Transaction Process System (TPS)

A transaction process system (TPS) is an information processing system for

business transactions involving the collection, modification and retrieval of
all transaction data. Characteristics of a TPS include performance, reliability
and consistency.

TPS is also known as transaction processing or real-time processing.

A transaction process system and transaction processing are often contrasted with
a batch process system and batch processing, where many requests are all
executed at one time.

Decision Support System

• A decision support system (DSS) is a computerized system that gathers
and analyzes data, synthesizing it to produce comprehensive information
reports.
• A decision support system differs from an ordinary operations application,
whose function is just to collect data.
• Decision support systems allow for more informed decision-making, timely
problem-solving, and improved efficiency in dealing with issues or
operations, planning, and even management.

Management Information
Systems (MIS)
A management information system (MIS) is a computer system consisting of
hardware and software that serves as the backbone of an organization’s
operations. An MIS gathers data from multiple online systems, analyzes the
information, and reports data to aid in management decision-making.
MIS is also the study of how such systems work.

The Basic Elements of the

Communication Process

The Sender
The communication process begins with the sender, who is also called
the communicator or source. The sender has some kind of information — a
command, request, question, or idea — that he or she wants to present to others.
For that message to be received, the sender must first encode the message in a
form that can be understood, such as by the use of a common language or
industry jargon, and then transmit it.

The Receiver
The person to whom a message is directed is called the receiver or
the interpreter. To comprehend the information from the sender, the receiver
must first be able to receive the sender's information and then decode or
interpret it.

The Message
The message or content is the information that the sender wants to relay to the
receiver. Additional subtext can be conveyed through body language and tone of
voice. Put all three elements together — sender, receiver, and message — and you
have the communication process at its most basic.

The Medium
Also called the channel, the medium is the means by which a message is
transmitted. Text messages, for example, are transmitted through the medium of
cell phones.
Feedback
The communication process reaches its final point when the message has been
successfully transmitted, received, and understood. The receiver, in turn,
responds to the sender, indicating comprehension. Feedback may be direct, such
as a written or verbal response, or it may take the form of an act or deed in
response (indirect).

Other Factors
The communication process isn't always so simple or smooth, of course. These
elements can affect how information is transmitted, received, and interpreted:

Difference Between Upward and

Downward Communication
Upward communication refers to that form of communication that flows
from bottom to top. On the other extreme, downward communication is the
communication, which moves from top to bottom. Communication is the
spine of an organisation because without it superior-subordinate
relationship cannot thrive and the organisation will not be able to function
effectively, to achieve the objectives. It pertains to the meaningful and
effective interaction between two or more people.

BASIS FOR UPWARD DOWNWARD

COMPARISON COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION

Meaning Upward communication Downward communication is

is the line of
communication through
which subordinates can
convey information, to
their seniors.
the formal chain of command
established to direct
subordinates and convey
information, pertaining to
organization's objectives,
policies and strategies.
 BASIS FOR UPWARD DOWNWARD
COMPARISON COMMUNICATION COMMUNICATION

Nature Participative and Authoritative and Directive

Appealative

Flow Subordinate to superior. Superior to subordinate.

Purpose To make complaints or To give orders, instructions,

appeal, give feedback advice or assign
and suggestions responsibilities.

Speed Slow Fast

Frequency Low Comparatively high

Examples Reports, direct letters Circulars and Notices

and proposals

Quantitative data can be counted, measured, and expressed

using numbers. Qualitative data is descriptive and conceptual.
Qualitative data can be categorized based on traits and
characteristics.
Qualitative data is non-statistical and is typically unstructured or
semi-structured. This data isn’t necessarily measured using hard
numbers used to develop graphs and charts. Instead, it is
categorized based on properties, attributes, labels, and other
identifiers.

Qualitative data can be generated through:

• Texts and documents

• Audio and video recordings
• Interview transcripts and focus groups
• Observations and notes

Contrary to qualitative data, quantitative data is statistical and is

typically structured in nature – meaning it is more rigid and
defined. This data type is measured using numbers and values,
making it a more suitable candidate for data analysis.

Quantitative data can be generated through:

• Tests
• Experiments
• Surveys
• Market reports
• Metrics

Explicit information – available for all to see. Explicit information

can be expressed in words and numbers, can be easily
communicated and shared in the form of hard data, codified
procedures or universal principles. This is the hard information
that we store in databases. It is the information of machines.

Tacit information – held inside our heads. Tacit information is

highly personal and hard to formalize. Subjective insights,
intuitions and hunches fall into this category. This is the soft
information that we store in our heads. It is the information of
people.

In present era of information technology where information is

not considered as base for competitive advantage but it is
considered as competitive necessity, role of information in
decision making become more vital. In this article author
discuss about the introduction, nature and types of information
in organizations. How information requirements in
organizations could be determined analyzed with the help of
information model. Basis for determining information needs
are also discussed and principle of bounded rationality, Wick’s
model of organizing, CSF (Critical success factor) analysis,
concept of Value chain analysis and porter’s 5 forces model is
discussed to determine information needs strategically. This
article provides knowledge about how with in organization to
design any information system how need of information could
be determined