 3
= π (6 - 1 ) h cm = 35 π h m
Hence, we have
35 π h = 14 π
14 2
⇒ h= = = 0.4
35 5
Hence, the required height of the embankment = 0.4 m

Ex.13 Water in a canal, 30 dm wide and 12 dm deep, is flowing with a speed of 10 km/hr. How much area will it
irrigate in 30 minutes if 8 cm of standing water is required from irrigation.
500
Sol. Speed of water in the canal = 10 km. h = 10000 m.60 min = m/min.
3
 500 30 12  2 3
∴ The volume of the water flowing out of the canal in 1 minute =  × ×  m = 600 m
 3 10 10 
∴ In 30 min, the amount of water flowing out of the canal = (600 × 30) m 3 = 600 m 3
If the required area of the irrigated land is × m 2, then the volume of water to be needed to irrigate the land
 8  3 2x 3 2x 25
= x × m = m Hence, = 18000 ⇒ x = 18000 × = 225000
 100  25 25 2
Hence, the required area is 225000 m 2.
Ex.14 A bucket is 40 cm in diameter at the top and 28 cm in diameter at the bottom. Find the capacity of the
bucket in litters, if it is 21 cm deep. Also, find the cost of tin sheet used in making the bucket, if the cost of
tin is Rs. 1.50 per sq dm.
Sol. Given : r1 = 20 cm r2 = 14 cm and h = 21 cm

πh 2
Now, the required capacity (i.e. volume) of bucket = (r1 + r1r2 + r22 )
3
22 × 21 3 3 3 19272
≅ ( 20 2 + 20 × 14 + 14 2 ) cm = 22 × 876 cm = 19272 cm = liters = 19.272 liters.
7×3 1000
Now, I = (r1 − r 2 ) 2 + h 2 = ( 20 − 14) 2 + 212 cm = 6 6 + 212 cm = 36 + 441 cm = 477 cm ≅ 21.84 cm.
∴ Total surface area of the bucket (which is open at the top)

= π
(r1 + r 2 ) + πr 22 = π[(r1 + r2 )
+ r22 ] =

22
7
[
( 20 + 14)21.84 + 14 2 ]
3
= 2949.76 cm ∴ Required cost of the tin sheet at the rate of Rs. 1.50 per dm 2 i.e., per 100 cm 2
1.50 × 2949.76
= Rs ≅ Rs 44.25
100

34
Ex.15 A cone is divided into two parts by drawing a plane through a point which divides its height in the ratio 1 : 2
starting from the vertex and the place is parallel to the base. Compare the volume of the two parts.

Sol. Let the plane XY divide the cone ABC in the ratio AE : ED = 1 : 2, where AED is the axis of the cone. Let r2
and r2 be the radii of the circular section XY and the base BC of the cone respectively and let h1 - h and h1
be their heights [figure].

h1 3 3
Then, = ⇒ h= h
h 2 2
3
h
r1 h1
And = = 2 =3
r2 h1 − h 1
h
2
∴ r1 = 3r2
Volume of cone AXY
1
= πr 22 (h1 − h)
32
1 3
= πr22 ( h − h)
3 2
1 2
= πr2 h
6
Volume of frustum XYBC
1 1 1
= πh(r12 + r22 + r1r2 ) = πh(9r22 + r22 + 3r22 ) = πh(13r 22 )
3 3 3
1 2
πr2 h
Volume of cone AXY
So, = 6
Volume of frustum XYBC 13 2
πr 2 h
3
Volume of cone AXY 1
= .
Volume of frustum XYBC 26
i.e. the ratio between the volume of the cone AXY and the remaining portion BCYX is 1 : 26.

DAILY PRACTIVE PROBLEMS # 13

OBJECTIVE DPP - 13.1

1. If BC passed through the centre of the circle, then the area of the shaded region in the given figure is
a2 π 
(A) ( 3 − π) (B) a 2  − 1
2 2 
a2  π 
(C) 2a 2 ( π − 1) (D)  − 1
2 2 

2. The perimeter of the following shaded portion of the figure is:

(A) 40 m (B) 40.07 m

(C) 40.28 m (D) 35 m

3. If a rectangle of sides 5 cm and 15 cm is be divided into three squared of equal area, then the sides of the
squares will be :
(A) 4 cm (B) 6 cm (C) 7 cm (D) None

35
4. The area of the shaded region in the given figure is :
π π
(A) sq. units (B) units
3 2
π
(B) sq. units (D) π 2 sq. units
4

5. The area of the shaded portion in the given figure is :

(A) 7.5 π sq. units (B) 6.5 π sq. units

(C) 5.5 π sq. units (D) 4.5 π sq. units

6. In the adjoining figure, the radius of the inner circle, if other circles are of radii 1 m, is :

(A) ( 2 − 1)m (B) 2 m

1 2
(C) m (D) m
2 2

7. The height of a conical tent of the centre is 5cm. The distance of any point on its circular base from the top
of the tent is 13m. The area of the slant surface is :
(A) 144 π sq m (B) 130 π sq m (C) 156 π sq m (D) 169 π sq m
8. The radius of circle is increased by 1 cm, then the ratio of the new circumference to the new diameter is :
1
(A) π + 2 (B) π + 1 (C) π (D) π −
2
9. A hemispherical bowl of internal diameter 36 cm is full of some liquid. This liquid is to be filled in cylindrical
bottles of radius 3 cm and height 6 cm., Then no of bottles needed to empty the bowl.
(A) 36 (B) 75 (C) 18 (D) 144
10. There is a cylinder circumscribing the hemisphere such that their bases are common. The ratio of their
volume is
(A) 1 : 3 (B) 1 : 2 (C) 2 : 3 (D) 3 : 4
11. A sphere of radius 3 cms is dropped into a cylindrical vessel of radius 4 cms. If the sphere is submerged
completely, then the height (in cm) to which the water rises, is
(A) 2.35 (B) 2.30 (C) 2.25 (D) 2.15
12. If a rectangular sheet of paper 44 cm × 22 cm is rolled along its length of form a cylinder, then the volume of
cylinder in cm 3 is
(A) 1694 (B) 3080 (C) 3388 (D) none of these
13. Two cones have their heights in the ratio 1 : 3 and the radii of their bases are in the ratio 3 : 1 , then the
ratio of their volumes is
(A) 1 : 3 (B) 27 :1 (C) 3 : 1 (D) 1 : 27
14. The total surface area of a cube is numerically equal to the surface area of a sphere then the ratio of their
volume is
π π π 6
(A) (B) (C) (D)
6 6 216 π
15. A cone is dived into two parts by drawing a plane through the mid point of its axis parallel to its base then
the ratio of the volume of two parts is
(A) 1 : 3 (B) 1 : 7 (C) 1 : 8 (D) 1 : 9

36
12. A cylindrical container of radius 6 cm and height 15 cm is fulled with ice-cream. The whole ice-cream has to
be distributed to 10 children in equal cones with hemispherical tops. If the height of the conical portion is
four times the radius of its base, find the radius of the ice-cream cone.
13. A hemi-spherical depression is cutout from one face of the cubical wooden block such that the diameter

of the hemisphere is equal to the edge of the cube., Determine the surface are of the remaining solid.
14. In figure there are three semicircles, A,B and C having diameter 3 cm each, and another semicircle E
having a circle D with diameter 4.5 cm are shown. Calculate.
(i) the area of the shaded region
(ii) the cost of painting the shaded region of the 25 paisa per cm 2, to the nearest rupee.

15. The height of a cone is 30 cm. A small cone is cut off at the top by a plane parallel to the base. If its volume
1
be of the volume of the given cone, at what above the vase is the section made ?
27
16. A solid cylinder of diameter 15 cm and height 15 cm is melted and recast into 12 toys in the shape of a right
circular cone mounted on a hemisphere. Find the radius of the hemisphere and the total height of the to if
height of the conical par is 3 times its radius. [CBSE - 2005]
17. if the rail of the ends of bucket, 45 cm high are 28 cm and 7cm, determine the capacity and total surface
area of the bucket. [CBSE - 2006]
18. A tent is in the form of cylinder of diameter 4.2 m and height 4 m, surmounted by a cone of equal base and
height 2.8 m. Find the capacity of the tent and the cost of canvas for making the tent at Rs. 100 per sq. m. ?
[CBSE - 2006]
19. Water flows out through a circular pipe whose internal radius is 1 cm, at the rate of 80 cm/second into an
empty cylindrical tank, the radius of whose base is 40 cm. By how much will the level of water rise in the
tank in half an hour ? [CBSE - 2007]
20 A hemispherical bowl of internal radius 36 cm is full of liquid. The liquid is to be filled into cylindrical shaped
small bottles each of diameter 3 cm and height 6 cm. How many bottles are need to empty the bowl ? 2007]
21 In figure ABC is a right - angled triangle right-angled at A. Semicircles are drawn on AB, AC and BC as
diameters. Find the area of the shaded region. [CBSE - 2008]

22. Find the permetre of figure , where AED is a semi-circle and ABCD is a rectangle. [CBSE - 2008]

37
23. A tent consists of a frustum of a cone, surmounted by a cone. If the diameters of the upper and lower
circular ends of the frustum b 14 m and 26 m respectively, the height of the frustum be 8 m and the slant
height of the surmounted conical portion be 12 m, find the area of canvas required to make the tent.
(Assume that the radii of the upper circular end of the frustum and the base of surmounted conical portion
are equal) [CBSE - 2008]
ANSWERS

(Objective DPP - 13.1)

Qus. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15

Ans. D C D A D A C C B C C C C B B

(Subjective DPP - 13.2)

1. 72.7 cm 2. 10 cm

4. 7.77 cm 2 5. 57 cm 2 6. 1:2

7. 3768 cm 3, 1318.8 cm 2 8. 0.5 cm 9. 2 hrs.

10. 9735 cm 2 11. 14 cm 12. 3 cm

2
13. ( 24 + π) 14. 12.375 cm 2, Rs. 3 15. 20 cm
4

16. radius = 3 cm and height = 9 cm 17. 48510cm 3, 5621 cm 3

18. 68.376 m 3, Rs. 7590 19. 90 cm 20. 2304

21. 6 sq. 22. 76 cm 23. 892.57 m 2

38
14.1 INTRODUCTION :
STATISTICS
The branch of science known as statistics has been used in India from ancient times. Statistics deals with
collection of numerical facts. i.e., data, their classification & tabulation and their interpretation.
14.2 MEASURES OF CENTRAL TENDANCY :
The commonly used measure of central tendency (or averages) are :
(i) Arithmetic Mean (AM) or Simply Mean
(ii) Median
(jjj) Mode
14.3 ARITHMETIC MEAN :
Arithmetic mean of a set of observations is equal to their sum divided by the total number of observations.
Mean of raw data : x1, x2, x 3, ....., xn are the n values (or observations) the,
A.M. (Arithmetic mean) is
n

x1 + x1 + ..... + xn
∑x
i =1
i
x= =
n n
n

∑x i=1
i
nx - Sum of observations =
n
i.e. product of mean & no. of items gives sum of observation.
Ex.1 The mean of marks scored by 100 students was found to be 40. Later on its was discovered that a score of
56 was misread as 83. Find the correct mean.
Sol. n = 100, x = 40
x=
1
n
(∑ )
xi ⇒ 40 =
1
100
xi (∑ )
∴ Incorrect value of∑ x = 4000. i

Now, Correct value of ∑ x = 4000 - 83 + 83 = 3970

i

correct value of ∑ x 3970 i

∴ Correct mean = = = 39.7
n 100
So, the correct mean is 39.7
Method for Mean of Ungrouped Data

xi fi F1x1

x1 f1 f1x1

x2 f2 f2x2

x3 f3 f3x3
. . .
. . .
. .

∑f = ∑f x i 1 1 =

39
 Grouped Frequency Distribution (Grouped)

(i) Direct method : for finding mean mean x =

∑fx i i

∑f u
Ex2. Find the missing value of P for the following distribution whose mean is 12.58

x 5 8 10 12 P 20 25
y 2 5 8 22 7 4 2

Sol. Given x = 12.58 Calculation of Mean :

xi fi fixi
5 2 10
8 5 40
10 8 80
12 22 264
P 7 7P
20 4 80
25 2 50

∑ f = 50 ∑ f x
i i u = 524 + 7P

x=
∑fx i i

∑f i

524 + 7P
12.58 = 50

629 = 524 + 7P ; 7P = 105 ; P = 15.

Ex.3 Find the mean for the following distribution :
Marks 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80

Frequency 6 8 13 7 3 2 1

Sol.
Marks Mid Values xi No. of students fixi
fi
10-20 15 6 90
20-30 25 8 200
30-40 35 13 455
40-50 45 7 345
50-60 55 3 165
60-70 65 2 130
70-80 75 1 75

∑ f = 40i ∑ f x = 1430
i i

x=
∑fx i i
=
1430 143
= = 35.75
∑f i 40 4

40
 (ii) Deviation Method : (Assumed Mean Method)

x=A+
∑fidi

∑ fi
where, A = Assumed mean di = Deviation from mean (xi - A)
Find the mean for the following distribution by using deviation method :
xi 15 20 22 24 25 30 33 38
Frequency 5 8 11 20 23 18 13 2

Sol.
xi fi Let A = 25 fidi
di = xi - 25
15 5 -10 -50
20 8 -5 -40
22 11 -3 -33
24 20 -1 -20
25 23 0 0
30 18 5 90
33 13 8 104
38 2 13 26

∑ f = 100
i ∑ f d = 77
i i

x = A+
∑fd i i
= 25 +
77
= 25.77
∑f i 100

(iii) Step - Deviation Method : x = A+

 fiui 
h
∑


fi 
 ∑
x −A
where, A = Assumed mean ui = i , h = Width of class interval
h
Ex.5 Find the mean of following distribution with step - deviation method :
Class 10-15 15-20 20-25 25-30 30-35 35-40
Frequency 5 6 8 12 6 3

Sol. Calculation of Mean :

Class xi fi Let A = 27.5 fiui
x − 27.5
ui = i
5

10-15 12.5 5 -3 -15

15-20 17.5 6 -2 -12
20-25 22.5 8 -1 -8
25-30 27.5 12 0 0
30-35 32.5 6 1 6
35-40 37.5 3 2 6

∑ f = 40 i ∑ f u = −23
i i

41
 ⇒

x = A+
∑ fiui 
h ⇒
 − 23 
x = 27.5 + ×  = 24.625

 ∑ fi 
  40 
Ex. 6 The mean of the following frequency distribution is 62.8 and the sum of all frequencies is 50. Compute the
missing frequency f1 and f2
Class 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120
Frequency 5 f1 10 f2 7 8

Sol. Let = 30, h = 20

Class xi fi xi − A fiui
ui =
h

0-20 10 5 -1 -5
20-40 30 f1 0 0

40-60 50 10 +1 10
60-80 70 f2 +2 2f2
80-100 90 7 +3 21
100-120 110 8 +4 32

∑ f = 30 + f + f
i 1 2 ∑ f u = 58 + 2f
i i 2

Given 30 + f1 + f2 = 50
f1 + f 2 = 20 .......(i)

x = A+
∑ fiui 
× h

 ∑ fi 


 58 + 2f2 
62.8 = 30 =  × 20 
 50 
2
62.8 = (58 + 2f2) ×
5
32.8 × 5 = 116 + 4f2
164 = 116 + 4f2
4f2 = 164 - 116
4f2 = 48
f2 = 12
Now, f1 = f2 = 20
f1 + 12 = 20
f1 = 8
So, the missing frequencies are f1 = 8 and f2 = 12.

42
Ex.7 Find the mean marks from the following data :
Marks No. of Students

Below 10 5
Below 20 9
Below 30 17
Below 40 29
Below 50 45

Below 60 60
Below 70 70
Below 80 78
Below 90 83
Below 100 85

Sol. Charging less than type frequency distribution in general frequency distribution.

Marks xi fi A = 45, h =10 fiui

x −A
ui = i
h
0-10 5 5 -4 -20
10-20 15 4 -3 -12
20-30 25 8 -2 -16
30-40 35 12 -1 -12
40-50 45 16 0 0
50-60 55 15 +1 15
60-70 65 10 +2 20
70-80 75 8 +3 24
80-90 85 5 +4 20
90-100 95 2 +5 10

∑ f = 85
i ∑ f u = 29
i i

According to step deviation formula for mean


x = A +
∑ f u × h 
i i

 ∑ f i

 29 
x = 45 +  × 10 
 85 

x = 45 + 3.41

x = 48.41
So, the mean marks is 48.41
14.4 PROPERTIES OF MEAN :

43
 n
(i) Sum of deviations from mean is zero. i.e. ∑ (x − x) = 0
i =1
i

(ii) If a constant real number ‘a’ is added to each of the observation than new mean will be x + a.
(iii) If a constant real number ‘a’ is subtracted from each of the observation then new mean will be x − a.
(iv) If constant real number ‘a’ is multiplied with each of the observation then new mean will be ax.
x
(v) If each of the observation is divided by a constant no ‘a’, then new mean will be .
a
14.5 MERITS OF ARITHETIC MEAN :
(i) It is rigidly defined, simple, easy to understand and easy to calculate.
(ii) It is based upon all the observations.
(iii) Its value being unique, we can use it to compare different sets of data.
(iv) It is least affected by sampling fluctuations.
(v) Mathematical analysis of mean is possible. So, It is relatively reliable.
14.6 DEMERITS OF ARITHMETCI MEAN :
(i) It can not be determined by inspection nor it can be located graphically.
(ii) Arithmetic mean cannot be used for qualities characteristics such as intelligence, honesty, beauty etc.
(iii) It cannot be obtained if a single observation is missing.
(iv) It is affected very much by extreme values. In case of extreme items, A.M. gives a distorted picture of
the distribution and no longer remains representative of the distribution.
(v) It may lead to wrong conclusions if the details of the data from which it is computed are not given.
(vi) It can not be calculated if the extreme class is open, e.g. below 10 or above 90.
(vii) It cannot be used in the study of rations, rates etc.
14.7 USES OF ARITHMETIC MEAN :
(i) It is used for calculating average marks obtained by a student.
(ii) It is extensively used in practical statistics and to obtain estimates.
(iii) It is used by businessman to find out profit per unit article, output per machine, average monthly income
and expenditure etc.
14.8 MEDIAN :
Median is the middle value of the distribution. It is the value of variable such that the number of
observations above it is equal to the number of observations below it.
Median of raw data
(i) Arrange the data in ascending order.
(ii) Count the no. of observation (Let there be ‘n’ observation)
th
 n +1
(A) if n be odd then median = value of   observation.
 2 
th th
n n 
(B) if n is even then median is the arithmetic mean of   observation and  + 1 observation.
2 2 
Median of class - interval data (Grouped)
N
−C
Median =
+ 2 ×h
f

= lower limit of median class, N = total no of observation

C = cumulative frequency of the class preceding the median class
h = size of the median class
f = frequency of the median class.
What is median class :
th
N
The class in which   item lie is median class.
2

44
Ex.8. Following are the lives in hours of 15 pieces of the components of air craft engine. Fin the median :
715, 724, 725, 710, 729, 745, 649, 699, 696, 712, 734, 728, 716, 705, 719

Sol. Arranging the data in ascending order

644. 696, 705, 710, 712, 715, 716, 719, 724, 725, 728, 729, 734, 745
N = 15
th
 N + 1
So, Median =  observation
 2 
th
 15 + 1 
=  observation
 2 
= 716.
Ex. 9 The daily wages (in rupees) of 100 workers in a factory are given below :

Daily wages (in Rs.) 125 130 135 140 145 150 160 180
No. of workers 6 20 24 28 15 4 2 1
Find the median wage of a worker for the above date.
Sol.
Daily wages (in Rs.) No. of workers Cumulative frequency
125 6 6
130 20 26
135 24 50
140 28 78
145 15 93
150 4 97
160 2 99
180 1 100

N = 100 (even)

 N th  th
 observatio n +  N + 1 observatio n
2  2 
∴ Median =  
2

50th observation + 51th observation

Median =
2

135 + 140
=
2

= 137.50

∴ Median wage of a workers in the factory is Rs 137.50.

45
Ex.10 Calculate the median for the following distribution class :

Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

Frequency 5 10 20 7 8 5

th th
N  55  th
Sol. (i) First we find   value i.e.   = 27.5 Class f c.f.
2  2 
0-10 5 5
which lies in 20-30.
10-20 10 15
∴ 20-30 class in median class 20-30 20 35
here
= 20
N 30-40 7 42
= 27.5, C = 15, f = 20, h = 10
2
40-50 8 50
275 − 15
∴ median = 20 + × 10
20 50-60 5 55
Median = 26.25
Ex. 11 in the median of the following frequency distribution is 46,find the missing frequencies :

Variable 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 Total

Frequency 12 13 ? 65 ? 25 18 229
Sol.
Class Interval Frequency C.F
10-20 12 12

20-30 30 42

30-40 f1 42 + f1
40-50 65 107 + f1

50-60 f2 107 + f1 + f2
60-70 25 132 + f1 + f2
70-80 18 150 + f1 + f2

Let the frequency of the class 30 - 40 be f1 and that of the class 50 - 60 be f2. The total frequency is 229
12 + 30 + f1 + 65 + f2 + 25 + 18 = 229
⇒ f1 + f 2 = 79
It is given that median is 46., clearly, 46 lies in the class 40 - 50. So, 40 - 50 is the median class

∴
= 40, h = 10, f = 65 and C = 42 + f1, N = 229

N
−C
Median =
+ 2 ×h
f
229
− ( 42 + f1 )
46 = 40 + 2 × 10
65
145 − 2f1
46 = 40 +
13
145 − 2f1
⇒ 6= ⇒ 2f1 = 67
13
⇒ f1 = 33.5 or 34

46
 Since, f1 + f2 = 79 ∴ f1 = 45
Hence, f1 = 34 and f2 = 45.
Merits of Median :
(i) It is rigidly defined, easily, understood and calculate.
(ii) It is not all affected by extreme values.
(iii) It can be located graphically, even if the class - intervals are unequal.
(iv) It can be determined even by inspection is some cases.
Demerits of Median :
(i) In case of even numbers of observations median cannot be determined exactly.
(ii) It is not based on all the observations.
(iii) It is not subject to algebraic treatment.
(iv) It is much affected by fluctuations of sampling.
Uses of Median :
(i) Median is the only average to be used while dealing with qualitative data which cannot be measured
quantitatively but can be arranged in ascending or descending order of magnitude.
(ii) It is used for determining the typical value in problems concerning wages, distribution of wealth etc.
14.9 MODE:
Mode or modal value of the distribution is that value of variable for which the frequency is maximum.
Mode of ungrouped data : - (By inspection only)
Arrange the data in an array and then count the frequencies of each variate.
The variate having maximum frequency is the mode.
Mode of continuous frequency distribution
f1 + f0
Mode =
+ ×h
2f1 − f0 − f2
Where
= lower limit of the modal class
f1 = frequency of the class i.e. the largest frequency.
f0 = frequency of the class preceding the modal class.
f2 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class.
h = width of the modal class
Ex.12. Fin the mode of the following data :
25, 16, 19, 48, 19, 20, 34, 15, 19, 20, 21, 24, 19, 16, 22, 16, 18, 20, 16, 19.
Sol. Frequency table for the given data as given below :
Value xi 15 16 18 19 20 21 22 24 25 34 48
Frequency fi 1 4 1 5 3 1 1 1 1 1 1

19 has the maximum frequency of 5. So, Mode = 19.

Ex.13. The following table shows the age distribution of cases of a certain disease admitted during a year in a
particular hospital.
Age (in Years) 5-14 15-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64
No. of Cases 6 11 21 23 14 5
Sol. Here class intervals are not is inclusive form. So, Converting the above frequency table in inclusive form.
Age (in Years) 4.5-14.5 14.5-24.5 24.5-34.5 34.5-44.5 44.5-54.5 54.5-64.5
No. of Cases 6 11 21 23 14 5
Class 34.5 - 44.5 has maximum frequency. So it is the modal class.

34.5, h = 10, f0 = 21, f1 = 23 and f2 = 14.
f1 − f0
∴ Mode =
+ ×h
2f1 − f0 − f2
23 − 21
Mode = 34.5 + × 10
46 − 21 − 14

2
= 34.5 + × 10
11

= 36.31 Ans.

47
Ex.14 Find the mode of following distribution :
Daily Wages 31-36 37-42 43-48 49-54 55-60 61-66
No. of workers 6 12 20 15 9 4

Sol.
Daily Wages No. of workers Daily wages No of workers
31-36 6 30.5-36.5 6
37-43 12 36.5-42.5 12
43-48 20 42.5-48.5 20
49-54 15 48.5-54.5 15
55-60 9 54.5-60.6 9
61-66 4 60.5-66.5 4
Modal class frequency is 42.5 - 48.5.

= 42.5
f1 = 20 f0 = 12, f2 = 15, h = 6
20 − 12
∴ Mode = 42.5 + ×6
2( 20) − 12 − 15
∴ Mode = 46.2
Merits of Mode
(i) It can be easily understood and is easy to calculate.
(ii) It is not affected by extreme values and can be found by inspection is some cases.
(iii) It can be measured even if open - end classes and can be represented graphically.
Demerits of Mode :
(i) It is ill - fined. It is not always possible to find a clearly defined mode.
(ii) It is not based upon all the observation.
(iii) It is not capable of further mathematical treatment. it is after indeterminate.
(iv) It is affected to a greater extent by fluctuations of sampling.
Uses of Mode :
Mode is the average to be used to find the ideal size, e.g., in business forecasting, in manufacture of ready-
made garments, shoes etc.
Relation between Mode, Median & Mean : Mode = 3 median - 2 mean.
14.10 CUMULATIVE FREQUENCY CURVE OR OGIVE :
In a cumulative frequency polygon or curves, the cumulative frequencies are plotted against the lower and
upper limits of class intervals depending upon the manner in which the series has been cumulated. There
are two methods of constructing a frequency polygon or an Ogive.
(i) Less than method (ii) More than method
In ungrouped frequency distribution :

Ex.15 The marks obtained by 400 students in medical entrance exam are given in the following table.

Marks 400-450 450-500 500-550 550-600 600-650 650-700 700-750 750-80

Obtained
No. of 30 45 60 52 54 67 45 47
Examinees

(i) Draw Ogive by less than method.

(ii) Draw Ogive by more than method.

(iii) Find the number of examinees, who have obtained the marks less than 625.
(iv) Find the number of examinees, who have obtained 625 and more than marks.
Sol. (i) Cumulative frequency table for less than Ogive method is as following.

48
 Marks Obtained No. of Examinees

Less than 450 30

Less than 500 75
Less than 550 135
Less than 600 187
Less than 650 241
Less than 700 308
Less than 750 353
Less than 800 400

Following are the Ogive for the above cumulative frequency table by applying the given method and the
assumed scale.

(ii) Cumulative frequency table for more than Ogive method is as following : -

Marks Obtained No. of Examinees

400 and more 400
450 and more 370
500 and more 325
550 and more 265
600 and more 213
650 and more 159
700 and more 92
750 and more 47

49
 Following are the Ogive for the above cumulative frequency table.

(iii) So, the number of examinees, scoring marks less than 625 are approximately 220.
(iv) So, the number of examinees, scoring marks 625 and more will be approximately 190.
Ex.16 Draw on O-give for the following frequency distribution by less than method and also find its median from
the graph.
Marks 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60
Number of 7 10 23 51 6 3
students
Sol. Converting the frequency distribution into less than cumulative frequency distribution.

Marks No. of
Students
Less than 10 7
Less than 20 17
Less than 30 40
Less than 40 91
Less than 50 97
Less than 60 100
According to graph median = 34 marks.

50
 DAILY PRACTIVE PROBLEMS # 14
OBJECTIVE DPP - 14.1

1. The median of following series if 520, 20, 340, 190, 35, 800, 1210, 50, 80
(A) 1210 (B) 520 (C) 190 (D) 35

2. If the arithmetic mean of 5, 7, 9 x is9 then the value of x is

(A) 11 (B) 15 (C) 18 (D) 16

3. The mode of the distribution 3, 5, 7, 4, 2, 1, 4, 3, 4 is

(A) 7 (B) 4 (C) 3 (D) 1

4. If the first five elements of the set x1, x2,...x10 are replaced by xi + 5, i = 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 and next five elements
are replaced by xj - 5, j = 6, 7, ....10 then the mean will change by
n +1
(A) 0 (B) (C) 10 (D) 25
2

5. If the mean and median of a set of numbers are 8.9 and 9 respectively, then the mode will be
(A) 7.2 (B) 8.2 (C) 9.2 (D) 10.2

SUBJECTIVE DPP - 14.2

1. Find the value of p, if the mean of the following distribution whose mean is 20

x 15 17 19 20 + p 23
f 2 3 4 5p 6

2. Find the mean of following distribution by step deviation method : -

Class interval 50-70 70-90 90-110 110-130 130-150 150-170
No. of workers 18 12 13 27 8 22

3. The mean of the following frequency distribution is 62.8 and the sum of all the frequencies is 50. Compute
the
Class 0-20 20-40 40-60 60-80 80-100 100-120
Frequency 5 f1 10 f2 7 8

missing frequency f1 and f2.

4. Calculate the median from the following data :
Rent (in Rs.) 15-25 25-35 35-45 45-55 55-65 65-75 75-85 85-95
No. of House 8 10 15 25 40 20 15 7
5. Find the missing frequencies and the median for the following distribution if the mean is 1.46.

No. of accidents 0 1 2 3 4 5 Total

Frequency (No. of 46 f1 f2 25 10 5 200
days)

6. If the median of the following frequency distribution is 28.5 find the missing frequencies :

Class interval : 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 Total

Frequency 5 f1 20 15 f2 5 60
7. The marks is science of 80 students of class X are given below : Find the mode of the marks obtained by
the students in science.

51
 Class interval 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80 80-90 90-100
:
Frequency 3 5 16 12 13 20 5 4 1 1

8. Find the mode of following distribution :

Class 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70 70-80

interval
Frequency 5 8 7 12 28 20 10 10

9. During the medical check - up of 35 students of a class, their weights were recorded as follows :

Weight (in kg) Number of students

Less than 38 0

Less than 40 3
Less than 42 5
Less than 44 9
Less than 46 14
Less than 48 28

Less than 50 32
Less than 52 35

Draw a less than type ogive for the given data. Hence, obtain median weight from the graph and verify the
result by using the formula.

10. The following table gives the height of trees :

Height Less Les than Less Less Less Less Less Less
than 7 14 than 21 than 28 than 35 than 42 than 49 than 56

No. of trees 26 57 92 134 216 287 341 360

Draw “less than” ogive and “more than” ogive.

52
11. If the mean of the following data is 18.75, find the value of p: [CBSE - 2005]
x 10 15 p 25 30
f 5 10 7 8 2

12. Find the mean of following frequency distribution [CBSE - 2006]

Classes 50-70 70-90 90-110 110-130 130-150 150-170

Frequency 18 12 13 27 8 22

13. Find the median class of the following data : [CBSE - 2008]

Marks obtained 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60

Frequency 8 10 12 22 30 18

14. Find the mean, mode and median of the following data : [CBSE - 2008]

Classes 0-10 10-20 20-30 30-40 40-50 50-60 60-70

Frequency 5 10 18 30 20 12 5

ANSWERS
(Objective DPP- 14.1)

Que. 1 2 3 4 5
Ans. C B B A C

(Subjective DPP – 14.2)

]1. p=1 2. 112.20 3. f1 = 8, f2 = 12

4. 58 5. f1 = 76, f2 = 38, and median = 1 6. f1 = 8, f2 = 7

7. 53.17 8. 46.67 9. 47.5 kg

11 20 12. 20 13. 30-40

14. Mean = 35.6, Median = 35.67 and mode = 35.45

53
 PROBABILITY
15.1 EXPERIMENT :
The word experiment means an operation, which can produce well defined outcomes. The are two types of
experiment :
(i) Deterministic experiment (ii) Probabilistic or Random experiment
(i) Deterministic Experiment : Those experiment which when repeated under identical conditions,
produced the same results or outcome are known as deterministic experiment. For example, Physics or
Chemistry experiments performed under identical conditions.
(ii) Probabilistic or Random Experiment :- In an experiment, when repeated under identical conditions
donot produce the same outcomes every time. For example, in tossing a coin, one is not sure that if a head
or tail will be obtained. So it is a random experiment.
Sample space : The set of all possible out comes of a random experiment is called a sample space
associated with it and is generally denoted by S. For example, When a dice is tossed then
S = {1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6}.
Even : A subset of sample space associated with a random experiment is called an event. For example, In
tossing a dive getting an even no is an event.
Favorable Event : Let S be a sample space associated with a random experiment and A be event
associated with the random experiment. The elementary events belonging to A are know as favorable
events to the event A. For example, in throwing a pair of dive, A is defined by “Getting 8 as the sum”. Then
following elementary events are as out comes : (2, 6), (3, 5), (4, 4) (5, 3) (6, 2). So, there are 5 elementary
events favorable to event A.
15.2 PROBABILITY :
If there are n elementary events associated with a random experiment and m of them are favorable to an
event A, then the probability of happening or occurrence of event A is denoted by P(A)
Total number of favourable outcomes m
Thus, P(A) = =
Total number of possible outcomes n
And 0 ≤ P( A ) ≤ 1
If, P(A) = 0, then A is called impossible event
If, P(A) = 1, then A is called sure event
P(A) + P ( A ) = 1
Where P(A) = probability of occurrence of A.
P ( A ) = probability of non - occurrence of A.
ILLUSTRATIONS :
Ex.1 A box contains 5 red balls, 4 green balls and 7 white balls. A ball is drawn at random from the box. Find the
probability that the ball drawn is
(i) white (ii) neither red nor white
Sol. Total number of balls in the bag = 5 + 4 + 7 = 16
∴ Total number of elementary events =16
(i) There are 7 white balls in the bag.
∴ Favorable number of elementary events = 7
Total No. favourable elementary events 7
Hence, P (Getting a white ball ) = =
Total No. of elementary events 16

(ii) There are 4 balls that are neither red nor white
∴ Favorable number of elementary events = 4
4 1
Hence, P (Getting neither red not white ball) = =
16 4

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Ex.2 All the three face cards of spades are removed from a well-shuffled pack of 52 cards. A card is then drawn
at random from the remaining pack. Find the probability of getting [CBSE - 2007]
(i) black face card (ii) a queen (iii) a black card.
Sol. After removing three face cards of spades (king, queen, jack) from a deck of 52 playing cards, there are 49
cards left in the pack. Out of these 49 cards one card can be chosen in 49 ways.
∴ Total number of elementary events = 49
(i) There are 6 black face cards out of which 3 face cards of spades are already removed. So, out of
remaining 3 black face cards one black face card ban be chosen in 3 ways.
∴ Favorable number of elementary events = 3
3
Hence, P (Getting a black face card ) =
49
(ii) There are 3 queens in the remaining 49 cards. So, out of these three queens, on queen can be
chosen in 3 ways
∴ Favorable number of elementary events = 3
3
Hence P (Getting a queen) =
49
(iii) There are 23 black cards in the remaining 49 cards, So, out to these 23 black card, one black card
can be chosen in 23 ways
∴ Favorable number of elementary events = 23
23
Hence, P (Getting a black card) =
49
Ex.3 A die is thrown, Find the probability of
(i) prime number (ii) multiple of 2 or 3 (iii) a number greater than 3
Sol. In a single throw of die any one of six numbers 1,2,3,4,5,6 can be obtained. Therefore, the tome number of
elementary events associated with the random experiment of throwing a die is 6.
(i) Let A denote the event “Getting a prime no”. Clearly, event A occurs if any one of 2,3,5 comes as out
come.
∴ Favorable number of elementary events = 3
3 1
Hence, P (Getting a prime no.) = =
6 2
(ii) An multiple of 2 or 3 is obtained if we obtain one of the numbers 2,3,4,6 as out comes
∴ Favorable number of elementary events = 4
4 2
Hence, P (Getting multiple of 2 or 3) = =
6 3
(iii) The event “Getting a number greater than 3” will occur, if we obtain one of number 4,5,6 as an out
come.
∴ Favorable number of out comes = 3
3 1
Hence, required probability = =
6 2
Ex.4 Two unbiased coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability of getting
(i) two heads (ii) at least one head (iii) at most one head.
Sol. If two unbiased coins are tossed simultaneously, we obtain any one of the following as an out come :
HH, HT, TH, TT
∴ Total number of elementary events = 4
(i) Two heads are obtained if elementary event HH occurs.
∴ Favorable number of events = 1
1
Hence, P (Two heads) =
4
(ii) At least one head is obtained if any one of the following elementary events happen :
HH, HT, TH
∴ favorable number of events = 3
3
Hence P (At least one head) =
4
(iii) If one of the elementary events HT, TH, TT occurs, than at most one head is obtained
3
∴ favorable number of events = 3 Hence, P (At most one head) =
4

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Ex.5 A box contains 20 balls bearing numbers, 1,2,3,4…...20. A ball is drawn at random from the box. What is
the probability that the number of the ball is
(i) an odd number (ii) divisible by 2 or 3 (iii) prime number
Sol. Here, total numbers are 20.
∴ Total number of elementary events = 20
(i) The number selected will be odd number, if it is elected from 1,3,5,7,9,11,13,15,17,19
∴ Favorable number of elementary events = 10
10 1
Hence, P (An odd number ) = =
20 2
(ii) Number divisible by 2 or 3 are 2,3,4,6,8,9,10,12,14,15,16,18,20
∴ Favorable number of elementary events = 13
13
P (Number divisible by 2 or 3) =
20
(iii) There are 8 prime number from 1 to 20 i.e., 2,3,5,7,11,13,17,19
∴ Favorable number of elementary events = 8
8 2
P (prime number ) = =
20 5
Ex.6 A die is drop at random on the rectangular region as shown in figure. What is the probability that it will land
inside the circle with diameter 1m ?
Sol. Area of rectangular region = 3m × 2m = 6m 2
Area of circle = πr 2
2
1
= π× 
2
π
= m2
4
∴ Probability that die will land inside the circle
π/4
=
6
π
=
24
DAILY PRACTICE PROBLEMS # 15
OBJECTIVE DPP - 15.1
1. If there coins are tossed simultaneously, then the probability of getting at least two heads, is
1 3 1 1
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 8 2 4
2. A bag contains three green marbles four blue marbles, and two orange marbles. If marble is picked at
random, then the probability that it is not a orange marble is
1 1 4 7
(A) (B) (C) (D)
4 3 9 9
3. A number is selected from number 1 to 27. The probability that it is prime is
2 1 1 2
(A) (B) (C) (D)
3 6 3 9
4. IF (P(E) = 0.05, then P (not E) =
(A) -0.05 (B) 0.5 (C) 0.9 (D) 0.95
5. A bulb is taken out at random from a box of 600 electric bulbs that contains 12 defective bulbs. Then the
probability of a non-defective bulb is
(A) 0.02 (B) 0.98 (C) 0.50 (D) None
SUBJECTIVE DPP - 15.2

1. To dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the probability of getting :

(i) An even number of the sum
(ii) The sum as a prime number
(iii) A total of at least 10
(iv) A multiple of 2 on one dice and a multiple of 3 on the other.

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2. Find the probability that a leap year selected at random will contain 53 Tuesdays.
3. A bag contains 12 balls out of which x are white.
(i) If one ball is drawn at random, what is the probability it will be a white ball ?
(ii) If 6 more white balls are put in the box. The probability of drawing a white ball will be double than that is
(i). Find x.
4. In a class, there are 18 girls and 16 boys. The class teacher wants to choose one pupil for class monitor.
What she does, she writes the name of each pupil a card and puts them into a basket and mixes
thoroughly. A child is asked to pick one card from the basket. What is the probability that the name written
on the card is :
(i) The name of a girl (ii) The name of boy ?
5. The probability of selecting a green marble at random from a jar that contains only green, white and yellow
marbles is 1/4. The probability of selecting a white marble from the same jar is 1/3. If this jar contains 10
yellow marbles. What is the total number of marbles in the jar ?
6. A card is drawn at random from a well suffled desk of playing cards. Find the probability that the card drawn
is
(i) A card of spade or an ace (ii) A red king
(iii) Neither a king nor a queen (iv) Either a king or a queen
7. There are 30 cards of same size in a bag on which number 1 to 30 are written. One card is taken out of the
bag at random. Find the probability that the number of the selected card is not divisible by 3.
8. In figure points A,B,C and D are the centers of four circles that each have a
radius of length on unit. If a point is selected at random from the interior of
square ABCD. What is the probability that the point will be chosen from the
shaded region ?

9. A bag contains 5 white balls, 6 red balls, 6 black balls and 8 green balls. One ball is drawn at random from
the bag. Find the probability that the ball drawn is
(i) White (ii) Red or black
(iii) Note green (iv) Neither white nor black [CBSE - 2006]
10. A bag contains 4 red and 6 black balls. A ball is taken out of the bag at random. Find the probability of
getting a black ball. [CBSE - 2008]
11. Cards. marked with number 5 to 50, are placed in a box and mixed thoroughly. A card is drawn from the
box at random. Find the probability that the number on the taken out card is
(i) a prime number less than 10.
(ii) a number which is a perfect square. [CBSE - 2008]
ANSWERS
(Objective DPP 15.1)

Q 1 2 3 4 5
A C D C D B
(Subjective DPP 15.2)
1 15 1 11
1. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv)
2 36 6 36
2 x
2. 3. (i) (ii) 3
7 12
9 8 4 1 11 2 2
4. (i) (ii) 5. 24 6. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 7.
17 17 13 26 13 13 3

 π 1 12 17 14 3
8. 1 −  9. (i) (ii) (iii) (iv) 10.
 4 5 25 25 25 5

1 5
11. (i) (ii)
23 46

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