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5 Reproduction and Inheritance
5 Reproduction and Inheritance
Example 1
Example 2
Example 3
Guidance on marking:
1. If parent genotypes wrong, allow transfer error to max of 3 for gametes, offspring and
phenotypes.
2. only give phenotype mark if student has shown Huntington’s and normal phenotypes
for possible children linked to the correct genotypes.
1
Mark schemes
b) • 50% / ½ / 0.5 / 1 in 2 / eq 1
2
5 Reproduction and inheritance
Guidance on marking:
1. Ignore gender of individual parents.
2. If parent genotypes wrong, allow transfer error to max of 3 for gametes, offspring and
phenotypes.
3. only give phenotype mark if it is clear that student knows the hair colour for each
genotype.
c) • 0.5 / ½ / 50%/ 1 in 2 / eq 1
3
Mark schemes
b) 2
Ribosomes are found in cytoplasm
Ribosomes help translation / synthesis of protein / eq
d) • Some amino acids are coded for by more than one codon / eq 2
• If a codon is mutated to another specifying the same amino acid, then there will be no
change in the amino acid in the protein / eq
Total 13
e) i) asexual reproduction: 2
• gametes not involved / eq
• cell division only by mitosis / no meiosis involved / eq
• only one parent cell needed / does not need two parent cells / eq
• offspring genetically identical to each other / to parent / no genetic variation
amongst offspring / between offspring and parent / eq
ii) • results in genetic variation / offspring differ from one another and from parent / eq 2
• (so) may be able to survive change in environmental conditions / eq
• seeds can survive unfavourable conditions / cold / heat / dry conditions / desiccation / eq
• seeds / offspring dispersed over a wide area / may reach new habitats / eq
Total 17
4
5 Reproduction and inheritance
Total 12
c) • mitosis 1
(no mark for incorrect spelling that could be confused with ‘meiosis’)
Total 7
38
5 Reproduction and inheritance
Applying principles
Question Mark scheme Marks
1 a) • short hair 1
b) • cats 1 and 2 both have short hair, but have two offspring, cats 4 and 7, that have long hair 2
• therefore both cat 1 and cat 2 must have carried a recessive gene for long hair
(give credit for other valid reasoning)
c) • cat 2: Hh 2
• cat 7: hh
d) i) • three from cats: 4, 7, 8 and 12 2
(three listed, 2 marks; one or two listed, 1 mark)
(no mark if any incorrect individuals included)
ii) • three from cats: 1, 2, 9, 10, 11 2
(three listed, 2 marks; one or two listed, 1 mark)
(no mark if any incorrect individuals included)
Total 9
39
Mark schemes
40
5 Reproduction and inheritance
Extended writing
Question Mark scheme Marks
1 • pollen carried from the anther / stamen of one flower to the stigma of another (by wind) 6
up to two examples of adaptation for wind pollination from the list:
— no petals, so no obstruction / brightly coloured petals absent / eq
— stamens or anthers outside flower, so exposed to wind / eq
— filaments / stamens long so exposed to wind / eq
— style long or stigma outside flower, so exposed to wind / eq
— stigma large / feathery, so pollen trapped / eq
— large quantities pollen produced / pollen light, so can be carried far by wind / eq
• (pollen) tube grows / pollen grain germinates
• (grows) down style / towards ovary
• (pollen tube / eq) enters ovule / eq
• (male) nucleus / (pollen grain) nucleus / male gamete
• fertilise / fuse / join + female gamete / nucleus / ovum / egg
• to form zygote
Total 6
Total 6
41
Mark schemes
42