RUFAIDA COLLEGE OF NURSING, JAMIA

HAMDARD
SUBJECT: NURSING EDUCATION
ASSIGNMENT
ON
DISTANCE LEARNING

SUBMITTED TO: SUBMITTED BY:

Ms. Anjali Kaushik Mansi Dabola
Nursing Tutor M.Sc. 1st year
INTRODUCTION:
Distance education is a dynamic process. It changes and grows with time, responds to the
needs of societies of the nation and follows the conceptual changes the process undergoes
around the globe. The most significant development of academic world is the emergence of
knowledge as a resource in the last phase of 20th century. Dynamicity of knowledge
explosion with simultaneous obsolescence of knowledge have shaken our educators and
education policy makers so much so that they were forced to find out new options to the
traditional system to meet the challenges like universalization of education and continuing or
life-long education. Distance education fulfils long needs of non-formal education at low cost
reaching the masses irrespective of their status or learning condition, the student has a strong
motivation to learn, it keeps the students away from activities related to anti-social activities
within the campus.

MEANING:
Distance education is a form of education in which the students of universities and institute of
higher learning do not attend regular classes or lectures, but instead study teaching material
specially prepared for this purpose by profession and their staffs together with experts in
distance education and interact indirectly with the members of the teaching staff by means of
technical media for the guidance and control of their learning. The students are not pinned
down to fixed times, places and persons but are free to decide themselves when, where, what
and how they wish to study.

DEFINITION:
Distance education is defined as any learning experience that takes place a distance away
from the patient institution, home, campus. -Keating

Distance education is defined as students receiving instruction in a location other than of

faculty. -Clark

Distance education uses three current and popular forms (of media) (a)
broadcast television, (b) two-way video conferencing and (c) asynchronous
learning networks. -Picciano
PHILOSPHY:
Distance education is based on the philosophy that, learner is active and self-directed agent
who makes choices, takes decision, directs the process qualitatively and assumes
responsibility for all this. He is a self-monitor, evaluator, self-feedbacker and self-improver.
It is therefore non-conventional and non-traditional teaching learning programme, which
focuses on self-learning.

The philosophy of distance education is based on entirely different premises regarding the
role of the learner vis-s-vis the process of learning, the materials for activating that process of
learning, the materials for activating that process and the personnel involved in it. According
to it a learner is an active and self-directed agent who makes choices, take decisions, direct
the process qualitatively and quantitatively assumes responsibility for all this. He is a
generator of currents and forces which he can command and shape as per his desire and
initiative. He is a self-monitor, self-evaluator, self-feedbacker and self-improver and not a
mere subject of certain operations to whom things are made to happen. The process enables
him to develop a progressively better competence for self-propulsion. Thus, in the distance
education, this unconventional perception of the potential of the learner to make choices
rationally, scientifically and wisely is the focus; whatever be the client group whether
illiterates’ farmers, farm workers, factory workers, slum dwellers, rural women or urban
people, belonging to cross sections strata of society. Distance education is intents to quicken
the very intellectual self of the learner. It is a self- renewing exercise.

HISTORY:
One of the earliest attempts was advertised in 1728. This was in the Boston Gazette for
"Caleb Philipps, Teacher of the new method of Short Hand", who sought students who
wanted to learn through weekly mailed lessons. The first distance education course in the
modern sense was provided by Sir Isaac Pitman in the 1840s, who taught a system of
shorthand by mailing texts transcribed into shorthand on postcards and receiving
transcriptions from his students in return for correction. The element of student feedback was
a crucial innovation of Pitman's system. This scheme was made possible by the introduction
of uniform postage rates across England in 1840. This early beginning proved extremely
successful, and the Phonographic Correspondence Society was founded three years later to
establish these courses on a more formal basis. The Society paved the way for the later
formation of Sir Isaac Pitman Colleges across the country. The first correspondence school
in the United States was the Society to Encourage Studies at Home, which was founded in
1873.

TECHNOLOGIES:
Internet technology has enabled many forms of distance learning through open educational
resources and facilities such as e-learning and MOOCs. Although the expansion of the
Internet blurs the boundaries, distance education technologies are divided into two modes of
delivery: synchronous learning and asynchronous learning.
Radio and Television:
The rapid spread of film in the 1920s and radio in the 1930s led to proposals to use it for
distance education. By 1938, at least 200 city school systems, 25 state boards of education,
and many colleges and universities broadcast educational programs for the public schools.
One line of thought was to use radio as a master teacher.

Experts in given fields broadcast lessons for pupils within the many schoolrooms of the
public-school system, asking questions, suggesting readings, making assignments, and
conducting tests. This mechanizes education and leaves the local teacher only the tasks of
preparing for the broadcast and keeping order in the classroom.

Internet:
The widespread use of computers and the internet have made distance learning easier and
faster, and today virtual schools and virtual universities deliver full curricula online. The
capacity of Internet to support voice, video, text and immersion teaching methods made
earlier distinct forms of telephone, videoconferencing, radio, television, and text-based
education somewhat redundant. However, many of the techniques developed and lessons
learned with earlier media are used in Internet delivery. The first completely online course for
credit was offered by the in 1984 through the Graduate School of Education (then called
OISE: the Ontario Institute for Studies in Education. The topic was “Women and Computers
in Education”, dealing with gender issues and educational computing. The first new and fully
online university was founded in 1994 as the Open University of Catalonia, headquartered in
Barcelona, Spain. In 1999 Jones International University was launched as the first fully
online university accredited by a regional accrediting association in the US.

Paced and self-paced models:

Distance education can be delivered in a paced format similar to traditional campus-based
models in which learners commence and complete a course at the same time. Paced delivery
is currently the most common mode of distance education delivery. Alternatively, some
institutions offer self-paced programs that allow for continuous enrollment and the length of
time to complete the course is set by the learner's time, skill and commitment levels. Paced
courses may be offered in either synchronous mode, but self-paced courses are almost always
offered asynchronously. Each delivery model offers both advantages and disadvantages for
students, teachers and institutions. Kaplan and Hoenlein classify distance education into four
groups along the dimensions Time dependency and Number of participants: 1) MOOCs
(Massive Open Online Courses): Open access online course (i.e., without specific
participation restrictions) that allows for unlimited (massive) participation; 2) SPOCs (Small
Private Online Courses): Online course that only offers a limited number of places and
therefore requires some form of formal enrollment; 3) SMOCs (Synchronous Massive Online
Courses): Open-access online course that allows for unlimited participation but requires
students to be "present" at the same time (synchronously); 4) SSOCs (Synchronous Private
Online Courses): Online course that only offers a limited number of places and requires
students to be "present" at the same time (synchronously).

Benefits
Distance learning can expand access to education and training for both general populace and
businesses since its flexible scheduling structure lessens the effects of the many time
constraints imposed by personal responsibilities and commitments. Devolving some activities
off-site alleviates institutional capacity constraints arising from the traditional demand on
institutional buildings and infrastructure. Furthermore, there is the potential for increased
access to more experts in the field and to other students from diverse geographical, social,
cultural, economic, and experiential backgrounds. As the population at large becomes more
involved in lifelong learning beyond the normal schooling age, institutions can benefit
financially, and adult learning business courses may be particularly lucrative. Distance
education programs can act as a catalyst for institutional innovation and are at least as
effective as face-to-face learning programs, especially if the instructor is knowledgeable and
skilled.

Criticism:
Barriers to effective distance education include obstacles such as domestic distractions and
unreliable technology, as well as students' program costs, adequate contact with teachers and
support services, and a need for more experience. Some students attempt to participate in
distance education without proper training with the tools needed to be successful in the
program. Students must be provided with training opportunities (if needed) on each tool that
is used throughout the program. The lack of advanced technology skills can lead to an
unsuccessful experience. Schools have a responsibility to adopt a proactive policy for
managing technology barriers. Time management skills and self-discipline in distance
education is just as important as complete knowledge of the software and tools being used for
learning.

Educational Technologies
The modern use of electronic educational technology (also called e-learning) facilitates
distance learning and independent learning by the extensive use of information and
communications technology (ICT), replacing traditional content delivery by postal
correspondence. Instruction can be synchronous and asynchronous online communication in
an interactive learning environment or virtual communities, in lieu of a physical classroom.
"The focus is shifted to the education transaction in the form of virtual community of learners
sustainable across time." One of the most significant issues encountered in the mainstream
correspondence model of distance education is transactional distance, which results from the
lack of appropriate communication between learner and teacher. This gap has been observed
to become wider if there is no communication between the learner and teacher and has direct
implications over the learning process and future endeavors in distance education. Distance
education providers began to introduce various strategies, techniques, and procedures to
increase the amount of interaction between learner and teacher. These measures e.g. more
frequent face-to-face tutorials, increased use of information and communication technologies
including teleconferencing and the Internet, were designed to close the gap in transactional
distance.

PRINT AND NON-PRINT INSTRUCTIONAL MEDIA:

Holmberg (1981) has defined distance education as: the various forms of study at the levels
which are not under the continuous immediate supervision of tutors present with their
students in lecture rooms or not the same premises, but which, nevertheless, benefit from the
planning, guidance and tuition of a tutorial organization. It should be noted that distance
learning is seen ,by the Council for Educational Technology (CET) and the Scottish Council
for Education Technology (SCET) as one type of open learning; and that open learning
systems are defined as “those which offer students measure of flexibility and authority , to
study the program of their choice when and where they wish and at a pace to suit their
circumstance”. • Distance learning, including the use of broadcasting, is a manifestation of
Educational Technology. • The best use that Educational Technology can be put to make is to
average teacher a better one by helping him rather is to than by attempting to replace him. •
Distance learning is making of a positive contribution to the quality of instruction.

The UNESCO Secretary-General Amadou Mahtar M bow strikes the right note when says
that the new information order envisages a multiplication of source of information and an
increase and diversification in the expression and dissemination of points of view.

Educational technology is useful a learner so far as it increases the range of available

alternative in a strategy of learning. Technology whereby as many different media as possible
are evoked as being essential to a particular learning package for no better reason than that
exists.

It is here that educational technology has to play a vital role, the main thrust of educational
technology so conceived, is to provide a meaningful linkage between the process of learning,
the media component of learning and the product of learning. This could be done by injecting
the spirit of system approach designing, executing and evaluating teaching learning
situations.

AIMS & OBJECTIVES:

➢ It aims not only in providing certificates and degree but also helps in personal growth in
training for better job. All courses are prepared in such a way that our knowledge, skills, and
personal growth is uplifted on completion of the course.

➢ Bring changes in attitude and knowledge. Our attitude towards certain field in nursing
changes when we come to know more about that particular field or subject.
➢ Provides flexibility of time. If are employed in job from where we cannot stand away from
our responsibilities then distance education is beneficial for us. We can study according to
our convenience.

➢ Makes education socially more relevant We are not fixed to times of completion of
requirements etc. it is socially more relevant.

➢ Imparts latest information and skills. We learn new skills and acquire more
knowledge without wasting our time and without affecting our job or family life.

➢ To advance and disseminate learning and knowledge by a diversity of means.

➢ To provide a second opportunity to study to those who missed such an opportunity earlier.
➢ To have a chance to those who could not go the conventional system and they would no
like to study.

➢ There is shortage of scientific and technical manpower in some countries and the
traditional system is unable to cope with the demand. The media of distance education and
open universities are established with a view to meet such demands.

➢ To improve the quality and standard of education. There is a need to make education
relevant to the needs of the country and to the needs of the country and to provide lifelong
education for working people and housewives.

➢ Another objective of distance-education and open school is to reduce the pressure of the
secondary education students.

PURPOSES
1. Distance education remains as the first and a lone choice for learners
Distance education remains as the first and a lone choice for those learners who have no
provision of any educational institution in their locality or neighborhood. Do not have
any provision for their locality or neighborhood. Are gainfully employed and thus are
unable to attend the regular classes of a particular course or school and university
education. Have a lot of social obligations, responsibilities and commitments such as
housewives, adults, priests, social workers, hence not able to attend the regular classes.

2. Distance education provides an open learning system.

Distance education or open learning system can work as a good helping hand to the
people and government of the developing counties like ours for achieving their target of
compulsory education to all future citizens
3. Developing skills

Distance education is quite helpful in developing and inculcating among the students a
number of good habits like self-study, independent problem-solving ability, and time and
resource management.

SCOPE:
Distance education is aimed at teaching, guiding and supporting the students in all location
through well designed lecture scripts supported by teachers, personal contact programs,
response sheet assignment and electronic media.

SCOPE OF DISTANCE EDUCATION IN INDIA

INSANT- IB is now placed in the geostationary orbit at a height of 36,000km above the
equator. The space bird is supposed to perform its assigned job well over the next seven years
of so. If fully utilized, the INSANT-IB Programme can prove to be of immense value for
education millions of places even before they could be made to read and write.

Viewed in this frame of reference of the potential of distance education is considerable for a
developing country is like India where, even after massive expansion of conventional formal
system there is still, for every school or college student, another young person in the age
group of 15-35, who does not receive formal education.

1. India has used the system of correspondence education successfully in many fields.
Summer school cum correspondence course leading the B.Ed. degree was started in the year
of 1966 at the four Regional Colleges of Education of National Council of Educational
Research and Training.

2. A working group was appointed by the Reserve Bank of India in December 1967 to study
the training facilities of commercial banks.

3. Life insurance Corporation of India has also adopted the programmed learning strategy for
training of new agents.

CHARACTERISTICS:

➢ There is little face to face relationship between the teacher and the learner.
Learner and Teacher both will be in two different locality or place. Only while using video
assisted learning the learner and teacher see their face.

➢ Little oral instruction. Only sometimes we have verbal communication. Rest all will be
though letters, and media.

➢ No fixed classrooms. Student can sit anywhere and study. There is no fixed classroom
which makes distance education more reliable and socially more relevant.
➢ Learning is on individual process. No one will advise or stress learner to study. It is
learner responsibility to learn and complete the course.

➢ It involves use of multi-media approach, postal coaching, etc. (two-way communication)

The medium of contact between the teacher and learner is media like online class, postal
coaching, etc.

➢ Learning is on part time basis. There is no fixed time like full day class. According to the
convenience we can attend class.

FORMS OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

1. Correspondence Education

The first and simple form is what is called correspondence education. Here the course of
study prescribed is broken up into a number of modules or lesson which are posted to student
who work on the material sent to them and can obtain further guidance and clarification
through writing back to the diffusing center and through attending the periodic contact
classes which are organized near their places of residence.

2. Distance Education Based On multi-media

A second form of distance education is one which makes use not only the postal material
but also the electronic media. In the use of radio and TV either as a supplement to postal
teaching or as a comprehensive self-contained form of distance education, there are rich
possibilities which can be developed.

3. Distance course on the demand of the people

A third form distance is one which breaks away from the conventional established
syllabus and content of the educational institutions and innovates with new learning
content. This new concept calls for devising course on the basis of what people joining
the open learning. This third form has not yet gained currency.

4. Distance Education is non-conformist and non- traditional

Non-conformist means that does not follow any old principles and practices. Similarly,
nontraditional implies a departure from the old beaten track. Since distance education
does not follow the old traditional principles and practices, it is called non-conformist and
nontraditional.

COMPONENTS OF DISTANCE EDUCATION:

The conventional education has restricted itself to a privileged class of society.
Traditional education is based on the personal communication and distance education is
based on industrialized and technological communication. The fundamental aspects of
distance education throwing light on the nature of distance education can be enumerated
as:
• The absence of a discriminatory entrance requirement
• A result driven concept of quality
• A success-based concept of program and service design
• A multiple strategy and matching model approach to program delivery
• A development concept of equality
• It is most flexible educational system which is not limited by time and place restrictions
• It can be used at any level from primary to higher stage
• Under this system learner can progress at his own speed
• It can supplement the studies of regular students along with being a separate system.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE:

The organizational structure for distance learning by and large is common and is shown
as developed by Miller and Rice (1967). Two major operational system are distinguished
in distance learning institution:

A. Course sub system:

It concerned with design, production, distribution and reception of the teaching materials
used by the institution
The course sub system is largely influenced by availability or suitability of a particular
media, or media chosen by organization of distance learning organizations. Various
alternatives are available taking into account the target learning group, nature of course
and application in real life situation. From this point of view various media can be
classified in to following categories like printed material, audio material, video material
and interaction sessions.

B. Student sub system:

This subsystem decides how to admit students, allocating them to various courses, local
centres, tutors and counsellors, collection of fees and ensuring that receive teaching
material, administering assessment and examination processes, issue of certificate to
successful candidates and maintenance of records. This sub system essentially is
administrative one involving management and control of students through the institution.

SOME OPEN UNIVERSITIES:

1. Indira Gandhi National open universities:
The Indira Gandhi National Open University, known as IGNOU, is a distance
learning national university and is established in 1985. This university offers Degree,
Diploma, post Graduate Diploma in Participatory Management and Rehabilitation,
Participatory Forest Management, Certificate in Guidance, Certificate in Labour in
Development, Diploma in Computer Integrated Manufacturing, Post Graduate
Diploma in Radio Prasaran, Copy Editing and Proof, Reading, Disaster Management,
Intellectual Property Rights, Certificate in Empowering Women through Self Help
Group, Master of Science in Dietetics and Food Service Management, Certificate in
Food Safety, Operation Management, Master of Arts, Certificate in Laboratory
Techniques, Human Rights, Consumer Protection.

2. Dr. B.R Ambedkar open university

Telangana Open University, also known as Dr. B.R. Ambedkar Open University, is a
public university in the city of Hyderabad, Telangana, India. The University
established in August 1982 by the act of the state Legislature. This University offers
Post Graduation Programs and Under Graduate Programs and Under Graduate
Programs include Bachelor of Arts (BA), B.Com, B.Sc., Bachelor’s Degree in public
Relation, Bachelor of Hotel Management, Masters of Arts MA in History, Economics,
Public Science, Public administration, Sociology, Mass Communication & Public
Relations, English, Telugu, Urdu, Master of Commerce, Bachelor of Education
(B.Ed.), M.Ed., MBA, Diploma programs include Bachelor Degree in Library &
information, PG Diploma in Marketing Management, PG Diploma in Business
Finance, Environmental studies, Human Rights, Women’s Studies M Phil in
Economics, History, Sociology, English, Commerce, Business Management,
Mathematics.

3. Madras University:

The university of Madras informally known as Madras University is a public state

university in Chennai, Tamil Nadu, established in 1857, it is one of the oldest and
premier universities in India. This University offered courses in Diploma Courses, PG
Diploma Courses, PG Degree Courses such as MA. MSc, MBA, LLM etc., Research/
Doctoral Level Courses, various research program such as MPhil, Doctorate of
philosophy (PhD).

4. Karnataka State Open University:

Mysore Karnataka State Open University is a distance learning University founded in

1996, located in Mysore, Karnataka. It was established in 1966 and has about 130,000
students in 18 schools comprising 72 departments, and 109 affiliated colleges. This
University offers M.Phil., PG Diploma certificate courses in computer Application.
Master Degree in Arts in Labour Management, Tourism Management, Journalism 7
 Mass Communication, Co-operative Management etc. Bachelor of Commerce,
Business Administration.

5. Madurai Kama raj University

It is a public university in India located in Madurai City in southern Tamil Nadu,
India. It was established in 1966 and has about 130,000 students in 18 schools
comprising 72 departments, and 109 affiliated colleges. This university offers M.Phil.,
PG Diploma certificate course in Computer Application. Master Degree in Arts in
Labour Management, Tourism Management, Journalism 7 Mass Communication, Co-
operative Management etc. Bachelor of Commerce, Business Administration.

6. YCMOU- Yashwantrao Chavhan Maharashtra open university

The University has established 10 regional centres, one each at Nashik, Mumbai,
Pune. This university provides quality learning support to the students, coordinating
and supervising the work of the study centres in the region are the main functions of
theses regional centres. This University offers Diploma courses, Undergraduate
Degree courses such as BA, BCom, B.Sc., BBA, LLB etc. Postgraduate degree such
as MA, MSc, MBA, LLM etc. Research/ Doctoral level Courses such as MPhil. PhD.

FACTORS INFLUENCING THE LEARNING SYSTEM:

The student’s sub-system is mostly influenced by certain factors which the organizers
have to consider in order to gain proper response from the students. Opening of
opportunity for education to new target population, deprived previously because of
geographical isolation, lack of formal academic requirements, caste, creed and
religious bias, employment condition or socioeconomic cultural barriers. Another
factor influencing the system is the identification of particular target groups with their
key characteristics (need, age, time available for study, local facilities, etc.) to enable
appropriate courses, learning methods and delivery systems to be delivered for them.

ADVANTAGES OF DISTANCE EDUCATION:

o It is very flexible educational system which is not limited by time and place
restrictions.
o Under this system a learner can progress at his own speed.
o It fulfils the need of various categories of persons who are unable to make use
of the formal system of education.
o It leads to self-learning.
o It can reach remote areas through postal service or radio or tv.
o It is an economical method of teaching learning as compared to the regular
formal system.
 o Teaching learning can be made more efficient and powerful through the media
like radio and TV.
o It can supplement the studies of regular students.
o It can be used at various levels.
o Learners can take advantages of the lecture of the most efficient teacher which
is not always possible in all conventional educational institutions.
o Contact courses provide opportunities for face to face learning also
o Distance education makes higher education accessible to all section of society.
o There is no need to spend on building and other equipment’s Very few
fulltime academic staff are needed.
o Part time teachers can deliver the goods.
o The inherent flexibility of distance education system is conducive to a greater
variety of subjects of the study.

DISADVANTAGES OF DISTANCE EDUCATION

 The system of distance education has very limited scope for making people aware of
cultural change and social development.
 The courses become stereotyped in due course.
 The scope for practical experience is very negligible
 The provision for study centres and book banks is very meagre.
 The students are given extensive written material through post but the same is not
suitable supplemented by discussion on radio or TV.
 The experts do not have the adequate means to ensure whether the students are
entirely satisfied with the material given.
 Periodic review of the course is not frequent.
 The students hardly get opportunities for different types of activities during contact
programmes except listening to lectures.

SUMMARY:
The term distance covers various forms of study at all levels which are not covered in lecture
rooms or one the same premises but which nevertheless, benefit from the planning, guidance
and tuition or a tutorial organization. The concept of education as a learning, instrumentality
is, however reinterpreted in distance education. It is a method of imparting knowledge, skills
and attitudes which is rationalized by the application of division of labour and organizational
principles as well as by the extensive use of technical media. Distance education is quite
innovative, flexible and expensive. The learner is to make progress according to his own
capacity. It can be rightly termed as democratic and unfulfilled dreams by undertaking a
course in this system.
CONCLUSION:
The applications for Distance Learning are potentially limitless. Educators are finding that
even subjects that seemed beyond its scope, such as surgery, are now being successfully
taught in Distance Learning programs. Distance Learning is an education delivery system that
has come of age. The technology now exists to provide an effective and efficient distance
education delivery system that overcomes the barriers that prevent individuals from achieving
all they can through education: The barriers of distance, time, educational resources, and cost
are being overcome with the continued refinement of distance learning programs.

BIBLIOGRAPHY:
1. Textbook of Nursing Education by Jaspreet Kaur Sodhi Page no.324, 325,326,327.

https://mhrd.gov.in/technology-enabled-learning-