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Chemistry Matters for GCE ‘O’ Level (2 Edition): Full Solutions to Textbook Questions Chapter 5

Chapter 5 Atomic Structure

Test Yourself 5.1 and 5.2 (page 79)

1. 15

2.
Neutron Electron
• Relative charge: 0 • Relative charge: –1
• Relative mass: 1 1
• Relative mass: 1840

3. (a) (i) Number or electrons = 7

(ii) Nucleon number = 14
14
(b) 7 Y

Test Yourself 5.3 and 5.4 (page 84)

1. Number of protons = number of electrons = 2 + 8 + 4 = 14

Number of neutrons = 28 – 14 = 14

2. The electronic structure of Al is as follows:

13p + 14n

The electronic configuration of Al is 2, 8, 3.

3. Sodium: (2, 8, 1) Lithium: (2, 1)

3p + 4n
11p + 12n

Similarity: They have one valence electron.

Difference: Sodium has three electron shells but lithium has two electron shells.

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Chemistry Matters for GCE ‘O’ Level (2 Edition): Full Solutions to Textbook Questions Chapter 5

IT Learning Room (page 85)

Your presentation should include:

(a) John Dalton — Described the atom as a small, solid indivisible ball.

J. J. Thomson — Described the atom as consisting of small, negatively-charged particles surrounded

by a ‘sea’ or ‘cloud’ of positive charges.

Ernest Rutherford — Described the atom as consisting of mainly empty space, with a small,
positively-charged nucleus at the centre. The electrons are moving around the nucleus.

(b) • Dalton described the atom as a small and dense solid ball. In his model, the atom is indivisible
and sub-atomic particles do not exist.
• Unlike Dalton’s model, both J. J. Thomson’s and Rutherford’s models described the atom as
consisting of sub-atomic particles. These sub-atomic particles were either negatively charged or
positively charged.
• Thomson called the negatively-charged particles electrons. He proposed that, since the atom is
electrically neutral, these negatively-charged particles must be contained within a spherical ‘sea
of positive charges’.
• Unlike the other two models, Rutherford’s model described the atom as consisting of mostly
empty space. The positive charge was concentrated at the nucleus, while the negatively-charged
electrons moved around the nucleus.

(c) • The model of the atom we know today consists of a nucleus containing protons and neutrons.
Electrons move around the nucleus in regions called electron shells.
• All three models did not describe the existence of electron shells and neutrons. Thomson’s model
described the positive charge of an atom to be spread around in a sphere, while in the current
model they are concentrated in the nucleus. Dalton’s model did not account for any sub-atomic
particles.

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Chemistry Matters for GCE ‘O’ Level (2 Edition): Full Solutions to Textbook Questions Chapter 5

Get it Right (page 86)

(a) False. The components of an atom can be labelled as shown:

electron

nucleus containing
protons and neutrons

(b) False. The nucleon number of an atom is the total number of protons and neutrons in an atom.
12
(c) False. An atom of carbon can be represented by 6 C . Its proton number is 6 and its nucleon number
is 12.
(d) True
(e) True

Let’s Review (pages 86–87)

Section A: Multiple-Choice Questions

1. D 2. A 3. B 4. B 5. C 6. A

Section B: Structured Questions

1. (a) 9
(b) 30
(c) Carbon
(d) Chlorine consists of two stable isotopes: chlorine-35 and chlorine-37.

2. (a) Atoms with the same number of protons but a different number of neutrons
(b)
Isotope
Per atom 12 14
6 C 6 C
Number of protons 6 6
Number of electrons 6 6
Number of neutrons 6 8

3. (a)
Type of atom 107
Ag 109
Ag
47 47
Relative percentage present 51.4% 48.6%
Protons in one atom 47 47
Electrons in one atom 47 47
Neutrons in one atom 60 62
(b) Isotopes

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Chemistry Matters for GCE ‘O’ Level (2 Edition): Full Solutions to Textbook Questions Chapter 5

Section C: Free-Response Questions

1. (a) (i) 2
(ii) 4
(b) (i)

8p
8n

(ii) 2, 6

3
2. (a) (i) 1T
(ii) T2O
(b) (i) 2
(ii) 2
(iii) 3

Chemistry Today (page 88)

1 16 2 1 16 3 2 16 2 2 16 3 3 16 3 1 17 2 1 17 3 2 17 2 2 17 3 3 17 3
(a) H O H, H O H, H O H, H O H, H O H, H O H, H O H, H O H, H O H, H O H,
1 18 2 1 18 3 2 18 2 2 18 3 3 18 3
H O H, H O H, H O H, H O H, H O H
1 16
(b) H and O are the most commonly occurring isotope of hydrogen and oxygen in nature.
(c) It can be used to help trace the origin of drinks or help criminal investigators identify the geographic
travels of crime suspects.

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