Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • Dokumen - Tips - Solucionario Churchill Variable Compleja

    Uploaded by

    zule
    84 views170 pages

    Original Title

    dokumen.tips_solucionario-churchill-variable-compleja

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    Report this Document

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    84 views170 pages

    Dokumen - Tips - Solucionario Churchill Variable Compleja

    Uploaded by

    zule

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF or read online from Scribd
    Flag for inappropriate content
    of 170
    Student Solutions Manual for use with Complex Variables and Applications Seventh Edition Selected Solutions to Exercises in Chapters 1-7 by James Ward Brown Professor of Mathematics The University of Michigan- Dearborn Ruel V. Churchill Late Professor of Mathematics The University of Michigan iM . . Higher Education Boston Burr Ridge, IL Dubuque, IA Madison, WI New York San Francisco St. Louis Bangkok Bogoté Caracas KualaLumpur Lisbon London Madrid Mexico City Milan Montreal New Delhi Santiago Seoul Singapore Sydney Taipei Toronto Table of Contents Chapter 1.. Chapter 2.. Chapter 3... Chapter 4.. Chapter 5... Chapter 6... Chapter 7... "COMPLEX VARIABLES AND APPLICATIONS" (7/e) by Brown and Churchill Chapter 1 SECTION 2 1. (a) (N2-i)-i-V2i) = V2 -i-i-V2 =-21; (b) (2,-3)(-2,1) = (-4+3,6 +2) = (-1,8); ane-v($.t}-00.0(34)}-an. () 2, (a) Retiz)=Refi(x + iy)] = Re(-y +x) =—y =—Imz; (6) Im(iz) = Im[i(x + iy)] = Im(-y + ix) = x = Rez. 3 tz)? =( +2 +2)5 (+z) 14 tz) = 1+ 2) +2142) sltztzte?=1422+2". 4 We z=“Ati, then z?-22+2=(14i) -21ti)+2=+21-2F 2i1+2=0 5, To prove that multiplication is commutative, write 222 = Oy Waa) = Oa — Wa Na + Ha) = Oak, — adie om tH) = GWM) = Zee 6. (a) To verify the associative law for addition, write (+ 2,)+ 25 = 10% 0H) + ar Y2)] + Crag) = Cy + as HF Y2) + Is) = (H+) + Hy +I) +I) = Oy + +45) + OA I)) = HW) + a tay Ya Is) = WLI) + O50S)] =a +(% +4). 10. (b) To verify the distributive law, write 24, +22) = YM) + Oa Y= (BINA tH +2) (2, + 3% — YY, — Way hy + Yq $Y, +22) (22%, — Yh + — War Yai +H HY) (22%, — Why D2 +294) + (32, — Was ka +2) = (YY) + On.) = zy +2zy- ‘The problem here is to solve the equation z*+z+1=0 for z=(x,y) by writing (yy) + (ay) + (1,0) = (0,0). Since GP -y'+x41,2ay+y)= (0,0), it follows that xe a-y+x41=0 and Ixy+y=0. By writing the second of these equations as (2x +1)y=0, we see that either 2x+1=0 or y=0. If y=0, the first equation becomes x?+x+1=0, which has no real roots (according to the quadratic formula). Hence 2x+1=0, or x=~1/2. In that case, the first equation reveals that y? =3/4, or y=+~/3/2. Thus Si 3-413 +41) © GiN-Si) 25 25 5 ) (Dz=-z since 24 (“Dz =2fl+(-D]=2-0=0; S 3. Gz Negea) = Lz (24)] = Zl Ses )24] = ZU(52)24)] = Glz (Gr Z4)] = (G25 E20): 6 Bowl) EEE HEHEIE) eraero PG Rde Gagacma Cn 0) 2=CV3ED, 4= (3,0) () 4=(-3,D, @ 4=xHtin, Bem 2. Inequalities (3), Sec. 4, are RezsiRedSla and Imzwith radius 2, shown below. 47% = +) —@ Fh,) = Gi -H) FIO, —y) = (4%) 10) ~ Ya) = -)- O — and 2a = Gi FAG, Hy) = Ge =) FIO Fa) = m2 — Y2) HO + 92) = OH — OR Hy @) 2% = Ge 44% =(44)e= 445; Fate a7 Igl __ lal lgz1 lallzl” In this problem, we shall use the inequalities (see Sec. 4) IRezlslzl_ and z, +z, +2,]Slal+le,]+ cs) Specifically, when IzI< 1, [Re2+z+2)si2+z+2Is 2412 He'l=2+la+leP?S24+141=4. 10. First write z‘—4z* +3 =(z’ -1)(z* 3). Then observe that when IzI= 2, Iz? =12|Iz"I-lul|=[I2?-1|=14 -11=3 and. Iz? -32|I2*143)|=|I2P -3|=14-31= 1. Thus, when Izi= 2, ie 427 + 3lalz? — I? - 3923-123. Consequently, when z lies on the circle I2I= 2, Jd st gd —427 43) zt 422 +31 3 11. (a) Prove that z is real <> Z=z. (€) Suppose that Z=z, so that x-iy=x-+iy. This means that i2y=0, or y=0. Thus z= x+i0=x, or z is real. (=) Suppose that z is real, so that z=x-+i0, Then Z=x i0=x+i0=z, (b) Prove that z is either real or pure imaginary <> Z* = (€) Suppose that Z’ Then (x—iy)? =(x+iy), or i4xy=0. But this can be only if either x=0 or y=0, or possibly x=y=0. Thus z is either real or pure imaginary. (=) Suppose that z is either real or pure imaginary. If z is real, so that z=, then 2 =x =2’. If z is pure imaginary, so that z=iy, then Z” =(-iy)’ =(iy)’ =z’. 12. (a) We shall use mathematical induction to show that, Reg Pe, SRF tg, (n=2,3,..). This is known when n=2 (Sec. 5). Assuming now that it is true when n =m, we may : Gta Pe) Flan (Fp Ft Eu) + Est FE tO te th,) + Egat Eee enon ee: (6) Inthe same way, we can show that ky Eh ‘This is true when n = 2 (Sec. 5). Assuming that it is true when n= m, we write (222° Ze mv = = (Gia Ey )Enat = 2% Zidg nent 14, The identities (Sec. 5) 22 =I2!* and Rez= 25 enable us to write 1z~zyl= Ras (c-2)(@-%)=R, -(%+A)+a% =F’, le? — 2Re(z) +1z,F = R*. ran the hyperbola x? —y can be written in the following SECTION 7 1. (a) Since one value of ae (0) Since arg(V3 ~i)* = 6arg(v3 -i), one value of arg(v3 —i)° is 6-2), or —m. So the principal value is —x+2z, or m. The solution @= x of the equation le” —11=2 in the interval 0S @<2n is geometrically evident if we recall that e” lies on the circle Izl= 1 and that le" ~1I is the distance between the points e” and 1. See the figure below. We know from de Moivre's formula that (cos @ +isin 8) = cos30 +isin36, cos’ @ +3cos* 6(isin 8) +3cos O(isin 8)° + (isin 8)? = cos30 + isin36. Thatis, (cos? @—3cos @sin? 8) +i(3cos? @sin 8 — sin’ 8) = cos30 + isin38. By equating real parts and then imaginary parts here, we arrive at the desired trigonometric identities: (a) cos36 = cos’ @—3cos@sin’ 6; (b) sin3 =3cos* Osin @ —sin’® 0. I (z')". Thus the definition 2" =(z")" can also be written as er we see that (2”)" gery. 10 10. First of all, given two nonzero complex numbers z; and z,, suppose that there are complex numbers ¢, and c, such that z,=¢,c; and z, =, Since Igl=lqlle,! and lzl=lqlleyl=lqlleyl, it follows that Iz,l=1z,1. Suppose, on the other hand, that we know only that Iz,|=Iz,1. We may write 4 =rexpli@,) and z, =rexp(i0,). If we introduce the numbers amnen(i8S) ant «ne we find that and That is, Te S=l+ztz?+---+2", then S-SaVltzt2aete")— (ete to bete) 1-2, at Hence $=", provided 21 Thatis, ~2 Lt ztzttz" eb. Putting z=e" (0<@<2z) in this identity, we have dase 28, 1a ele LHe” tet te™ i Now the real part of the left-hand side here is evidently 14c0s6 +cos26+---+cosn8; and, to find the real part of the right-hand side, we write that side in the form 1-expfiin+ no] °F T—expi8) on(-2) e - which becomes in 8g AMHDO jpn 2A4DO 7 [sing +sin 202 + if cos —cos O28 2sin— ed ‘The real part of this is clearly . (2n+1)0 1 an Po 2 and we arrive at Lagrange's trigonometric identity: sin (2n+1)0 14.050 +c0s204--tco8n8 = 342 — (0<0<2n). 12 SECTION 9 1, (a) Since 2i= 2enp (E+ 2k] (k =0,41,42,...), the desired roots are Qi)? =. eno (§+42)] (k=0,). That is, cy = V2e%* = VA cos! + isin and 6, = (V2e™*)e* = ~c, = (14), y being the principal root. These are sketched below. 0) Observe that 1-V3i= 2ena[ (-Z+248]] (k= 0,41 (l= v3i)"? = V2. on (-2+10)] (k=0,). ‘The principal root is = Vide" =13{ cos ~isin) = and the other root is 62 le eH anc, ‘These roots are shown below. 2. (a) Since -16= I6expli(n+2kn)] (k = 0,1,42,...), the needed roots are (16)! = aenf( + =) (k=0,1,2,3). The principal root is cy = 20 = 2fcos% +isin2) = Be 4 4 ‘The other three roots are =e ei = =42(1+ii=-V20-1), cy = (2e**)e™ = —c, =—V2(1+i), and cy = (2e™*)e#? = ¢4(—i) = ¥2(1+i)(-i) = V21-1). The four roots are shown below. (b) First write -8 - 831 = sexe {-2 +240) (k=0,41,22,...). Then (-8-8v3i)" en (-2+42)] (&=0,12,3). The principal root is cy = 26H" = 2 cos%-isin2) = abet 2 14 3. The others are oy = (2 )e*? = cgi = 1 +-V3i, €, = (Qe )e* =—c, = (V3 i), 5 = (20 )el*? = ¢,(-i) = (1+ V3i). ‘These roots are all shown below. (a) By writing -1=lexpli(t+2km)] (k= 0,41,42,... 1) = exp {4 22 (0 of (E+ a | (k=0,1,2). The principal root is =e cae ‘The other two roots are and (6) Since 8 = 8expli(0 + 2kn)] (k = 0,+1,42,...), the desired roots of 8 are gus = Vieni) (&=0,1,2,3,4,5), the principal one being = V2. ‘The others are = Vie"? =1(cosZ-+isin2) = (Vie )e* = VA cos! ~isin =v -v2, cg =(V2e*e = 6, =~ cy = (V2 Ye =~ Alll six roots are shown below. 4, The three cube roots of the number z) =~4V2 +4V2i =8en(i22) are evidently (= ren (Z+22)] (&=0,1,2). In particular, = 2exs(i2) =V2(1+i). 1+ Bi With the aid of the number @, =>", we obtain the other two roots: oe Basa -1+V3i =oBense— is, 2 (3-)-C3+Di v2 v2 . Cy = yy = (G04), 5. (a) Leta denote any fixed real number. In order to find the two square roots of a+i in exponential form, we write slatil=Va'+1 and a= Arg(ati). a+i= Aexpli(a+2kn)] (k=0,41,42,...), we see that (ati)? =VA ens (S-+e2)] (k=0,0. ‘That is, the desired square roots are Vie" and Shee" Ae”, (b) Since a+i lies above the real axis, we know that 00O and sin( 2) > 0. Since cosa = at follows that cos = reeesa haa Vata 2 Fal "A Naa [=- irae aca eV Aaa” and Consequently, +VAe*? = NA (coe + sin stata +iVA=a). 7 6. The four roots of the equation z‘+4=0 are the four fourth roots of the number -4. To find those roots, we write —4 = 4expli(a + 2kn)] (k=0,t1,42,...). Then 44 = Bens (4 +H) a vaemetee (&=0412,3). Tobe specific, y= V2e""* = A cos4+isin) = 2| Lite 2 V2. G = oe"? =(4+Di=-14i, =e" =(1+i(-1) =-1-i, 5 = ce? = (1+i)(-i) =1-i, This enables us to write t+4=(2-a\z-G\e~e,(2-65) (zz) -[(@— eZ 65)] (c+) i+) +I-1@-)-iMe- +i] =[@+1¥ +1) [@-1' +1] = (2° +22+2)(2?-22+2). 7. Let c be any nth root of unity other than unity itself. With the aid of the identity (see Exercise 10, Sec. 7), 1-2 leztzteetgtt Geb, we find that ltctctetett = 9. Observe first that [rep i424) z ny 1 pilcO-2km) 1-0), i(-2kn) emp = pee 18 yn i where k=0,1,2,....m—1 Since the set xpd +22) 1 exp: ico = ike) (k=0,1,2,....m-D. is the same as the set m=1), op i(2ka) m but in reverse order, we find that (2/")" = (zy, SECTION 10 1. (a) Write 1z—2-+ilS 1 as |z— (2-11 to see that this is the set of points inside and on the circle centered at the point 2—i with radius 1. It is not a domain. (b) Write 122+3)> 4 as | --3} 2 to see that the set in question consists of all points exterior to the circle with center at ~3/2 and radius 2. It is a domain. 19 (c) Write Imz>1 as y>1 to see that this is the half plane consisting of all points lying above the horizontal line y=1. It is a domain. (f The set lz—4l2I2i can be written in the form (x-4)* +y*2 x? +y?, which reduces to xS2. This set, which is indicated below, is not a domain. The set is also geometrically evident since it consists of all points z such that the distance between z and 4 is greater than or equal to the distance between z and the origin. 20 4, (a) The closure of the set —m < argz < m (z #0) is the entire plane. (b) We first write the set IRezi0, or |yl>0. Hence the closure of the set IReai0 can be written as y* 2=2ay=xy=1 y= y=0. into xy=1, we have 0=1. Thus the Cauchy-Riemann equations do 4, =-¥, 90 Substituting not hold anywhere, (@) f(e)=e'e® =e"(cosy—isiny) =e" cosy—ie'siny. So u=e* cosy, v=—e"siny. v, =3 e* cosy =—e" cosy => 2e" cos y=0=9 cosy =0. Thus yotene (n=0,41,42, =, eared ah area Hence nn (n=0,41,42,...). Since these are two different sets of values of y, the Cauchy-Riemann equations cannot be satisfied anywhere. 26 3. @) f@= Since (P+y? #0), __ Day aa: ayy @_ _@ Gry ae OO Hence u =x" and v= y". Now () fiat p> 2x=2y=y=x and u,=-v,0=0, So f’(z) exists only when y=.x, and we find that f(a +ix) = u,(4,x) + iv,(4,2) = 2x +10 = 2x, (c) f(z)=zlmz=(x+iy)y=aytiy’. Here w= xy and v= y*. We observe that 4 y= x=0. ,=y=2y=y=0 and u, Hence f’(z) exists only when z=0. In fact, F/O) =4, (0,0) +iv, (0,0) =0+i0=0. 4. (a) f(z) Fis analytic in its domain of definition. Furthermore, eer (ee ae f@=e%U, tiv, =e "(-Seosta-+14 sina) =~F.e"(cos40—isin4oy=—Seeerm ceed (re ©) fe=Vre" =Vreos2+ivrsin® (r>0,0<0 =—ry,, fis analytic in its domain of definition. Moreover, (phys isteind) lpr Quen i? _t a 9) _ 1 oon wren Setin’ = toetd = 1 “Wre™ "FF () f(z)=e*cos(inr)+ie*sin(Inr) (r>0,0<6<2z). Since ru, =—e*sin(Inr)=v, and uy =~e~*cos(Inr)=—rv,, fis analytic in its domain of definition. Also, forty +a yeee[ Cann , extn} e** cos(Inr) +ie™* sin(Inr)] = z When f(z)=x*+i(l-y)’, wehave u=x? and v=(1-y)*. Observe that u, =v, = 3x? =-3-yY =x? +(1-yY =0 and u,=-v, = 0=0. 27 28 1 Evidently, then, the Cauchy-Riemann equations are satisfied only when x=0 and y=1. That is, they hold only when z = i, Hence the expression f'@ =u, +iv, = 3x? +10 = 3x7 is valid only when z = i, in which case we see that f’(i)=0. Here u and v denote the real and imaginary components of the function f defined by means of the equations Now when z #0, and the following calculations show that 4, (0,0) ¥,(0,0) and u,(0,0) =-v,(0,0): 10.0 = fim 1088.0) u0) u(0,0-+ Ay) - u(0,0) 4 (0,0)= fn, M00 +69 ¥4(0,0) = Jim “O* Ay aay lim =L = Fin 160.04 Ay) — (0,0) _ ¥,0.0)= jim Equations (2), Sec. 22, are u,cosO+u, sin 8 =u,, ~u,rsin 8 +u,rcos8 =p. 29 Solving these simultaneous linear equations for u, and u,, we find that cos@ 4, =H,c058—up2 and u,=u,sin8+u, Likewise, 2080-82 and v,=v,sind+v, 282 ‘Assume now that the Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar form, are satisfied at z. It follows that sin@ cos@ * a cos@ ,,c0s 8 —u, 08 — +y,sinO =v, sind-+v, r : cos 4, =u,sin 8 + up — r (a) Write f(z)=u(r,8)+iv(r,0). Then recall the polar form TU, = Vo, My of the Cauchy-Riemann equations, which enables us to rewrite the expression (Sec. 22) Fe) =e" (u, +iv,) for the derivative of fata point 2, =(r,,6,) in the following way: 30 10. (6) Consider now the function cos@ sind r ro =—(cos 6 —isin @) = With u(r,0)= 2252 and v(r,6)=—888, r r the final expression for f“(z,) in part (a) tells us that Peja (22-288) z r r when z#0. (a) Weconsider a function F(x,y), where Formal application of the chain rule for multivariable functions yields E-EEER EOE. (b) Now define the operator 1a, % 2dr suggested by part (a), and formally apply it to a function f(z) = u(x,y) +iv(x,y): AMA, F) Fie a 2\ax* ay)" Dax 2ay (v.+u,)}. =F t,)+L(u, +i) Alu, -y) If the Cauchy-Riemann equations u,=v,, u,=—v, are satisfied, this tells us that a /a2 =0. 31 SECTION 24 1. (a) f(z)=3x+y+ iy —x) is entire since (b) f(z)=sinxcoshy-+ icosxsinhy is entire since Sarco + icosesinhy sin xsinh y = u, =cosxcoshy=v, and u, =o" sine ~ie"" cose =e"? sinxile”? cos) i : (c) f@)=e7 sinx — ie” cosx = ¢ sinx + i(—e”? cosx) is entire since and u,=-esinx = u, = €°? cosx = (d) f(z)=(2-2)e*e™ is entire since it is the product of the entire functions g()=2-2 and h(z)=e%e” =e™*(cosy—isiny) =e" cosy +i(—e™siny). ee Hee The function g is entire since it is a polynomial, and his entire since” u,=-e*cosy=v, and u,=~e"'siny 2 (a) f(2)= x) +iy is nowhere analytic since u,=v,=9y=1 and u,=-v,=>x=0, which means that the Cauchy-Riemann equations hold only at the point z= (0,1) =i. (oc) f(z)=ee* =6"(cosx + isinx) = ¢” cosx + ig’ sinx is nowhere analytic since y, => ~e” sinx = e” sinx => 2e” sinx =0 = sinx =0 = e” cosx =e” cosx => 2e” cosx = 0 = cosx = 0. More precisely, the roots of the equation sinx=0 are na (n=0,t1,42....), and cosnz =(-1)" #0. Consequently, the Cauchy-Riemann equations are not satisfied anywhere. 7. (a) Suppose that a function f(z) = u(x,y)+iv(x,y) is analytic and real-valued in a domain D. Since f(z) is real-valued, it has the form f(z) = u(x,y)+i0. The Cauchy-Riemann equations u, =v,,u, =—v, thus become u, =0,u, =0; and this means that u(x,y)=a, where a is a (real) constant. (See the proof of the theorem in Sec. 23.) Evidently, then, f(z)=a. Thatis, f is constant in D. 32 SECTION 25 1. (b) Suppose that a function f is analytic in a domain D and that its modulus [f(z)| is constant there. Write |f(z)|=c, where c is a (real) constant. If c=0, we see that ‘£(2)=0 throughout D. If, on the other hand, c#0, write f(z)Fl@) a a_i? fees: Since f(z) is analytic and never zero in D, the conjugate F(z) must be analytic in D. Example 3 in Sec. 24 then tells us that f(z) must be constant in D. oa (a) It is straightforward to show that u,,+u,,=0 when u(x,y)=2x(1-y). To find a harmonic conjugate v(x,y), we start with u,(x,y)=2~2y. Now U, =¥, =v, =2-2y => x,y) =2y-y? + OH). Then ~v, 3-2 =-9'(x) = 6'(2) = 2x = 0) Consequently, v(x,y)=2y-y +(x? +c) =x? -y? +2y +0. (b) tis straightforward to show that u,, +4, =O when u(x,y)=2x—x? +3xy*. To finda harmonic conjugate v(x, y), we start with u,(x,y)=2-3x7+3y. Now u, =v, = V, =2-3x? +3y? = v(x,y) =2y—3x7y ty? + 9(). Then Vy => Oxy = 6xy~ 9'(x) = (x) = 0 = G(x) =c. Consequently, vQx,y) =2y-3x?y+y +c. (c) Itis straightforward to show that u,,+u,, =0 when u(x,y)=sinhxsiny. To find a harmonic conjugate v(x,y), we start with u,(x,y)=coshxsin y. Now 4, =¥, = v, = cosh xsiny = v(x,y) =-coshxcosy + 9(x). Then 4, =-v, = sinh xcosy =sinhxcosy—$'(x) = $"(x) =0= g(x) =c. Consequently, v(x,y) =—coshxcosy+e, 33 (d) It is straightforward to show that u, +4, =0 when u(x,y) = To find a 2xy yy harmonic conjugate v(x,)), we start with u,(2,))= 7a = vey) = wy + (x). os avo = 62) =0= x)=. 4, =v, => Consequently, Hence w(x,y)=c, where c is a (real) constant (compare the proof of the theorem in Sec. 23), That is, v(x,y)-V(x,y) =e. 3. Suppose that w and v are harmonic conjugates of each other in a domain D. Then It follows readily from these equations that 4,=0, u,=0 and v,=0, v,=0. Consequently, u(x,y) and v(x,y) must be constant throughout D (compare the proof of the theorem in Sec. 23). 5. The Cauchy-Riemann equations in polar coordinates are ru, =Vp and Up -n, Now ru, = Vp =3 ru, +, 34 Ug =—1V, = gy =—TV,9- Pu, + TU, + Ugg = Tq, —7¥,95 and, since Vy, = Vjg» we have Puy +1, + iy = 0, which is the polar form of Laplace's equation. To show that v satisfies the same equation, we observe that uy = If u(r,8)=Inr, then ‘This tells us that the function u =Inr is harmonic in the domain r >0,0<@<2z. Now it follows from the Cauchy-Riemann equation ru, and the derivative u, = that vj =1; r thus ¥(7,0)= 6+ 9(7), where @(r) is at present an arbitrary differentiable function of r. The other Cauchy-Riemann equation u,=ry, then becomes O=-rg'(r). That is, 4'(r)=0; and we see that (r)=c, where c is an arbitrary (real) constant. Hence ¥(7,0)= 8-+c is a harmonic conjugate of u(r,@) =Inr. 35 Chapter 3 SECTION 28 1. (a) exp(2£3mi) = eexp(t3zi) =—e7, since exp(t3zi) = 2+ exp} (exp™)= = + isin® @) exp242 =(exp3)|(ea%) Ae <0s4 isin) (Frigg) foro. (c) exp(z + mi) = (expz)(exp mi) =—expz, since expmi= 3. First write exp(Z) = exp(x —iy) =e*e"" = e* cosy —ie* siny, where z=x-+iy. This tells us that exp(Z)=u(x,y)+iv(x,y), where u(xy)=e"cosy and v(x,y)=—e*siny. Suppose that the Cauchy-Riemann equations u,=v, and u,=—v, are satisfied at some point z=.x-+iy. Itis easy to see that, for the functions and v here, these equations become cosy =O and sin y=0. But there is no value of y satisfying this pair of equations. We may conclude that, since the Cauchy-Riemann equations fail to be satisfied anywhere, the function exp(Z) is not analytic anywhere. 4, The function exp(2*) is entire since it is a composition of the entire functions z* and expz; and the chain rule for derivatives tells us that d 2 Sexa(e!)=exo(e) £2 = 2zexp(z’). Alternatively, one can show that exp(z*) is entire by writing exp(z*) = exp[(x +iy)"] = exp(x* - y*)exp(i2xy) = exp(x? - y*)cos(2xy) +iexp(x? — y’)sin(2xy) and using the Cauchy-Riemann equations. To be specific, u, = 2xexp(x? — y*)cos(2xy)— 2yexp(x? — y*)sin(2ay) = v, ~2yexp(x? — y*)cos(2xy) - 2xexp(x? - y*)sin(2xy) = 36 Furthermore, Sesole! u, +i, = 2G¢ +iy)[exp(x* - y*)cos(2xy) + dexp(x? - y*)sin(2xy)] =2zexp(z’). We first write Jexp(2z +i)|=|expl2x +i(2y+ DI] = e* and lexp(iz*)|=lexpl-2xy + i(x? - y*)=e7”. ‘Then, since exp(2z+i) + exp(iz’)|$lexp(2z +) + lexpi?)|, it follows that lexp@z+i) +exp(iz?)| se +e. | First write lexp(z?)]= expt + i)? =[exp(a? - y°) + i239] = exp(x* -y*) exp(lal*) = exp(x? + y*). Since x? - y? Rez>0, write lexp(-22z)=exp(-2x -i2y)| = exp(-2x). Itis then clear that the statement to be proved is the same as exp(-2x)<1¢9 x > 0, which is obvious from the graph of the exponential function in calculus. 37 8 (a) Write e*=-2 as e*e” =2e". This tells us that e'=2 and y=n+2ne That is, x=In2 and y=(2n+l)r Hence zaln2+(Qn+)xi i: (b) Write e* =1+-~V3i as ee” =2e"*, from which we see that e=2 and yaS42nn (n=0,41,42, Thats, (n=0,41,42, Consequently, e=in2+(2n+ (n=0,41,42,...). (c) Write exp(2z—1)=1 as ete” = Le and note how it follows that et=1 and 2y=0+2n0 (n=0,41,42,...). Evidently, then, and this means that (n=0,414: 9. This problem is actually to find all roots of the equation exp(iz) = exp(iz). 38 10. 12. 13. To do this, set z =x + iy and rewrite the equation as ie = grit ere =ere*, ‘Now, according to the statement in italics at the beginning of Sec.8 in the text, ese and -x=x42nz, where n may have any one of the values n= 0,+1,+2,.... Thus y=0 and x=nm (n=0,41,42,...). The roots of the original equation are, therefore, zene (n=0,41,42,...). (a) Suppose that e* is real. Since e*=e*cosy+ie"siny, this means that e’siny=0. Moreover, since e* is never zero, siny=0. Consequently, y=nn (n=0,t1£2,...); thatis, Imz=nm (n=0,41,42,...). (b) Onthe other hand, suppose that e* is pure imaginary. It follows that cosy =0, or that ya tna (n= 01,42,...) That is, Imz=5 tna (n=0,41,42,...) We start by writing z is Pox ty FP +y Because Re(e‘)=e* cosy, it follows that Re(el*)= on = cos} vey’ vey) Since e'* is analytic in every domain that does not contain the origin, Theorem 1 in Sec. 25 ensures that Re(e"*) is harmonic in such a domain. rs If f(@) =u(x,y)+iv(x,y) is analytic in some domain D, then ef = 69) cosv(x,y) + ie" sinv(x,y). Since e/ is a composition of functions that are analytic in D, it follows from Theorem 1 in Sec. 25 that its component functions (29) UG, y) =e" cosv(x,y), VOxy) sinv(x,y) 39 are harmonic in D. Moreover, by Theorem 2 in Sec. 25, V(x,y) is a harmonic conjugate of Uy). 14, The problem here is to establish the identity ,AL#2,. (expz)" = exp(nz) @ (a) To show that it is true when n=0,1,2,..., we use mathematical induction. It is obviously true when n=0. Suppose that it is true when n=m, where m is any nonnegative integer. Then (expz)"*' = (expz)"(expz) = exp(mnz)expz = exp(mz +z) = expl(m + 1)z]. and write m=-n=1,2,.. (b) Suppose now that n is a negative integer (n = -I,-2, view of part (a), (ex a(t) ee _ expz) ~ (expay” exp(mz) — exp(-nzy °P*” SECTION 30 1. (a) Log(-ei)=Inl—eil+iArg(-ei) = Ine — (6) Log(t—i) = Inil -il+iArg(1 i) = Iny2 -. 2. (a) loge=Ine+i(0+2nz)=1+ 2nzi (n=0,41,4: © logi=ini+i($-+2ne)= (2n+3 ie (n= 0,414: (c) log(-1+-V3i) = in2+i(24+2nn)= In2+ a( +3)q (n=0,41,42,. 3. (a) Observe that Log(i +i)? = Log(2i) = In2+ fi and 2Log(l+i)= af inva +2) =1n2+2i, Log(1 +i)? = 2Log(1+i). (6) On the other hand, Log(-1+i)* = Log(-2i) 2Log(-1+i) = 2{inv2+ 2) Hence Log(-1+i)* # 2Log(-1+i). (a) Consider the branch logz=Inr+i0 Since log(?*) = log(-1) =In1+in= mi and 2logi= (im L+i. we find that log(i?) = 2logi when this branch of logz is taken. (®) Now consider the branch loge =Inr +16 (r>0,%Oand Rez, >0. Then iexpi®, and 2 exp iO, where x x x x ~F

    You might also like