Introduction to Information Technology

Description of the Course

The course stresses the development of Information Technology, the study of the basic
concepts and principles in the use of computer system, its application and scenario of the
present and future state of the industry as related to business, technology and society.

Scope of the Course

The subject consists of five (5) modules, namely:

Module I. Information and Data Processing

Module II. The Computer System

Module III. The Software

Module IV. Communications and the Internet

Module V. Issues, Trends and Challenges in IT

Objectives of the Course

At the end of the course, the student should be able to:

1. Trace the development of Computer System
2. Identify the impact of Information Technology in business and in society
3. Evaluate the applications of the various software available in the market today
4. Describe the communication-related services
5. Visualize and analyze the various issues, trends and challenges in Information
Technology

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 Module I
Information and Data Processing

Scope of the Module

This module consists of three lessons, namely:

Lesson 1. Information Technology and Data Processing

Lesson 2. Computer System

Lesson 3. Data Processing Organization

Overview of the Module

This module describes the concepts of data processing, the technological histories and
development of computer system including its capabilities and limitations. It further defines
Information Technology and its relation to business processes and environment.

Objectives of the Module

After completion of this module, you should be able to:

1. To understand the concepts of data processing.
2. To trace the history and development of computer.
3. To determine the importance of information technology.
4. To distinguish the different types of computers.
5. To realize the impact of information technology in our lives.

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Suggested Readings

Crisostomo, Conchita. Information Technology Perspectives. Manila: 3K-IT Educational

Services, 1999

Adsuara, Marvin J. Computer Network Fundamentals. Mutya Publishing House,

Philippine Copyright 2000

Jain, Satish. Introduction to Computer Science. Volume 1. new Delhi, India: BPB
Publications, 1994

Laudon, Kenneth, Traver, Carol Guercio and Laudon, Jane P. Information Technology
Concepts and Issues. Second Edition. MA, USA: Course Technology, 1997

Long, Larry and Long, Nancy. Computers. Fifth Edition. NJ: Prentice Hall Inc., 1998

Sawyer Stacey C., Williams, Brian K. and Hutchinson, Sarah E. Using Information
Technology. Brief Edition. USA: Richard Irwin Inc., 1995

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Introduction to Information Technology 1
Module I
Lesson 1. INFORMATION AND DATA PROCESSING

Lesson Objectives:

After completing this lesson, you should be able to:

1. define Information Technology and its application
2. visualize the impact of Information Technology in business context; and
3. distinguish the different types of data processing

Lesson 1.1 Introduction

The present time marks continuously the globalization of computer-based environment.

It has profoundly altered the gait and passage of mankind, and has opened up broad vistas of
technological advances of great changes for the future. The proliferation and mass advances
of information technology have profound effects on different societal sectors, particularly the
technological merger of computers and communication producing an information environment.
The complex information and the demand for rapid processing of data have contributed to the
prominence of computer technology throughout the country. The services provided by
computers have made an impact in our daily lives. Majority of modern establishments like
banks, factories, airlines, government agencies, schools, hospitals, institutions and private
offices use computer system. With the outbreak of computers all over the world, there is a
need to understand the proper use of the system. This in turn requires the students,
professionals, and business executives to be familiar with the application of computer system
so that they can function effectively in an information-based society, thus, sustaining economic
supremacy.

Lesson 1.2 Information Technology

Information Technology (IT) is the hardware and software that make information
systems possible. Hardware refers to devices and other physical things involved in processing
information, such as computers, workstations, physical networks, data storage, and
transmission devices. Software is the computer program that interpret user inputs and tell the
hardware the procedure on what to do. Software includes operating systems, end-user
application and office automation.
Information Technology is a subsystem of Information System (IS) through business
processes. Information System uses IT to capture, transmit, store, retrieve, manipulate, or
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display information used in one or more business processes. In a business context, it is a
fusion of computer, telecommunication and convergence of various information-based
technologies. These are considered powerful and valuable tools for business processes in
today’s competitive world.

People Information Resources Products and Services

Business Process

Information
Technology

Computer Communication

Information System
Business Environment Economic

Competitors Social
Suppliers Customers Regulatory Agencies Demographic

Information Technology in Business Context

Lesson 1.3 Data Processing

Data Processing is a process of transforming data into the desired output. It is a

system wherein facts, data, and figures are manipulated to create information and to give
results in more usable form. Data is a raw material or a collection of unorganized facts while
information is a processed and organized data produced as the output of data processing
operations.

Data processing consists of four phases, namely: Input, Process, Output and Storage.
This can be illustrated simply as:

5
 Storage


Input Process Output

  

Data Processing

 INPUT - This phase involves the capturing or obtaining original data and placing it into the
data processing system. Initially, the data processing cycle begins with data entry.
Incoming data, facts and figures shall be recorded on source documents or may be entered
using keyboards or direct input devices. Examples of data entered into the computer
include employees’ names, code number, hourly rate, number of hours, inventory,
withdrawals, sales figure, discounts, interest, etc.

 PROCESS - The gathered data is manipulated using the following operations:

a. Classification - Data are organized into groups or classes by assigning predetermined

codes to the items being arranged. Types of codes used are numeric, alphabetic, and
alphanumeric characters.

b. Calculation - It involves the arithmetic computation and manipulation of data.

c. Sorting - It arranges the data in a logical sequence from first to last, biggest to
smallest, or oldest to newest.

d. Summarizing - It reduces bulk of data to a more concise and usable form.

e. Storage - The manipulated data is stored for future reference, for further processing,
or for producing a desired output.

 OUTPUT - These data are the results of the processing activities. They are transferred or
communicated electronically to other locations, or they may be reproduced by printers or

6
 other machines. These machines include automatic teller machines (ATM) that print
receipts, airline reservation systems that print tickets, printers that print payrolls, etc.

 STORAGE - The data, information, and programs are stored in computer - processable
form such as floppy disks, CD-ROMs, and magnetic tape.

Lesson 1.4 Types Of Data Processing

 Manual System - All operations from data gathering to output preparations are performed
by man without the aid of any single machine. For example: The processing of accounting
data are handwritten in journals, ledgers and financial statements.

 Mechanical Data Processing or Key Driven System - Majority of work is performed by man
and some assistance is provided by a machine. For example: The processing of
accounting data is performed manually with the use of office machine and other labor
saving devices such as cash registers, adding machines, calculators and multicopy forms.

 Punched Card System - Man gathers data and transcribes them into cards that are then
feed into electromechanical devices. The input data are first recorded in a code form by
punching holes in cards and these cards are then feed to the electromechanical machines
that perform processing steps. This punched card system needs human intervention
between steps.
 Electronic Data Processing or EDP - Bulk of operations is performed by a computer to
generate the desired output. For example: The processing of accounting data using
computer system, like billing statements of Manila Electric Company (MERALCO), Metro
Manila Waterworks and Sewerage System (MWSS), Philippine Long Distance and
Telephone Company (PLDT), banks, credit institutions, etc.

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Lesson 1.5 Methods of Processing Data

 Batch Processing - This method refers to the running of several computer programs one
after another without the need of a human operator to run each program individually. This
is also known as stacked job processing and it is the most basic and simplest method of
data processing. Data are accumulated and processed in groups or batches to permit
convenient and efficient processing. These are then read into the computer at fixed
intervals where transactions are processed periodically. Examples: Daily accounts
receivable tickets, payroll system, time cards, etc.

Keyboard CPU Printed

Reports

Batch Processing

 On - line Processing - This method uses the computer devices which are directly connected
to the computer system. Usually, they are connected by wire, cable, or telephone lines. In
this method, data are processed instantaneously to update current information immediately
after a transaction is made. It uses terminals that are connected to the CPU of the mini or
mainframe computer. With the terminal, data can be entered, stored or updated. The
status of file records stored in a computer can be determined any time. Examples: Savings
and current account deposit, requisition of stock for immediate shipment, request for
information, etc.

Terminal 1
•
•
•

Terminal 2 CPU Response

•
• Terminal 3 On-Line Processing
•

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 Real Time Processing - This method responds immediately within a matter of seconds.
The real-time processing is used for entering data to immediately update files. It uses
terminals linked to a CPU via telecommunication lines for immediate processing of data.
Examples: Airline reservation system, status of an item in an inventory system, purchase
orders, product distribution, etc.

Terminal 1
•
•
•

Terminal 2 CPU Response

•
•
•
On-Line
Terminal 3 Storage

Real-Time Processing

 Distributed Processing - Most complex level of data processing generally consists of

remote terminals linked to a large central computer to help the users conduct inquiries
about accounts, business transactions, and other data processing operations. Examples:
Electric Billing System (EBS), Automated Teller Machines (ATM), Telephone System,
Local Area Networking (LAN), Wide Area Networking (WAN), Electronic Mail (E-MAIL),
Internet, etc.

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 Terminal 1
•
•
•

Terminal 2 CPU Response

•
•
•
On-Line
Terminal 3 Storage

Distributed Processing

(SEE NO. 3 OF “INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENT”)

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 Introduction to Information Technology 1
Module I
Lesson 1

SELF-PROGRESS CHECK TEST

Test I. Multiple Choice

Directions: On the blank before the number, write the letter representing your answer

_____ 1. Refers to devices and other physical things involved in the processing of
information
a. Software
b. Hardware
c. Liveware
d. Peripherals

_____ 2. Information Technology is a subsystem of

a. communication
b. internet
c. business process
d. information system

_____ 3. Raw material or collection of unorganized facts

a. data
b. bit
c. information
d. word

_____ 4. A system wherein facts, data and figures are manipulated to create information
a. Input
b. Process
c. Output
d. Data Processing

_____ 5. The number of phases of data processing

a. one
b. two
c. three
d. four

_____ 6. Arranges data in a logical sequence

a. classification
b. sorting
c. summarizing
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 d. storage

_____ 7. Bulk of operations are performed by computers

a. Key-driven system
b. Punched Card System
c. ATM
d. EDP

_____ 8. Running of several computer programs one after another

a. batch processing
b. on-line
c. real-time processing
d. distributed processing

_____ 9. Electronic Billing System (EBS) is an application for:

a. batch processing
b. on-line processing
c. real-time processing
d. distributed processing

_____ 10. Includes operating systems end-user application and office automation
a. Information Technology
b. Data Processing
c. Software
d. Information-based system

Test II. Matching Type Concepts

Directions: On the blank before each number, write the letter representing your answer

_____ 1. Phase where data are entered a. classification

into the computer

_____ 2. Data are organized into b. On-line processing

groups or classes

_____ 3. Data are stored for future c. Input

reference

_____ 4. Data are processed simultaneously d. Distributed Processing

to update information

_____ 5. Data are entered to immediately e. IT

update files
_____ 6. Most complex level of data processing f. Data Processing

_____ 7. Fusion of computer, telecommunication and g. Storage

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 convergence of various information-based
technologies

_____ 8. Process of transforming data into the h. Process

desired output

_____ 9. Gathered data are manipulated i. Real-time Processing

_____ 10. Results of the processed data j. output

k. sorting

(SEE NO. 4 OF “INSTRUCTIONS TO THE STUDENT”)

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Introduction to Information Technology 1
Module I
Lesson 2. COMPUTER SYSTEM

Lesson Objectives:

After completing this lesson, you should be able to:

1. define computer system;

2. identify the data processing activities;
3. enumerate the benefits of computer system;
4. summarize the brief history of computer;
5. differentiate the classification of computers; and
6. compare the various elements of computer system

Lesson 2.1 What is a Computer?

The term “computer” denotes a digital device. It is an automatic, high speed, digital,
electronic data processing machine used for performing program instructions to produce the
desired output. It is a programmable, multiuse machine that accepts raw facts and figures,
and processes them into the desired information. It can choose and manipulate data, copy and
move paragraphs, compare entries, retrieve information, and perform both arithmetic and
non-arithmetic operations. It is fast and accurate manipulating system designed and organized
to accept and store input data automatically, process and produce output results under the
direction of a detailed step-by-step program of instructions.

Computers are very efficient and cost-effective machines. They require electrical
energy in helping people achieve the greatest results in their work. The time required for
computers to perform basic addition ranges from hundreds of thousands to several millions per
second. It has a built-in self-checking capabilities for monitoring the accuracy of their internal
operations.

Computers can perform the following data processing activities rapidly and reliably.

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 Input and output operations - A computer can accept and supply processed data to a wide
range of devices.

 Calculation and text manipulation - A computer can perform calculations on numbers,

non-numerical letters, and other symbols used in words and sentences.

 Logic and comparison operations - A computer can make comparison for decision making.

 Storage and retrieval operations - A computer can internally accept data and program
instructions and they may be quickly called up for use.

Twenty five years ago, it is possible for an organization to ignore computers. But today,
the benefits of information technology are so great to meet the needs of the competitive
environment. The benefits of computer and information technology are as follows:

 Higher efficiency
 Improved customers service
 Lower costs
 Tighter control user operations
 Less error
 Less reliance on labor-intensive clerical processor
 Updated information
 Better planning and decision making

Lesson 2.2 Brief History of Computer

For the past five thousands years, devices were used to help humans process data. As
we grow, there have been many developments and tremendous change in technology. The
scientific and information technology enlighten our way to perceive changes at an increasing
rate.

The history of computers will provide an understanding of technological change,

processes, and development. It has a profound impact on the development of computational
devices which in turn affect our society in the future.

3500 B.C.

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Abacus is one of the earliest device used for arithmetic calculations. It consists of a slab
divided into sections, and pebbles used for counters. This was originally used by the Indians,
Chinese, Japanese, Romans and people in the early century.

1642 - 1730

Blaise Pascal, a French Scientist, developed the first mechanical calculating machine capable
of adding and subtracting numbers. The construction of the device was a straightforward
consisting of a series of gears was having 10 teeth each gear. The device has the ability to
carry digits to the next gear.

During the same period, Gottfried Leibnitz, a German Mathematician, improved Pascal’s
invention and developed the Leibnitz Calculating Machine. This was the first machine that
performs direct division and multiplication.

Falcon’s Loom, developed in 1727, used punched cards to control its operation.

1752 - 1834

Joseph Marie Jacquard, a French Weaver, invented punched card that functions as a
program and provides set of instructions to the machine to produce a specific weave or design
of fabrics.

1791 - 1871

Charles Babbage, a Lucasian Mathematics Professor at Cambridge University in England,

proposed an analytical engine. He had designed a prototype computer that was 100 years
ahead of his time. He was assisted by Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace, the first computer
programmer. Since the computer development started during the time of Charles Babbage, he
was called as “Father of Computer.”

1860 - 1926

Herman Hollerith developed the reliable sorting and tabulating machine utilizing the
machine-readable card concept, known as “census machine." He converted the equipment to
commercial use using statistic's system. Later, his Tabulating Machine Company merged with
others to form International Business Machine (IBM) Corporation.

1939 - 1944

Howard Aiken, a Harvard Professor, designed Mark 1 digital computer, an electromechanical

device that uses electromagnetic relays for computation.

John Vincent Atanasoff, a Physics and Mathematics Professor at Iowa State College,
together with Clifford Berry, his graduate assistant, conceived the first prototype electronic
computer. They called it the “Atanasoff Berry Computer” or ABC that uses vacuum tubes for
storage and arithmetic-logic functions.
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1943 - 1946

J. Presper Eckert Jr. and John Mauchly invented the ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator
Automatic Computer) and the EDVAC (Electronic Discrete Variable Automatic Computer).
ENIAC weighs 30 tons and occupies the space of a three-bedroom house. It could do 300
multiplication per second, making it 300 times faster than any other device of the day. ENIAC
was used by the Army until 1955. EDVAC was the first operational electronic digital computer
but it was not completed. Several years later EDSAC (Electronic Discrete Stored Automatic
Computer) finished at Cambridge University. This was the first stored program electronic
computer. In 1946, Eckert and Mauchly founded their own company and developed the first
UNIVAC. UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer) was the first commercial computer for
data processing and record-keeping system.

1950 - 1965

This was the era of the second generation computers. During this year, large computer
corporations began the design and construction of electronic digital computers particularly
mainframes. The computers were made smaller and faster and had greater computing
capacity. The practice or writing applications programs in machine language gave way to the
used of higher level programming languages. They were designed to process either scientific
or non-scientific applications. The corporations which include International Business Machine
(IBM), NCR, General Electric (GE), and Burroughs, designed the Second Generation
Computers.

1965 - 1969

The introduction of batch processing approach was developed during these years. The
computer center collected the user jobs and fed them to the computer in batches at scheduled
intervals. The inevitable delays resulted them to develop the time sharing concept that uses a
number of independent, relatively low-speed, on-line and simultaneously usable stations.

In 1965, the creation of a microprocessor began. A microprocessor contains all the integrated
circuits (IC) needed to perform arithmetic-logic and control functions. Similarly, the creation of
an independent software industry began on the same year. Computer makers sold or lease
their hardware while independent software vendors supplied programs to the users.

1970 - 1979

The development of personal computer began in 1970. The PC explosion started with the
introduction of Altair 8800 Scelbi-8H and Apple computers. At the same moment, the two
programmers Bill Gates and Paul Allen translated program instructions in BASIC and this was
introduced to market by Microsoft Corporation. In 1972, Steven Jobs founded the Apple
Computers that became the major entrance into the microcomputer industry. The Apple II
computer developed by Steven Jobs was the first personal computer sold in assembled form.
By the end of 1977, the dominant machines were the Apple II, Atari, Commodore, and TRS-80

17
model from the Radio Shack Division of Tandy Corporation. These leading machines were
being used everywhere in homes, schools and work places.

1980 - 1987

In 1981, IBM Microcomputers started to expand their market by introducing personal

computers suited for business applications. Manufacturers had come up with more advanced
electronic digital microcomputers supporting business applications and graphics environment.
In 1982, portable computers were introduced. In 1984, the first personal laser printer and
desktop publishing were launched in the industry.

1988 - present

Invention of smaller-sized computer but greater in storage capacity was introduced. Microsoft
Corporation made a dramatic history in expanding their software ventures catering majority of
the users today. Other present developments include the era of lap top, computer notebook,
programmable calculators, modems, E-Mail, networking, information highways, internet, optical
disk, multimedia, fiber optics, wireless data transmission, virtual office, interactive TV, voice
mail, etc.

The Future

Technology shall grow at an increasing rate, and this rate of explosion is expected to continue.
Teleconferencing and virtual office replace the majority of business travel, workers may stay
and work at home using computer system and everything shall be on-line. Without doubt,
there will be a continuous technological advances that will not only revolutionize the way we do
business but will touch our lives in a profound way.

Lesson 2.3 Capabilities and Limitations of Computer

The computer has the following capabilities:

 It is self directing. The user merely feeds all the instructions to the computer at the start and
later proceeds without any need for human intervention.

 Ability to store and retrieve information. The computer has the ability to remember or recall
data when man finds the need for them.

 Ability to perform mathematical operations and solve complex formula at high speed and
with great precision. A very fast computer can perform the addition of 20 million pairs of
ten-digit numbers in one second.

 Ability to perform logic operation. The computer is capable of comparing numbers, letters
of alphabet, and special characters. Based on the results of comparison, the computer can
direct its operation to take alternative actions.
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 Ability to communicate with the user or with other machines. The computer is capable of
telling what must be fed or what must be done for the program to operate continuously. It
can also transmit data and messages from one computer to another.

The computer has the following limitations:

 It can do only what is designed or programmed to do. If you ask the computer to get the
total payroll for a certain period, it will give you only the total payroll and not the net salary
or gross salary of each employee.
 It cannot correct input data. If you mistakenly entered an hourly rate of P80 per hour, the
computer cannot respond to the actual rate of P90 per hour.

 It cannot think and cannot derive meanings from objects. The computer cannot interpret
your favorite poem or cannot determine your present mood.

 It can only process jobs expressed in a finite number of steps leading to a precisely
defined goal.

 It cannot completely avoid making errors due to power fluctuations, system malfunctions
and human disorders.

Lesson 2.4 Classification of Computers

 According to Technology:

a. First Generation (1951 - 1958)

Components : Vacuum Tubes

Auxiliary Units : punched card
Operation Speed : 10-3 second or milliseconds
Processing Speed : 2,000 instructions per second
Memory Capacity : 1,000 - 4,000 bytes
Software : User-written programs; machine language
Characteristics : Quite large and produced enormous amount of heat;
batch processing.

b. Second Generation (1958 - 1964)

Components : Transistors
Auxiliary Units : tape
Operation Time : 10-6 second/microseconds
Processing Speed : 1,000,000 instructions per second
Memory Capacity : 4,000 - 32,000 bytes Software
19
 : Canned Programs; Symbolic languages
Characteristics : Smaller size generated little heat less expensive, and
required less power than the vacuum tube circuits;
overlapped processing; real-time processing.
: Canned programs; Symbolic Languages

20
c. Third Generation (1964 - 1971)

Components : Integrated Circuits (IC)

Chips
Auxiliary Unit : Disk
Operation Time : 10-9 second or nanoseconds
Processing Speed : 10,000,000 instructions per second
Memory Capacity : 32,000 - 3,000,000 bytes
Characteristics : Smaller size, more reliable, greater speed and greater
capacity than the 2nd Generation Computers; ability
to process several programs simultaneously;
time-sharing; and multi-programming.

d. Fourth Generation (1971 - date)

Components : Large Scale Integrated Circuits (LSIC) and Very

Large Scale Integrated Circuits (VSIC) chips
Auxiliary Units : Disk and mass storage
Operation Time : 10-12 second or picoseconds
Processing Speed : 100,000,000 to 1 billion instructions
per second
Memory Capacity : up to more than 100 gigabytes
Software : Data management system
Characteristics : Smaller in size, lesser power requirements, greater
speed than the 3rd Generation Computers; virtual
memory.

e. Fifth Generation

Characteristics : Artificial Intelligence (AI) and Expert System. It is a

specific field concerned with simulating the process of
reasoning in order to shed light on the nature of
rational thought.
Examples : Robotics, Game-Playing, Language & Linguistic
Communication, etc.

 According to data manipulated or operation:

a. Analog Computer - type of computer that manipulates or process data in continuous

form and normally operates by revolving. Since the data are represented in continuous
form, the actual results are not very accurate. Examples of analog devices include
thermometers, watches, barometer, etc.

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 Analog Device

b. Digital Computer - type of computer that represents data in discrete digits such as
numbers, letters, symbols, etc. The operation is done by counting. Examples of digital
devices include digital watch, digital weighing scale, etc.

 
6:04 p.m.

 

Digital Device

c. Hybrid Computers - combination of analog and digital computers commonly known as

“digi-ana” or “ana-digi."

 According to Storage Capacity or Memory Size:

a. Supercomputers

Supercomputers are high-capacity machines and are considered the fastest calculating
devices. These are used in modeling complex phenomena such as for oil explanation,
weather forecasting, car simulation, nuclear explosions, airplane and parachute design.
Developers of supercomputers include Cray Research, Intel Supercomputers, Convex,
Hitachi, Cube, Fujitsu, NEC, and MasPar.

Characteristics : High-capacity computers

Uses : Worldwide weather forecasting, Oil research, Aircraft
design, Mathematical research

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b. Main Frame Computer

Mainframe computers are water or air-cooled computers which are capable of great
processing speed and data storage. These machines are operated by professional
programmers and techniques. Examples of mainframe users are banks, airlines, SSS,
GSIS, and other companies which handle millions of transactions. Developers of
mainframe computers include IBM, Fujitsu, Hitachi, NEC, Unisys, AT & T, Encore
Computers, etc.

Characteristics : Fast and large capacity computers and handles

million of transactions
Memory Capacity : 20+ gigabytes
Disk Storage : Billions or gigabytes
Capabilities : Highly sophisticated operating systems, reliable
security software, sophisticated file management,
multi-programming, and multi-processing;
simultaneously serves the needs of many users

Uses : Banks, airlines, insurance companies, mail and order

houses, schools, Bureau of Internal Revenue,
Metropolitan Water-works and Sewerage System
(MWSS)
Examples : Burroughs B 1900 Series, DEC VAX 1170, Fujitsu
(FACOM) M Series, Hewlett Packard HP 3000 Series
42, Honeywell DPS, IBM 360, NCR 8500, Sperry
Univac 9400, etc.

c. Mini Computer

Minicomputers are machines used either as single workstations or as a system feed by

network to several terminals. These are used by medium-sized companies for accounting,
manufacturing, and as “servers”. Developers of minicomputers include Digital Equipment
Corp., Data General, Hewlett-Packard, Tandem, NCR, IBM, Pyramid Technology, and
Sequent Computer System.

Characteristics : Refrigerator-size machine

Memory Capacity : up to 50+ gigabytes
Disk Storage Capacity : billion of megabytes
Capabilities : Operating system and software offer the users fast
and accurate access to data and information; allow
multiprogramming but in a smaller scale.
Uses : Used by medium-sized companies for specific
purposes like accounting, inventory, payrolls and
other business transaction systems.
Examples : Burroughs L4000, Control Data CDC Eclipse S/140,
PDD 11/23 Hewlett Packard HP 250, Honeywell DPS,

23
 IBM System 34, NCR 1632, Sperry Univac System
80, Wang VS 80

d. Micro Computer

Microcomputers are small computers used as personal computers or as terminals

connected to a network. These types of computers come in several sizes, as follows:

 Desktop

Desktop PCs are those in which the system cabinet sits on a desk, with keyboard
and monitor located in front. Floor-standing PCs are those in which the system
motherboard is enclosed in a mini-tower casing.

 Laptops

A laptop computer is a portable computer equipped with a flat display screen and
weighs 3.5 to 8.9 kilograms. The top of the computer opens up and serves as the
screen.

 Notebooks

A notebook computer is a portable computer similar to the size of a thick

notebook and weighs 1.7 to 3.3 kilograms. The display screen and keyboard are
smaller than the desktop.

 Pocket PCs

A pocket personal computer or a handheld computer weighs about 0.4 kg.

These are used as electronic diaries, personal communicators, and as pocket
organizers.

Characteristics : Serial computers that can fit on a desktop or in the

briefcase.
Memory Capacity : 640 kilobytes - 2 gigabytes
Capacity : Limited operating system, deficient security and file
management facilities and considered as stand alone
machines.
Uses : Work stations and toolmaker computers.
Examples : Desktop, laptop, notebook, palontop, Apple II, Apple
Macintosh, IBM PC-XT/AT, 486/586, Atari 400,
Burroughs B90, Canon BX, Compaq, Commodore,
Fijutsu Micro 80, Hewlett-Packard 85, IBM PC 8000,
Northstar Horizon, Olivetti Q1, Radio Shack TRS-80,
Sharp MZ-80A and Texas Instruments.

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 According to function

a. Special Purpose Computer - performs specific set of functions like score contest,
navigational purpose, video games, etc. Examples: Atari, Nintendo, Control Fuel
Processor, Ignition Instrument, Braking Systems, ATM, etc.

b. General Purpose Computer - can store different programs and performs variety of
functions such as inventories, payroll, billing, etc.

Example : IBM-PC/AT, 486/586 PC, IBM RISC 6000, Macintosh, AS400, etc.

Lesson 2.5 Elements of Computer

A computer system is made up of four elements, namely: Peopleware, Procedure,

Software and Hardware. It is best illustrated in the figure:

+
+  +  = 
Peopleware Procedures Software Hardware Data/Information

 Hardware - It refers to the physical electronic data processing devices and tangible parts
that constitute the computer system. These include the keyboard, monitor, disk drive,
CPU, printer, hard disk, mouse, CD-ROM, and other tangible parts including its
maintenance and development.

 Software - It refers to the program or set of instructions that enable the computer system to
operate effectively. These include the system software, application software, programming
languages, and logical steps or procedure in a program.

 Liveware or Peopleware - It refers to the people involve in the data processing operations
such as the programmers, computer operators, systems analysts, computer technicians,
MIS staff, data encoders, and other people who are users and operations of the system.

 Procedures - These are descriptions of how things are done including the steps for
accomplishing a result. Procedures are laid in manuals called documentation which
contains instructions, rules, or guidelines to follow when you use hardware or software.
Nowadays, procedures come out in a computer disk which presents directions on the
monitor.

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Introduction to Information Technology
Module I
Lesson 2
SELF-PROGRESS CHECK TEST
Test I. Multiple Choice

Directions: On the blank before the number, write the letter representing your answer

_____ 1. Founder of Apple Computer a. Howard Aiken

_____ 2. Designed Mark 1 Digital Computer b. Charles Babbage

_____ 3. Developed the first mechanical calculating c. Falcon’s Loom

machine for adding & subtracting numbers

_____ 4. Father of Computer d. Eckert & Mauchy

_____ 5. Invented Punched Card e. Blaise Pascal

_____ 6. Invented ENIAC f. Lady Augusta Ada Lovelace

_____ 7. Developed the first mechanical g. Steven Jobs

calculating machine

_____ 8. First computer programmer h. Clifford Berry

_____ 9. Invented Census Machine i. Herman Hollerith

_____ 10. Conceived first prototype electronic j. none of the above

computer

Test II. Fill in the blanks

Directions: Write the correct term on the blank provided for

1. The characteristics of fifth generation computers is _______________.

2. The component of the first generation computers is _______________.

3. Combination of analog and digital computer is _______________.

4. _______________ is a type of computer that represents data in discrete digits such as

numbers, letters and symbols.

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5. _______________ are small computers used as terminals connected to a network.

6. _______________ is an acronym for PC.

7. _______________ refers to the program or set of instructions that enable the computer
system to operate effectively.

8. _______________ are descriptions of how things are done including the steps for
accomplishing a result.

9. There are __________ elements of computer.

10. The component of a Second Generation computer is _______________.

27
Introduction to Information Technology
Module I

Lesson 3. DATA PROCESSING ORGANIZATION

Lesson Objectives:

After completing this lesson, you should be able to:

1. Know the data processing organization
2. Identify the different categories of data processing industry
3. Enumerate the functions of various peopleware involve in the IT industry

Lesson 3.1 Data Processing Organization

The most common electronic data processing organizational structure makes use of a
functional framework. The three basic groupings are: Systems Analyst and Programming,
Computer Operations, and Technical Support Group. The framework groups are categorized
by their respective functions. An example of EDP organizational structure is illustrated below:

EDP Manager

Adm. Staff

EDP Production Systems & Program Technical Support

Supervisor Supervisor Supervisor

Data Entry & Computer Systems Programmer

Control Operator Analyst
Operator/Data
Encoder

DBase Systems R&D

Administrator Programmer

EDP Organization

Most companies employing data processing facilities need one or more data processing
personnel. Regardless of the number of people employed, the same types of functions are
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typically performed. An EDP manager is employed to pull the different functional areas into
unified and effective department. Even the owner of a small business performs the functions
of a typical data processing department.

The data processing industry consists of all organizations that supply computer systems
and/or services. These companies and institutions are divided into the following categories:

 General computer manufacturers;

 Peripheral equipment manufacturers;
 Computer dealers and distributors;
 Leasing companies;
 Service companies;
 Software companies;
 Supply companies;
 Computer subcontractors;
 Computer schools and training centers; and
 Related - IT businesses.

Lesson 3.2 Liveware

Liveware refers to personnel who works in the Data Processing Department and those
involve in the computer industry. Some of the EDP positions are as follows:

 Systems Analyst - Responsible for studying the requirements of the company’s

computer-based applications, specifying their design, and developing appropriate systems
documentation.

 Programmer - Develops, writes, compiles, tests, and develops program logic; analyzes
program specifications provided by the systems analyst; and prepares program
documentation.

System Programmer - Reviews and analyzes the systems software supplied by the
manufacturer, determines the best configuration for the installation, evaluates changes
of existing systems, designs programming standards and operating procedures, and
guides systems analysts, programmers and operators in the use of systems software.

Application Programmer - prepares and develops program for specific tasks.

 Computer Operator - Runs computer programs, conducts test runs for systems being
developed, responds to program request, reports problems to programmers, labels files,
and performs back-up procedures.

 Data Encoder - Converts source documents into computer acceptable form by using
keyboard machines such as keypuncher/verifier, key to tape on disk, or direct data entry
device.

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 Data Controller - Receives and reviews outputs, set-up inputs, and maintains control on
jobs for computer processing.

 EDP Librarian - Stores, controls and issues data files required for processing computer
jobs, retrieves back-up files from storage files, and maintains records of data files.

 Computer Technician - Responsible for the trouble shooting, repair, and maintenance of
computer equipment.

 Computer Engineer - Designs computer system adopting the latest technology and
development for fast and efficient use.

 Communication Analyst - Plans, designs, and reviews the installation of communication

network needed to support the computerization requirements of the company.

 Database Administrator - Analyzes the company information needs, designs, maintains,

and controls the company record keeping system.

 Office Automation Specialist - Evaluates, implements, interconnects, and supports the

software products used in offices.

 EDP Auditors - conduct audits by tracing transactions through the computer system from
the input through output.

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Introduction to Information Technology
Module I
Lesson 3

SELF-PROGRESS CHECK TEST

Answer the following questions briefly

1. Who are the IT personnel involve in the preparation of computer programs? What
qualities/qualifications they should possess to be competent in their job?

2. What do you think is the ideal data processing organization? Draw and discuss

3. What are the services offered by the various data processing industry?

4. What are some of the related IT companies in the Philippines?

31
Introduction to Information Technology
Module I

ANSWER KEY TO SELF-PROGRESS CHECK TESTS

Lesson 1

Test I
1. b 6. b
2. d 7. d
3. a 8. a
4. d 9. d
5. d 10. c

Test II
1. c 6. d
2. a 7. e
3. k 8. f
4. b 9. h
5. i 10. j

Lesson 2

Test I
1. g 6. d
2. a 7. j
3. e 8. f
4. b 9. i
5. c 10. h

Test II
1. Artificial Intelligence and Expert System
2. Vacuum Tubes
3. Hybrid Computers
4. Digital Computer
5. Microcomputers
6. Personal Computer
7. Software
8. Procedures
9. 4
10. Transistors

32
Lesson 3

1. Computer Programmers are the IT personnel involved in the preparation of computer

programs.
They must be a B.S. in Computer Science, B.S. in Computer Engineering or any 4 to 5
years IT courses in order for them to be competent in developing an excellent program.

2. The ideal Electronic Data Processing organization is composed of 4 to 5 people namely:

the EDP Manager, the System Analyst, the Programmer and his Assistant and the
Technical Support.

EDP Manager

Systems Analyst

Technical Support Programmer

Asst. Programmer

3. The following are services offered by the various data processing industry:
• Makes specified computer program
• Teaches IT related subjects
• Provides IT technical support
• Supplies hardware and software
• Provides the information needed

4. The following are the IT related companies in the Philippines:

• IBM Phils.
• Microsoft Phils.
• Sun Systems
• Silicon Valley
• Pacific Internet
• MicroSystems
• Canon Phils.
• Hewlett Packard Phils.
Name : __________________________________ Date : __________________
Address : __________________________________ Student No. : _____________

33
Introduction to Information Technology
Module I

MODULE I TEST
A. Compare the following terminology:

a. Systems Programmer and Application Programmer

b. Information Technology and Information System

c. Key Driven System and EDP

d. Artificial Intelligence and Expert System

e. Hardware and Software

f. Desktop and Laptop

g. Analog and Digital Computers

h. Transistor and Vacuum Tubes

i. Voice Mail and E-Mail

j. EDSAC and EDVAC

B. Give the acronyms of the following terminology:

a. CD
b. IT
c. AI
d. EDP
e. EDSAC
f. WAN
g. EBS
h. EDVAC
i. LAN
j. VSIC

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