UEL Market Leader - Intermediate

UNIT 7: CULTURES
Cultural awareness (n) the ability to recognize the different beliefs, values and customs that
someone has based on that person's origins, and it allows a person to build more successful
personal and professional relationships in a diverse environment.
Custom (n) – tradition
ceremony / ˈserəməni/ noun
cuisine / kwɪˈziːn / noun [ uncountable ] a particular style of cooking : French cuisine

Listening
Cultural shock (n)
concept / ˈkɒnsept/ noun [ countable ] an idea of how something is, or how something should
be done
perception / pəˈsepʃ ə n / noun the way you think about something and your idea of what it
is like
perception of
children’s perceptions of the world
timekeeping noun recording the times taken to do something, especially at a sports event
revolve / rɪˈvɒlv / verb to move around like a wheel, or to make something move around like
a wheel → revolution , turn :
The wheel began to revolve.
Prayer times
perspective / pəˈspektɪv / noun viewpoint
perspective on
His father’s death gave him a whole new perspective on life.
frustrating / frʌˈstreɪtɪŋ / adjective making you feel annoyed, upset, or impatient because
you cannot do what you want to do
sales literature (n) all of the literature, such as brochures, price lists, that a company uses
to promote its goods, products, or services to the public
exalt / ɪɡˈzɔːlt / verb to put someone or something into a high rank or position
virtue / ˈvɜːtʃuː / noun a particular good quality in someone’s character
Among her many virtues are loyalty, courage, and truthfulness.
agenda / əˈdʒendə / noun a list of problems or subjects that a government, organization etc is
planning to deal with
tedious / ˈtiːdiəs / adj boring :
The work was tiring and tedious.
ˌnon-judgemental adj not criticizing people :
A counsellor should always be sympathetic and non-judgmental.
hierarchy / ˈhaɪrɑːki / noun a system of organization in which people
a rigid social hierarchy
seniority / ˌsiːniˈɒrəti / noun when you are older or higher in rank than someone else : a
position of seniority

Vocabulary : Idioms
break the ice informal to make people feel more friendly and willing to talk to each
other :

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Sam’s arrival broke the ice and people began to talk and laugh.
jump/be thrown in at the deep end to choose to do or be made to do a very difficult
job without having prepared for it :
She decided to jump in at the deep end, buy a farm, and teach herself.
see eye to eye [ usually in negatives ] if two people see eye to eye, they agree with each
other :
We didn’t exactly see eye to eye.
in hot water if someone is in hot water, they are in trouble because they have done
something wrong :
The finance minister found himself in hot water over his business interests.
put your foot in it BE, put your foot in your mouth AE to say something without
thinking carefully, so that you embarrass or upset someone :
get on/along like a house on fire BE informal to quickly have a very friendly relationship
(be/feel) like a fish out of water to feel uncomfortable because you feel you do not
belong in a place or situation :
I felt like a fish out of water in my new school.
READING: Cultural shock
impact / ˈɪmpækt / noun the effect or influence that an event, situation etc has on
someone or something
impact on/upon
pattern / ˈpæt ə n / noun the regular way in which something happens, develops, or is
done
Weather patterns have changed in recent years.
counterpart / ˈkaʊntəpɑːt / noun [ countable ]
someone or something that has the same job or purpose as someone or something else in
a different place
sb’s counterpart
Belgian officials are discussing this with their French counterparts.
perceive / pəˈsiːv / verb to understand or think of something or someone in a particular way
harmonize / ˈhɑːmənaɪz / verb if two or more things harmonize, they work well
together or look good together
diverse / daɪˈvɜːs / adj very different from each other :
etiquette / ˈetɪket / noun [ uncoun ] the formal rules for polite behaviour in society or in
a particular group :
strict rules of professional etiquette
manifestation / ˌmænəfeˈsteɪʃ ə n/ noun formal a very clear sign that a particular
situation or feeling exists
manifestation of These latest riots are a clear manifestation of growing discontent.
tailored / ˈteɪləd / adj made or done specially for someone’s particular need or situation
: tailored financial advice
delegate / ˈdeləɡət / noun [ countable ] someone who has been elected or chosen to
speak, vote, or take decisions for a group → representative :
Around 350 delegates attended the conference.

LANGUAGE REVIEW
protocol / ˈprəʊtəkɒl / noun a system of rules about the correct way to behave on an
official occasion :
a breach of diplomatic protocol

Vocabulary – EN04 2
UEL Market Leader - Intermediate

honorific / ˌɒnəˈrɪfɪk/ noun [ countable ] an expression or title that is used to show

respect for the person you are speaking to
slurp / slɜːp / verb to drink a liquid while making a noisy sucking sound
belch / beltʃ / verb to let air from your stomach come out loudly through your mouth
SYN burp

UNIT 8: HUMAN RESOURCES

STARTING UP
extraordinary / ɪkˈstrɔːd ə n ə ri / adj very unusual or surprising :
It took an extraordinary amount of work.
astrology / əˈstrɒlədʒi / noun the study of the positions and movements of the stars and
how they might influence people and events
— astrological / ˌæstrəˈlɒdʒɪk ə l◂ $ -ˈlɑː- / adjective

VOCABULARY
probation / prəˈbeɪʃ ə n / noun
1 a period of time, during which an employer can see if a new worker is suitable :
a three month probation period
on probation
Some people are appointed on probation.
2 American English a period of time in which you must improve your work or behave
well so that you will not have to leave your job :
I’m afraid I have no choice but to put you on probation .
— probationary adjective :
a probationary period
psychometric / ˌsaɪkəʊˈmetrɪk / adjective
relating to the measurement of mental abilities and qualities :
psychometric tests
speculative / ˈspekjələtɪv / adj based on guessing, not on information or facts
— speculatively adverb : Delaney eyed her speculatively.
assess / əˈses / verb to make a judgment about a person or situation after thinking
carefully about it SYN judge
assemble / əˈsemb ə l / verb if you assemble a large number of people or things, or if
they assemble, they are gathered together in one place, often for a particular purpose :
A large crowd had assembled outside the American embassy.
He looked around at the assembled company (= all the people who had come there ) .
methodical/ məˈθɒdɪk ə l/ adj a methodical way of doing something is careful and uses
an ordered system :
He always checked every detail in a methodical way.
analytical / ˌæn ə lˈɪtɪk ə l / adj thinking about things in a detailed and intelligent way,
so that you can examine and understand things :
She’s got an analytical mind.
authoritative / ɔːˈθɒrətətɪv / adj behaving or speaking in a confident determined way
that makes people respect and obey you :
He has a commanding presence and an authoritative voice.

READING p.76
resident / ˈrezəd ə nt/ noun someone who lives or stays in a particular place
have some/no/little say in something

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The workers had no say in how the factory was run.

burden / ˈbɜːdn / noun something difficult or worrying that you are responsible for :
His family responsibilities had started to become a burden.
sleek / sliːk / adj a vehicle or other object that is sleek has a smooth attractive shape :
the sleek lines of the new Mercedes
elegant / ˈeləɡənt / adj beautiful, attractive, or graceful :
a tall, elegant young woman
pursue / pəˈsjuː / verb to continue doing an activity or trying to achieve something over
a long period of time → pursuit :
She plans to pursue a career in politics.
pursue a goal/aim/objective etc
storm 2 verb
1 [ transitive ] to suddenly attack and enter a place using a lot of force :
An angry crowd stormed the embassy.
2 [ intransitive always + adverb/preposition ] to go somewhere in a noisy fast way that
shows you are extremely angry
storm out of/into/off etc
Alan stormed out of the room.
3 [ intransitive and transitive ] literary to shout something in an angry way :
‘What difference does it make?’ she stormed.
boardroom / ˈbɔːdruːm / noun [ countable ]
a room where the DIRECTOR s of a company have meetings
affirm / əˈfɜːm / verb to state publicly that something is true SYN confirm :
The general affirmed rumors of an attack.
attribute / əˈtrɪbjuːt / verb
attribute something to somebody/something phrasal verb
to believe or say that a situation or event is caused by something
legislature / ˈledʒəsleɪtʃə/ noun an institution that has the power to make or change laws
state/national/federal etc legislature
trafficking / ˈtræfɪkɪŋ / noun
1 the buying and selling of illegal goods, especially drugs :
drug trafficking
2 the activity of taking people to another country and forcing them to work :
human trafficking
prostitution / ˌprɒstəˈtjuːʃ ə n/ noun
ARTICLE B
conservative / kənˈsɜːvətɪv / adj not liking changes or new ideas :
overwhelming / ˌəʊvəˈwelmɪŋ / adj very large or greater, more important etc than any other :
There is overwhelming evidence that smoking damages your health.
stark / stɑːk / adj unpleasantly clear and impossible to avoid SYN harsh
mirror verb = reflect :
Henry’s sad smile mirrored that of his son.
woo / wuː / verb to try to persuade someone to do something such as buy something
from you, vote for you, or work for you – used in news reports :
the Party’s efforts to woo working class voters
prioritize / praɪˈɒrətaɪz/ verb to put several things, problems etc in order of importance,
so that you can deal with the most important ones first :
You need to prioritize your tasks.

Vocabulary – EN04 4
UEL Market Leader - Intermediate

UNIT 9: INTERNATIONALS MARKETS

Vocabulary
tariff / ˈtærəf, ˈtærɪf / noun [ countable ] a tax on goods coming into a country or going
out of a country
liberalize / ˈlɪb ə rəlaɪz / verb to make a system, laws, or moral attitudes less strict
restriction / rɪˈstrɪkʃ ə n / noun a rule or law that limits or controls what people can do =
limitation
deregulate / ˌdiːˈreɡjəleɪt, / verb (passive) to remove government rules and controls
from some types of business activity :
industries that have been deregulated
— deregulation / diːˌreɡjəˈleɪʃ ə n, diːˌreɡjʊˈleɪʃ ə n / noun [ uncountable ]
quota / ˈkwəʊtə / noun an official limit on the number or amount of something that is
allowed in a particular period
subsidize / ˈsʌbsədaɪz / verb if a government or organization subsidizes a company,
activity etc, it pays part of its costs :  subsidy (n)
Farming is heavily subsidized (= subsidized a lot ) by the government.
dumping / ˈdʌmpɪŋ / noun the act of getting rid of dangerous waste material in a place
that is not safe :
The government has promised to stop dumping by the state-owned chemical plants.
laissez-faire / ˌleseɪ ˈfeə, / noun the principle that the government should allow the
ECONOMY or private businesses to develop without any state control or influence :
the policy of laissez-faire

READING P.84
combat / ˈkɒmbæt/ verb to try to stop something bad from happening or getting worse –
used especially in news reports
combat inflation/crime/racism etc
deficit / ˈdefəsət / noun [ countable ] the difference between the amount of something
that you have and the higher amount that you need → shortfall :
the country’s widening budget deficit
commitment / kəˈmɪtmənt / noun [ countable ] a promise to do something or to behave
in a particular way :
Are you ready to make a long-term commitment ?
sustained / səˈsteɪnd / adjective continuing for a long time :
a period of sustained economic development
manipulate / məˈnɪpjəleɪt / verb to make someone think and behave exactly as you want
them to, by skilfully deceiving or influencing them :
He was one of those men who manipulated people.

UNIT 10: ETHICS

morality / məˈræləti / noun beliefs or ideas about what is right and wrong and about
how people should behave :
genuine / ˈdʒenjuən/ adjective something genuine really is what it seems to be SYN
real :

VOCABULARY p.97
bribe noun money or a gift that you illegally give someone to persuade them to do
something for you :

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UEL Market Leader - Intermediate

The officials said that they had been offered bribes before an important game.
accept/take a bribe
bribery / ˈbraɪbəri / noun [ uncountable ] the act of giving bribes :
We tried everything – persuasion, bribery, threats.
counterfeit / ˈkaʊntəfɪt/ verb [ transitive ]
to copy something exactly in order to deceive people SYN fake :
They admitted counterfeiting documents.
— counterfeiter noun [ countable ]
corruption / kəˈrʌpʃ ə n / noun dishonest, illegal, or immoral behaviour, especially
from someone with power :
launder / ˈlɔːndə / verb to put money which has been obtained illegally into legal
businesses and bank accounts, so that you can hide it or use it :
He was jailed for laundering drug money .
fraud / frɔːd / noun the crime of deceiving people in order to gain something such as
money or goods
tax/insurance/credit card etc fraud
discrimination / dɪˌskrɪməˈneɪʃ ə n / noun the practice of treating one person or group
differently from another in an unfair way :
espionage / ˈespiənɑːʒ / noun the activity of secretly finding out secret information and
giving it to a country’s enemies or a company’s competitors SYN spying → spy :
a campaign of industrial espionage against his main rival

READING p.98
deception / dɪˈsepʃ ə n / noun the act of deliberately making someone believe something
that is not true → deceive :
She didn’t have the courage to admit to her deception.
elicit / ɪˈlɪsət/ verb to succeed in getting information or a reaction from someone,
especially when this is difficult :
elicit something from somebody
tempt / tempt / verb to try to persuade someone to do something by making it seem
attractive
tempt somebody into doing something
inflate / ɪnˈfleɪt / verb to make something seem more important or impressive than it
really is :
The success further inflated his self-confidence.
rationalize / ˈræʃ ə nəlaɪz / verb if you rationalize behaviour that is wrong, you invent
an explanation for it so that it does not seem as bad :
When he fouls up, Glen always finds a way to rationalize what he’s done.
justification / ˌdʒʌstəfəˈkeɪʃ ə n / noun a good and acceptable reason for doing
something
justification for (doing) something
There is no justification for holding her in jail.
distort / dɪˈstɔːt / verb to report something in a way that is not completely true or correct

UNIT 11: LEADERSHIP

VOCABULARY p. 104
radical / ˈrædɪk ə l / adj someone who is radical has ideas that are very new and
different, and against what most people think or believe :
a radical left-wing politician
ruthless / ˈruːθləs / adj so determined to get what you want that you do not care if you
have to hurt other people in order to do it :

Vocabulary – EN04 6
UEL Market Leader - Intermediate

approachable / əˈprəʊtʃəb ə l / adj friendly and easy to talk to OPP unapproachable :

The head teacher is very approachable.
conservative / kənˈsɜːvətɪv / adj not liking changes or new ideas :
a very conservative attitude to education
principled / ˈprɪnsəp ə ld / adj someone who is principled has strong opinions about
what is morally right and wrong
ˌlaid-ˈback adjective
relaxed and seeming not to be worried about anything OPP uptight :
I don’t know how you can be so laid-back about your exams.

READING p.106
gruff / ɡrʌf / adj speaking in a rough unfriendly voice :
His manner can be rather gruff.
— gruffly adverb
— gruffness noun [ uncountable ]
exude / ɪɡˈzjuːd / verb if you exude a particular quality, it is easy to see that you have a
lot of it :
She exudes self-confidence.
derive / dɪˈraɪv / verb to get something, especially an advantage or a pleasant feeling,
from something
derive something from something
credit verb [ transitive not in progressive ]
credit somebody with (doing) something to believe or admit that someone has a
quality, or has done something good :
Do credit me with a little intelligence!
predecessor / ˈpriːdəsesə / noun [ countable ] someone who had your job before you
started doing it OPP successor :
Kennedy’s predecessor as President was the war hero Dwight Eisenhower.
harbour verb [ transitive ] to keep bad thoughts, fears, or hopes in your mind for a long
time :
I think he’s harbouring some sort of grudge against me.

LANGUAGE REVIEW p.107

articulate / ɑːˈtɪkjələt, ɑːˈtɪkjʊlət $ ɑːr- / adjective able to talk easily and effectively
about things, especially difficult subjects OPP inarticulate :
bright, articulate 17-year-olds
humble / ˈhʌmb ə l / adj not considering yourself or your ideas to be as important as
other people’s OPP proud → humility :
a modest and humble man
orthodoxy / ˈɔːθədɒksi / noun an idea or set of ideas that is accepted by most people to
be correct and right :
He challenged the political orthodoxy of his time.

UNIT 12: COMPETITION

flashy / ˈflæʃi / adj big, bright, or expensive, and intended to be impressive – used to
show disapproval :
large flashy cars
boast / bəʊst / verb to talk too proudly about your abilities, achievements, or
possessions :

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UEL Market Leader - Intermediate

‘I wouldn’t be afraid,’ she boasted.

READING p.114
preside / prɪˈzaɪd / verb to be in charge of a formal event, organization, ceremony etc :
I shall be pleased to preside at your meetings.
replicate / ˈrepləkeɪt / verb if you replicate someone’s work, a scientific study etc, you
do it again, or try to get the same result again :
There is a need for further research to replicate these findings.
earmark / ˈɪəmɑːk / verb [ transitive usually passive ]
to decide that something will be used for a particular purpose or have something done to
it in the future
earmark somebody/something for something
85% of foreign aid is earmarked by Congress for specific purposes.
barista / bɑːrˈiːstə / noun someone whose job is to prepare coffee in a COFFEE BAR
ˈroll-out noun an occasion when a new product is made available for people to buy or
use SYN launch :
Sun had to cancel the intended roll-out of the 514 model.
brew 1 / bruː / verb
1 [ transitive ] to make beer :
Every beer on the menu was brewed locally.
2 [ intransitive ] if a drink of tea or coffee is brewing, the taste is getting into the hot
water :
He read the paper while the tea brewed.
3 [ transitive ] to make a drink of tea or coffee :
freshly brewed coffee
demystify / ˌdiːˈmɪstəfaɪ/ to make a subject that seems difficult or complicated easier to
understand, especially by explaining it in simpler language :
This book demystifies the male worlds of plumbing and carpentry.
side‧swipe / ˈsaɪdswaɪp / noun [ countable usually singular ]
if you take a sideswipe at someone or something, you criticize them while you are
talking about something different :
Sir Kenneth concluded with a sideswipe at his critics.

Vocabulary – EN04 8