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An Approach of Models of Information Technologies Suitable to Optimize

Management in a Public Organization of Ecuador

Conference Paper · July 2019

DOI: 10.1109/WorldS4.2019.8904027

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 An Approach of Models of Information
Technologies Suitable to Optimize Management in
a Public Organization of Ecuador
*S egundo Moisés Toapanta Toapanta Melania Alejandra Prado Sánchez
Department Computer Science Department Computer Science
Universidad Politécnica Salesiana Universidad Politécnica Salesiana
Guayaquil, Ecuador Guayaquil, Ecuador
stoapanta@ups.edu.ec mprados@est.ups.edu.ec
Luis Enrique Mafla Gallegos
Faculty of S ystems Engineering
Escuela Politécnica Nacional
Quito, Ecuador
enrique. mafla@epn. edu. ec
Abstract – Public institutions in Ecuador have problems to
optimize the management of ICT in an appropriate and timely
manner. The objective of this research is to analyze an approach
of information technology models to optimize management in a
public organization based on mission, vision and strategic
objectives; it is recommended to analyze for each public
organization in Ecuador. It is we used the deductive method and
the analysis of the information for the review of the related
articles and bibliography of the ICT plans implemented. It
resulted in the adoption of the ITIL model to optimize
technological management in a public organization in Ecuador;
considering the strategies and processes that are relevant to
public management; line programming to optimize resources and
statistics different such as: People by ages who use internet,
availability of technological equipment in the home, people who
use computers, frequency of internet use. It was concluded that
public organizations, in order to improve the management of
ICTs, should consider as an alternative the generation of a
prototype of an adequate standard model for the management of
ICT in public organizations in Ecuador to optimize management
and resources; considering updated methodologies and standards
such as: Cobit, ITIL, Coso, ISO 27001, information culture of the
country, experiences of other countries in the region among
others. Have mobile devices at the national level that allow using
different internet platforms and access timely information and
comply with the requirements requested by public institutions,
internal and external users.
Keywords: Appropriate Models, Implementation of ICTs,
Optimization of IT resources, Public Institutions of Ecuador, Process
and Management.
I. INTRODUCTION
Public institutions have implemented the use of technology in
many areas, but some processes are delayed more than
necessary and others provide incomplete information.
Institutions such as the one in charge of the electoral field have
Danny Wilfrido Barona Valencia
Department Computer Science
Universidad Politécnica Salesiana
Guayaquil, Ecuador
dbarona@ups.edu.ec
shown difficulties in providing assistance to users, with
outdated information. Do you need to implement models of
information technology? Working with sophisticated
technological resources implies meeting common objectives,
with social criteria, with relevance in different areas of health
service, commercial, community service. The role of the state
must be the administrator of the resources of a nation, the
position of inequality in Latin America calls us, as citizens, to
be inventive as a method for subsistence [1]. The expectations
of users or customers in public services have increased and
makes them more demanding. Since the Constitution of the
Republic of Ecuador was approved in popular consultation in
2008, ICTs are considered in the country as strategic for their
development and would allow the good living of all
Ecuadorians. People with special mobility capabilities have
limitations when it comes to accessing and using ICTs. The
main problems that are detected as limiting the use of ICTs are
accessibility and affordability. The use of the mobile phone is
very common among people with this type of special abilities,
since 95.3% use it, but only a reduced 3.8% have a device
adapted to their needs [2]. This article analyzed the current
situation of the use of Internet and electronic devices by
ordinary citizens along with those with reduced mobility and
that state services are using information technologies for their
management, as well as the definitions of process management
based on Information Technology (IT). In studies carried out
by FLACSO described in its magazine ÍCONOS 37, the theme
"Reconsidering current technologies as common goods" can be
found. Also in the paper on "Public policies in science,
technology and innovation. Regional trends and convergence
spaces. Journal of Social Studies "describes the importance of
implementing public policies.
This research maintains a quantitative approach, with
qualitative analysis to describe the models of technologies that
public institutions require to improve the implementation of
ICTs.
It is concluded that there is an exponential growth in the public
organizations of Ecuador in the implementation of
technologies in the different instances, as well as in the life of
the Ecuadorians, in digital education, who are willing to use it
in everyday life.
In studies carried out by FLACSO, the relevance and social
impact with the good use of ICTs in all social areas is
highlighted. The Journal of Social Studies points out the
importance of the state in the implementation of processes for
the welfare of citizens.
II. MATERIALS AND METHODS
A. Materials
For the quantitative analysis, information was collected on the
use of computers, mobile devices and the internet by citizens
throughout Ecuador, for the qualitative documentary review of
the Ministry of Telecommunications and Information Society
of Ecuador (MINTEL), and international, in publications of the
United Nations Organization (UN) for Latin America and the
Caribbean. The information was captured and presented by
means of graphs, tables and quantified by means of formulas
and algorithms. The existence of several conceptions in the use
and application of ICTs in organizations makes it impossible
to think that an organization can be conducted without the help
of computer tools. In this context, the use of ICT tools by
governments is called electronic government (GE), which
broadly aims to improve internal efficiency, the supply of
services and information, and exchange with citizens,
organizations public and private [3].
B. Methods
This research maintains a correlational and explanatory, not
experimental, scope of deductive logic with a quantitative
approach and qualitative analysis of various literary resources.
It is presented with a cross section with the use of several
secondary data sources. The information belongs to companies
of the public sector that provide services in the areas of health,
education, commercial, financial, among others, that maintain
a considerable time in the country, of at least 5 years of
operation.
Several documents reviewed allowed to know that the National
Government, with the purpose of generating development
paths with ICTs, raises in the National Plan of
Telecommunications and Information Technologies 2016 -
2021, four macro objectives on which the impulse for the
management optimization of public institutions through ICTs.
In what corresponds to this research, the following articles
were analyzed: Art. 3) Ensure the use of ICTs for the economic
and social development of the country. In the social sphere, the
incorporation of ICTs allows the efficiency in the provision of
Health Education and Justice Services, using data analysis
(analytics) that allows generating key insights and providing a
better experience to citizens. Through the use of digital tools.
In the field of public administration, they allow improving the
quality of life of citizens, by simplifying the procedures or that
can be done from home. This macro state objective aims to
enhance the performance of digitized processes of the public
sector with high social impact; increase the use of electronic
government services by citizens and companies and increase
the number of people trained in ICTs.
It is also necessary to review the Art 4) Program of use of ICT
for the social and economic development of the country. The
importance of enhancing the use of Infocentros, improving e-
government services, enhancing the performance of digitized
processes in the public sector with high social impact
(education, health, justice and security) and ensuring
connectivity and infrastructure in schools is observed.
Considering the objectives of the government, the Ecuadorian
state's interest in improving the management situation of public
companies can be evidenced in the good use of ICTs. In
parallel, the progressive introduction of ICT in the public
service is highlighting the potential of this type of tools to
facilitate, among other things, new forms of communication
and social interaction [4]. Within the related measurements we
have the Electronic Government Development Index (EGDI)
of the United Nations, which conducts the respective study that
is carried out every 2 years to the associated countries focusing
on three main areas: Online Services, Telecommunications
Infrastructure and Human Capital. The Millennium
Development Goals encourage states to facilitate e-
government and the formulation of innovative initiatives until
the year 2030 from the creation of effective, responsible and
inclusive public institutions to democratize education and
reduce poverty rates [5].
0,8
0,6
0,4
0,2
0
2008 2010 2012 2014 2016 2018
Figure 1. Evolution component EDGI of Services online OSI
The Ecuador in the world and regional ranking was ranked 84
during the year 2018 was registered by the Electronic
Participation Index (EPI). Moreover, ICTs have contributed to
the growth and modernization of the state through the use of
electronic resources that contribute to the management of the
government plan, studies have been carried out within the
country, but also in others in the region and the results are
important According to the IDB (Inter-American Development
Bank), 10% of the penetration of broadband services in the
region is associated with an average increase of 3.2% in the
Gross Domestic Product (GDP) and an increase in productivity
of 2%, 6 percentage points, generating 6,7016 new jobs [6]. On
the other hand, the efforts made by the Ecuadorian State, for
the implementation of security and monitoring processes to
improve quality standards, both in the procedures and in
responses that show evidence of management transparency.
This pattern implies a kind of reinvention of the government
supported by the concept "e-government" as an instrument that
facilitates the achievement of the objectives of a modern public
administration and that is focused on fighting corruption,
through transparent and responsible management, as well as
the provision of efficient services [7].
Hence, Ecuador has had a process of incursion for the
involvement of services and procedures, which allowed the
focus of technological resources in specific areas, thereby
improving the technological infrastructure within public
institutions, including the cloud as part of the social trend of
the use of the web and telecommunications networks.
Likewise, within the approach and implementation of social
electronic systems, the electronic money service was planned,
a process that Ecuador has assimilated. The electronic money
in strictu sensum is a revolutionary financial service, it
provides great advantages to its users, and its use in the social
masses incorporates them into the financial system creating
real opportunities for development and social inclusion [8].
Also, until 2018, it is recorded that 130 institutions of the
central government have a web portal and official social
networks; 80% of entities have a web portal with accessibility
features. 9% of institutions of the Central Public
Administration (APC) have mobile applications that allow
citizen procedures. Since its advent in the 1990s, e-government
in Latin America and the Caribbean has focused its efforts on
introducing information and communication technologies
(ICT) into existing processes within state institutions, to
improve them, automate them and make them more efficient.
[9]. The Inter-American Development Bank (IDB) has
conducted a study in 2018 on citizenship procedures,
bureaucracy and digital government for Latin America and the
Caribbean (LAC) where it states that Latin American countries
have an average of 2577 procedures and in the Ecuador there
are 4679 of which 21.4% can be started online and only 11 can
be completed online.
On the other hand, the same study indicates that, on average,
only 7% of Latin Americans did some online process and in
Ecuador 6%, among the most common factors that this
phenomenon presents are: the reduction in the supply of online
procedures, Internet access, digital literacy and the bad
experience of citizens when using online services and, finally,
the preference of citizens to perform procedures in person.
Another important factor in the development of public services
in Ecuador, which could be a key element, is interoperability.
Currently, 112 institutions of the central government use data
from other institutions to provide services to citizens, which
has reduced the requirements of both. In online procedures,
such as face-to-face, this data exchange was also transferred to
the sections' governments: currently, 65 decentralized
autonomous governments (GAD) also benefit from this service
through the so-called simplified file system, which it no longer
requires a copy of the identity card or voting paper for citizens.
For a city or territory and in particular a government to achieve
the status of intelligent will not depend solely and exclusively
on overcoming the technological or infrastructure factor, but
the success of these initiatives is usually the result of a complex
combination of other factors: social, Political, economic,
human and organizational [10]. In the same way, the use of
technology in different areas, such as the economic one, allows
a greater collection and reduces the face-to-face procedures.
Start
Vision of the national electronic
goverment plan
Strategies and iniciatives
Inclusion and digital skills,
infrastructure and connectivity,
interoperability, digital public and
cultural software
Citizens are active actors in state
decisions
Open Goverment, Close Goverment,
Effective and Efficient Govermment
Finish
Figure 2. Flow chart on the vision of the national electronic government plan
Also in the electronic invoicing, led by the Internal Revenue
Service (SRI), there were 4 thousand users of this service, who
have issued 4,792 million invoices signed electronically,
saving 568 thousand trees. Lastly, Ecuador's National Customs
Service maintains 26,000 users with an electronic signature.
The state entities make use of office tools, e-mail, purchases
through the public procurement portal (SOCE), payments
through the state financial system (ESIGEF) and the QUIPUX
system, they have infrastructure and personnel for the
administration of the technology, but paper printing persists
and there is no standardization of formats and means for the
exchange of documents between state functions, although
since 2016 the data center and the government network
managed by the National Telecommunications Corporation
(CNT) have been implemented. In order to improve the
availability, security and operating costs of the government's
electronic services. Another problem observed is that the
adoption of ICT in the processes of public institutions has been
sequential in time and in a disconnected manner, generating a
variety of forms of data recording to analyze them. Likewise,
public institutions present different tools for data analysis,
which makes an adequate reading of the processes difficult,
therefore, it becomes necessary to implement a model that
facilitates their approach, use and understanding of the
information. By executive decree n ° 1014 signed in 2008 and
with the issuance of the Organic Code of the Social Economy
of Knowledge, Creativity and Innovation (COESCCI) in 2016,
the use of free software in institutions was 64% while for the
administrative management was 43%. Research presupposes
promoting the scientific, technological and artistic activities of
academic units to develop knowledge that guarantees the
quality of life of man in the social sphere in which he is inserted
and performs [9]. The principle of division and specialization
of work (Tayloriano Theory), points out that the organizational
structure is not neutral, that is, it facilitates or hinders the
change; the change of paradigms involves people within the
organization, therefore, at least three dimensions of
involvement must be considered when introducing this
management paradigm: technical area, people and
organization. For this analysis, it must start from the following
principle: "The process is the natural way to organize work."
The companies or organizations in their traditional structure
group into departments the people who have related activities,
their structure is shown in an organization chart where the
information flows from the top down and where the decisions
are taken at high levels, this entails some disadvantages such
as : not knowing the requirements of the clients, what is it that
they need, which is what contributes value to the good or
service that their need requires; the objectives are usually local
to each department or area without alignment with the general
strategic objectives.
The communication with customers, suppliers and employees
helps the company to better manage our productive activity.
The use of databases and specialized software, applied to a
correct administrative process, allows you to maintain high
levels of competitiveness and enhance the company as a leader
in a market [12]. The word process invokes the passage of time
and the set of successive advertising stages in a natural
phenomenon necessary to achieve an end. Among them, it is
worth highlighting the incorporation of external agents to the
organization of the decision-making processes, the diffusion of
the collaborative dynamics to launch the projects in distributed
work groups, the radical transparency of the processes related
to the environment or the transformation of intermediation
dynamics between citizens and institutions [13]. These work
resources allow the relationship of innovation and the presence
of paradigms that require attention within the exploratory
process within the work and contribution for citizenship, being
the public sector who are promoting the consolidation of good
practices. On the other hand, governance requires taking
advantage of the implementation of infrastructure that takes
advantage of the new lines of work that are currently open.
Where we Where are we
Entry
want to be? now?
How to know
Exit that we will We can get?
arrive?
Figure 3. The Process
It is important to differentiate a procedure from a process since
this is a set of rules or instructions that determine the way to
proceed or act to achieve a result, a process defines what is to
be done and a procedure defines how it should be performed.
The management of Information Technology (IT) is defined
as: "The system of controls and processes required to achieve
the strategic objectives established by the management of the
organization, subject to the guidance and monitoring
established by corporate governance.
The Ecuadorian Government to comply with this new
framework of regional and global governance and, with the
purpose of modernizing the State, has been gradually applying
several legal, institutional and technological strategies, among
others, in order to institutionalize e-Government in the country
[14]. The big companies and organizations of the world have
set their sights on IT as a differentiating factor of
competitiveness, the emphasis on being able to control and
direct their IT area is called as IT Governance. A formal
definition says: "IT governance is the system through which
the current and future use of IT is directed and controlled".
Thus, within the necessary procedures to maintain the security
of sensitive information and data, a supervisory model was
used. COBIT allows the evaluation of the management of
information technology through the audit environment. This
requires the application of rules that guarantee the
implementation, supervision, review and continuous
improvement of information security management [15]. The
frame of reference of the COBIT model (Control Objectives
for Information and related Technology) is based on the
following principle: "Provide the information that the
organization needs to achieve its objectives", it also defines
seven criteria that guarantee the delivery of information
according to the requirements of the organization such as
quality, control and security, these are:
 Effectiveness: The information must be reliable and
pertinent to the business requirements and must be
delivered in a manner that is timely, consistent,
correct, and usable.
 Efficiency: The information must be generated by
optimizing resources to achieve greater productivity
and savings.
 Confidentiality: Protect sensitive information from
unauthorized disclosures.
 Integrity: The information must be accurate, complete
and valid according to the requirements of the
organization.
 Availability: The information must be available at the
time that is required by the processes.
 Compliance: refers to compliance with laws,
regulations, contractual agreements and internal and
external policies.
 Reliability: Refers to providing the appropriate
information for high-level officials to properly
administer the organization and thus exercise its
regulatory and management responsibilities
A second method of process monitoring and Information
Technology Infrastructure proposed to the Government, came
to market as ITIL, this model defines policies, standards, action
guidelines, activities and work instructions for proper
management of services. The objective of ITIL is to provide
guides, sets of concepts, recommendations and good practices
during the administration, management, development and
operation of information technology services. ITIL was
developed by recognizing that organizations depend more and
more on information technology to achieve their corporate
objectives [16]. It should be noted that the two models referred
to condition an integration to the ICT process from different
approaches, but with common points of realization. Both
establish primary diagnoses, design processes and implement
controls of these, in addition these models emphasize in the
management process and contribute from an autochthonous
business perspective to evaluate and improve the management
of ICTs. Another model is the linear programming model. This
is the most economically viable and the most flexible, because
there is a wide variety of computer packages that allow you to
find solutions to a problem. In addition, these packages are
purchased at reasonable prices and do not require sophisticated
computer equipment. For the reasons mentioned, the linear
model has been widely and successfully used.
Some government entities have used it in a better way trying
to distribute the available budget, minimizing costs. However,
the greatest limitation of this model is the linearity of the
functions involved. This is because the linear relationship
between the variables is a very simple relationship so that it
frequently coincides with the complicated reality. However,
sometimes, the physical properties of the problem allow to
justify this linearity. Other times, nonlinear relationships can
be easily mapped by applying appropriate mathematical
transformations. Another important assumption in this model
is that which ensures that all data are known with certainty, a
condition that does not agree with the frequent need to make
decisions based on phenomena associated with uncertainty. It
is known that technologies can have a significant impact on all
social strata, be it positive or negative. Under certain
economic, legal and political circumstances, the production of
technologies can generate social exclusion, inequality, poverty
and concentration of wealth at a regional level. That is what is
observed in Latin America [17]. From there, the role of the
State is assumed, as a fundamental entity to reduce the gap that
distances the most unprotected sectors of the highest social
classes. As an important aspect of social relevance, scientific,
productive and social aspects must be considered, as stated in
a study for the MINCyT. Targeted policies constitute a radical
change in actions aimed at promoting the development of
science, technology, innovation and its articulation with the
social productive system [18].
III. RESULTS
The following results were obtained:
 The adoption of the ITIL model to optimize
technological management in a public organization in
Ecuador.
 The generation of opportunities to acquire knowledge
about technology, to use electronic means and to be
able to carry out negotiations in public institutions
from home
A. The adoption of the ITIL model to optimize
technological management in a public organization
in Ecuador.
To define the model, it was necessary to have strategies
and processes that are relevant in public management and
that maintain international quality standards. The ITIL
model met these requirements, is used by several state
institutions and allows organizations to improve their
processes. In addition, in a complementary manner, the
use of linear programming is recommended, due to its
effectiveness, economy and flexibility. The general
formula of the Linear programming model is as follows:
𝑛
max ∑ 𝑐𝑗 𝑥𝑗
𝑗=1
Suject a:
𝑛
∑ 𝑎∅ 𝑥𝑗 ≤ 𝑏, 𝑓𝑜𝑟; 𝑖 = 1, … , 𝑚
𝑗=1
𝑥𝑗 ≥ 0
Figure 4. Linear programming equation
The interpretation of this formula is as follows:
We want to find the values of the n variables x, for i from 1 to
n, that allow the function called objective: c, x, + ... + cn xn,
reach the maximum value, respecting the inequalities a, x, + ...
+ ain xn, less than or equal to the resource b, where each i, from
1 to m, refers to the constraints, where x, greater than or equal
to zero states that the variables cannot take negative values.
The program can also be minimization and the inequalities or
restrictions can be:>, ≥, = (greater, greater or equal, or equal
to).
Despite the limitations, there are situations that can be
represented by Linear programming with sufficient accuracy
so that their results serve as support to make a decision. Thus,
for example, through this program, the best strategy is first
selected so that the candidates can obtain a political office of
popular election, second the votes are quantified according to
what has been stated, third, the results of the different dignities
are properly evaluated.
B. The generation of opportunities to acquire knowledge
about technology, to use electronic means and to be
able to carry out negotiations in public institutions
from home
The application of ICT in society has generated a list of new
terms and activities in addition to studies and research, such as
e-bussines and e-commerce that are e-commerce businesses, e-
governance that refers to electronic government, among others,
which have been developed from the scientific advances
produced in the field of information technology. ITIL, is a
framework of best practices designed to facilitate the delivery On the use of computers at the national level, it has had a
of information technology (IT) services. ITIL summarizes an constant increase, being driven by globalization and
extensive set of management procedures designed to help commerce. The various sectors, including education, is geared
organizations achieve quality and efficiency in IT operations. towards preparing to enter the digital economy. This economy
[19], additionally users have shown an increase in the purchase is conceptualized as the convergence of market agents based
of technological resources that allow them to carry out their on technologies that allow their interaction. The digital
procedures digitally, from wherever they are. In the studies economy, through the implementation of new technologies,
carried out, several aspects of relevance could be known. allows access to new markets, new sources of income
 Home technology equipment generation (disruptive innovations) and improve the status of
 Use of ICTs by Ecuadorians small and medium enterprises and their competitiveness with
 People who have used a computer nationwide the support of digitalization [21]. On the use of computers, the
 People who have used the internet nationwide statistics of the last National Survey on Employment,
Unemployment and Underemployment (ENEDMU),
1) Home technology equipment conducted in 2017 by the National Institute of Statistics and
Censuses of Ecuador (INEC) on Information and
The technological equipment of the home has increased a Communication Technologies (ENEMDU - TIC 2017) The
remarkable percentage in the last three years, in what refers to share of the employment rate in contrast to the unemployment
desktop computer, laptop or cell phones this can be evidenced rate is considerably higher: just over 7.7 million Ecuadorians
in Figure 5. have a job, in contrast to the 373,000 who do not have a job
[22].
TABLE I.
People who use Computer by Age
2015 AGE GROUP (for year) (%)
PEOPLE
Year
(%) 5-15 16-24 25-34 35-44 45-54 55-64 65
2016
2015 50.1 59.9 76.1 57.6 45.0 31.9 20.1 6.0
2017
2016 52.4 63.4 78.9 59.5 47.6 33.4 22.6 6.8

0 2 4 6 2017 52.0 60.8 78.5 61.7 48.3 34.9 21.8 6.1

Figure 5. Home technology equipment
2) Use of ICTs by Ecuadorians
According to the National Institute of Statistics and Census
(INEC) until December 2014 46.35% of the total population
had access to the Internet, in 2017 to the fixed internet 40.30%
and to the mobile 52.50% also that are activated 1.9 million of
latest technology cell phones or Smartphone. This growth is
due to the increase of households with internet service and
because the national government and local governments try to
provide internet in public places, tax education institutions,
infocenters, etc., trying to universalize access to ICTs. On the
other hand, the National Assembly of Ecuador, the country's
legislative body, has a law that establishes the internet as a
basic service According to the ICT module of the ENEMDUR,
presented in December 2016 by the National Institute of
Statistics and Census. Of the people who use the Internet
nationwide, 54.1% access from their home [20].
On the other hand, he says that; In 2006 mobile phone
penetration was 63.02% and in 2015 it reached 104.89%, that
is, in 2015 there were 16, 854,515 active lines. In addition, the
country has 45,757 km of fiber optic, this covers the entire
national territory except the Galapagos Islands. Through the
National Broadband Plan, equipment and connectivity has
been delivered to 7,181 public educational centers, benefiting
more than 3 million students and 139,000 teachers. In terms of
affordability, in 2010 it was required to allocate about 18% of
the average monthly income to hire a fixed broadband service
of 1 Mbps, while at the beginning of 2016 that figure was only
2%. Moreover, only two countries were above the 5%
threshold established as a reference for affordability by the
United Nations Broadband Commission [23].
100
5 to 15
80 16 to 24
60 25 to 34

40 35 to 44
2015
34% 32% 45 to 54
2016 20
55 to 64
34% 2017 0
2015 2016 2017 65

Figure 6. People who use a computer Figure 7. People who use the Internet by ages

3) People who have used a computer nationwide 4) People who have used the internet nationwide
According to the same survey of the ENEDMU - TIC 2017, the Ministry of Telecommunications and the Information Society
percentage of people who have used the internet in 2017 has of Ecuador.
increased by 2.7% in relation to 2016 and at least once a day
only 0.38%, at least one once a week 0.19% and once a month IV. DISCUSSION
or once a year -0.57%, in relation to the same year, in any case,
the tendency to increase the number of people who use the
internet per day is noticeable. The component of digital communication has shown a notable
increase in all spheres, from the sectors with the greatest
TABLE II. economic poverty, to the wealthiest economic classes.
Frequency of use internet
PEOPLE WHO
FRECUENCY OF USE INTERNET (%) This is evidenced in households, with technological equipment
HAVE USED and at the individual level with the acquisition of mobile
THE AT
AT LEAST AT LEAST equipment. All these elements are key to understand that
YEAR INTERNET LEAST
ONCE A ONCE A
NATIONWIDE ONCE A
WEEK MONTH/YEAR citizens can have access to the different electronic services of
(%) DAY
state institutions. The central government is investing in
2015 50.5 65.6 30.4 3.9 technological resources, as evidenced by 4G technologies,
2016 55.6 70.5 26.0 3.4 available to all, at an accessible cost.

2017 58.3 74.7 22.4 2.9
The percentage of people who use the Internet has increased
by approximately 50% from 2012 to 2017. Of the people who
use the internet nationwide, 57.20% do so from home, and
40.7% used it to obtain information. , while 31%, as a means
of communication Access and ownership of the Internet
service in Ecuador has been increasing over time, but its
penetration has not occurred in a homogeneous manner.
Individuals belonging to households with higher incomes
within the urban areas of large cities are the ones that have
benefited most [24].
100%
once a
80%
month/year
60%
once a week
40%
once a day
20%
0%
2015 2016 2017
Figure 8. Frequency of internet use
In the year 2017 at the national level, the possession of
smartphones grew 7.5% in relation to 2016 according to the
same source. As regards the population coverage of mobile
services, in 2015, the country had approximately 96% of the
population covered, in 2006 the coverage was 89%. In the
same year (2015) the 3G network had a population coverage of
90% and the 4G Network a population coverage of 32%, these
networks are those that present the greatest opportunity for
development and deployment of infrastructure. The
penetration of Fiber Optics has reached 60,000 km in 2015,
which contributed to the growth of almost 7 times the
subscriptions of fixed broadband in the period 2006 - 2015,
according to the National Plan Telecommunications and
Information Technologies of Ecuador 2016 - 2021, of the
The possibility of having technological resources does not
imply that it is being used well, as indicated by the studies
carried out, where there is evidence of underutilization on the
part of those who have technology on their mobile phones,
despite the fact that there is the possibility of accessing them.
The Agency for Regulation and Control of
Telecommunications (ARCOTEL) indicates that 39% of
households in the country have fixed internet and that there are
10.4 million contracted internet accounts, corresponding to
2018, and clarifies that they have increased ten times as a
reference the year 2010. Likewise, the Ministry of
Telecommunications and the Information Society establishes
in the National Plan of Telecommunications and Information
Technologies 2016 - 2021 indicates that until 2017 58% of the
population used the Internet, if we compare with the data from
contracted internet accounts indicated by ARCOTEL (10.4
million) corresponds to 61.9% of the population (16.8 million),
it could be said that from 2017 to 2018 the internet use by the
population increased 3.9%. This means that the average
increase every year is 3.8% in the population that uses the
internet.
On the other hand, the use of the internet and the technological
devices of citizens could be misused, since they have only set
themselves on social networks for group conversations and
meetings in electronic form, others only use it for information
and banking transactions.
The state to implement services through the Internet should
promote the use of these, to achieve the proposed objectives,
which have been raised. State-owned companies have
increased their capacity to provide services to the community
by presenting facilities to carry out procedures by electronic
means, from their homes, but it is true that many elderly people
prefer to go to the institution to perform their procedures for
greater security, due to ignorance of the available options or
also because of not receiving adequate advice.
Regarding the management models, the general aspects can be
related considering the advantages from the conception of the
proposed objectives and the limitations from their
development, as evidenced in Table III.
 TABLE III. 4] OLIVERA-MORA, Marti; IÑIGUEZ-RUEDA, Lupicinio. El uso de las
tecnologías de la información y la comunicación (TIC) en los centros de
Advantages and Limitations of Models
salud: la visión de los profesionales en Cataluña, Espala. Interface-
Model Advantages Limitations
Comunicação, Saúde, Educação, 2017, vol. 21, p. 945-955.
They only work as
Practical and [5] RUIZ, Abel Suing; MOLINA, Patricio Barrezueta;_CARPIO, Lilia.
audit reports
integrating tools, align Orientación al ciudadano en el “gobierno electrónico” de los municipios
COBIT Its implementation is
ICTs to the objectives del Ecuador. Teknokultura, 2018, vol. 15. n° 1, p.39-53.
complex
of the organization [6] MARTINEZ, Xavier Barragan; VIEJO, Fabricio Guevara. “El gobierno
electrónico e Ecuador/E-Gobermment in Ecuador” Ciencia Unemi 9.19
They emphasize ICT
They only see ICTs as (2016): 110-127.
in management as a
information tools for [7] MORENO, Andrea. El BINOMIO ECONOMIA-TECNOLOGIA Y SU
ITIL technology to
technological use RELACION CON LA GLOBALIZACION ECONOMICA. UNA
integrate to solve
ESPECIAL REFERENCIAL AL GOBIERNO ELECTRONICO.
information problems
TABLA DE CONTENIDOS, 2018, vol. 2018, p.110.
Linearity of functions [8] SALAZAR, Galo Mauricio Duran, et al. El dinero electrónico como
Low cost, flexibility,
that intervene, linear medio de pago para la inclusión tributaria en Ecuador. Innova Research
Linear do not require
relationship between
sophisticated Journal, 2016, vol. 1, n° 10, p. 1-11
variables is very [9] NASER, Alejandra; HOFMANN, Andrés. La contribución del gobierno
equipment.
simple electrónico y los datos abiertos en la integración regional, 2016.
[10] MAESTRE GÓNDORA, Gina Paola; NIETO BERNAL, Wilson.
V. FUTURE WORKS AND CONCLUSIONS Factores clave en la gestión de tecnología de información para sistemas
de gobierno inteligente. Journal of technology managment &
innovation, 2015. vol. 10. n° 4 4, p. 109-117.
A. Future Works [11] CAPANEGRA, Horacio Andrés, et. Al. El empleo de las tecnologías de
información y comunicación (TICs) en el ámbito universitario.
The articulation and homologation of the information among Documentos y aportes en administración gestión estatal. 2016, vol. 16,
public institutions following the registration of data in a single m|26.
model of technological management, since only 23% use the [12] COSTA, Mónica P., et. al. Inversión en TICS en las empresas del Ecuador
government network and the data center of the state. para el fortalecimiento de la gestión empresarial. Periodo de análisis
2012 – 2015. Revista Espacios, 2018, vol. 39, n° 47.
Technological education of the users for the improvement of [13] RODRIGUEZ, Rocío, et. al. El Gobierno electrónica y la implementación
the use of the computer resources available in the web, for the de las TIC para brindar nuevos canales de comunicación. Revista
different managements in public institutions of Ecuador. Latinoamericana de Ingeniería de Software. 2015, vol. 3. No 5. P, p.
187-196.
[14] DOMINGUEZ, Edgar Efraín Osejo; VELA, Susana Graciela Cadena,
B. Conclusions REINOSO, Mónica del Roció Noboa. Gestión pública; análisis del
That public organizations, in order to improve the management desarrollo de gobierno electrónico en la administración pública del
Ecuador en el periodo 2014-2016. Revista Ciencias Sociales, 2017, vol.
of ICTs, should consider as an alternative the generation of a 1, n°39, p. 73-93.
prototype of an adequate standard model for the management [15] ARMENDARIZ, D.N.L. (2017). Modelo de Gestión de los servicios de
of ICT in public organizations in Ecuador to optimize tecnología de información basado en COBIT, ITIL ISO/IC 27000.
Revista Tecnológica-ESPOL, 30(1).
management and resources; considering updated [16] GARCIA, José Luis Rodríguez; ROMERO, Marvin Josué Aguilar;
methodologies and standards such as: Cobit, ITIL, Coso, ISO García, Nelson Roberto Raudales. Una mirada breve al software para
gestión del conocimiento. I+D Tecnológico, 2017, vol. 13, n°1, p. 31-
27001, information culture of the country, experiences of other 39.
countries in the region among others. Have mobile devices at [17] VERCELLI, Ariel. Las tecnologías sociales orientadas a la inclusión y
desarrollo sostenible. ÍCONOS 37. 2010, pp 55-64.
the national level that allow using different internet platforms [18] LORAY, Romina. Políticas públicas en ciencia, tecnología e
and access timely information and comply with the innovación. Tendencias regionales y espacios de convergencia. Revista
de Estudios Sociales, 2017. No 62, p. 68-80.
requirements requested by public institutions, internal and [19] MARQUEZ, Deisy Esther Castro, PEREZ, Torcoroma Velásquez;
external users. SILVA, Hugo Castro. INTEGRACION DE SEGURIDAD Y
GESTION DE SERVICIOS EN EL GOBIERNO DE LAS
ACKNOWLEDGMENT TECNOLOGIAS DE LA INFORMACION. REVISTA
COLOMBIANA DE TECNOLOGIAS DE AVANZADA (RCTA),
2018, vol. 2, n° 32.
The authors thank the Salesian Polytechnic University of [20] MONTALVO, Ruiz; RICHARD, Nelson. Plan de marketing para la
Ecuador, the research group of the Guayaquil Headquarters distribuidora Cumbres perteneciente al Canal TAT del Grupo Familia
Sancela SA del Ecuador. 2018. Tesis de Maestría. Quito: Universidad
"Information Technology, Security and Technology for a de las Américas, 2018.
globalized world" (CSITGW) created in accordance with [21] VELIZ, Marjorie Acosta; VELASTEGUI, Alfredo M, Yagual; PEREZ,
resolution 142-06-2017-07- 19 and Secretariat of Higher Verónica Coronel. Perspectivas de la economía digital en
Education Science, Technology and Innovation (Senescyt). Latinoamérica: Caso Ecuador. 3c Empresa: investigación y
pensamiento crítico. 2018. Vol. 7, n° 3, ´. 28-43.
[22] OLMEDO, PAMELA, El empleo en el Ecuador – Una mirada a la
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