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Understanding Pathophysiology 7th Edition

Huether
Test Bank
Chapter01:CellularBiology
Huether:UnderstandingPathophysiology,7thEdition

MULTIPLECHOICE

1. Astudentisobservinga
cellunderthemicroscope.ItisobservedtohavesupercoiledDNAwithhistones. Which ofthe
following would alsobe observed by thestudent?
a. Asinglecircularchromosome
b. Anucleus
c. Free-floatingnuclearmaterial
d. Noorganelles
ANS:B
The cell described is a eukaryotic cell, so it has histones and a supercoiled DNA within
itsnucleus; thus, the nucleus should be observed. A single circular chromosome called
aprokaryotecontains free-floatingnuclear materialbut has noorganelles.

2. A nurse is instructing the staff about cellular functions. Which cellular function is the
nursedescribingwhenanisolatedcellabsorbsoxygenandusesittotransformnutrientstoenergy?
a. Metabolicabsorption
b. Communication
c. Secretion
d. Respiration
ANS:D
The cell’s ability to absorb oxygen is referred to as respiration while its communication
abilityinvolves maintenanceofasteadNyUdRySnaImNiG
cT
staBt.
e,CmOeM
tabolic absorption provides nutrition,
and
secretionallowsfor thesynthesizing ofnew substances.

3. A eukaryotic cell is undergoing DNA replication. In which region of the cell would most
ofthegeneticinformation becontained?
a. Mitochondria
b. Ribosome
c. Nucleolus
d. Nucleuscytoplasm
ANS:C
Theregionofthe cellthatcontainsgeneticmaterial,includingalarge amountofribonucleicacid,
most of the DNA, and DNA-binding proteins, is the nucleolus, which is located withinthe
cell’s nucleus. Mitochondria is associated with cellular respiration while ribosomes
areinvolved with protein manufacturing. Cytoplasm is a fluid filling that is a component of
thecell.

4. Which of the following can remove proteins attached to the cell’s bilayer by dissolving
thelayeritself?
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a. Peripheralmembraneproteins
b. Integralmembraneproteins
c. Glycoproteins
d. Celladhesionmolecules
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ANS:B
Proteins directly attached to the membrane bilayer can be removed by the action of
integralmembrane proteins that dissolve the bilayer. Peripheral membrane proteins reside
at thesurface while cell adhesion molecules are on the outside of the membrane.
Glycoproteinmarkscells and does notfloat.

5. Whichofthe followingcan bind toplasmamembranereceptors?

a. Oxygen
b. Ribosomes
c. Amphipathiclipids
d. Ligands
ANS:D
Ligandsaretheonlyspecificmoleculesthatcanbindwith receptorsonthe cellmembrane.

6. Anurseisreviewingareportfromapatientwithmetastaticcancer. Whatalternationin
theextracellularmatrix would support the diagnosis of metastaticcancer?
a. Decreasedfibronectin
b. Increasedcollagen
c. Decreasedelastin
d. Increasedglycoproteins
ANS:A
Only a reduced amount of fibronectin is found in some types of cancerous cells,
allowingthemto travel or metastasize.

7. Whichformof cellcommunicationisusedtorelatetoothercellsindirectphysicalcontact?
a. Celljunction
b. Gapjunction
c. Desmosome
d. Tight junction
ANS:A
Celljunctionshold cellstogetherandpermitmolecules topassfrom cellto cell.Gapjunctionsallow
for cellular communication between cells. Neither desmosomes nor tight junctions
areassociatedwith cellularcommunication.

8. Pancreaticbetacellssecreteinsulin,whichinhibitssecretionofglucagonfromneighboringalphac
ells. This actionisan exampleofwhich of thefollowing signaling types?
a. Paracrine
b. Autocrine
c. Neurohormonal
d. Hormonal
ANS:A
Paracrinesignalinginvolvesthereleaseoflocal chemicalmediatorsthatarequicklytaken
up,destroyed, or immobilized, as in the case of insulin and the inhibition of the secretion
ofglucagon. None of the other options involve signaling that is associated with a local
chemicalmediator likeinsulin.

9. In cellularmetabolism,eachenzymehasahighaffinityfora:
a. solute.
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b. substrate.
c. receptor.
d. ribosome.
ANS:B
Eachenzymehasahigh affinityforasubstrate, aspecificsubstanceconverted toaproductofthe
reaction. Cellular metabolism is not dependent on an attraction between an enzyme
andanyofthe remaining options.

10. An athlete runs a marathon, after which his muscles feel fatigued and unable to contract.
Theathleteasksthenursewhythishappened.Thenurse’sresponseisbasedon
theknowledgethattheproblem is result of a deficiency of:
a. GTP.
b. AMP.
c. ATP.
d. GMP.
ANS:C
WhenATPis deficient,impairedmuscle contractionresults.
Noneoftheotheroptionsareinvolvedin muscle contraction.

11. Whichphaseofcatabolism producesthemost ATP?

a. Digestion
b. Glycolysis
c. Oxidation
d. Citricacidcycle
ANS:D
WhilesomeATPis producedduring theoxidation andglycolysis phases,most
oftheATPisgeneratedduring thecitricacid cycle.Digestion does not produceanyATP.

12. A nurse is teaching the staff about the phases of cellular catabolism. Which phases should
thenurseinclude?
a. Digestion,glycolysis,oxidation,andthecitricacidcycle
b. Diffusion,osmosis,andmediatedtransport
c. Sphase,Gphase,andMphase
d. Metabolicabsorption,respiration,andexcretion
ANS:A
Onlydigestion,glycolysis,oxidation,and
thecitricacidcyclearethephasesofcellularcatabolism.

13. Arunnerhasdepletedalltheoxygenavailableformuscleenergy. Whichofthe

followingwillfacilitatehis continued muscle performance?
a. Electron-transportchain
b. Aerobicglycolysis
c. Anaerobicglycolysis
d. Oxidativephosphorylation
ANS:C
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Whennooxygenis available,anaerobicglycolysisoccurs. The electron-transportchainis partof

the citric acid cycle. Aerobic glycolysis involves the presence of oxygen.
Oxidativephosphorylation is the mechanism by which the energy produced from
carbohydrates, fats,andproteins is transferred toATP. It isnot part ofmuscleperformance.

14. Afacultymember asksastudentto identifytheappropriate term forthemovement ofasolutefrom

an area of greater to lesser concentration. Which answer indicates the nursing
studentunderstoodthe teaching?
a. Osmosis
b. Diffusion
c. Hydrostaticpressure
d. Activetransport
ANS:B
Diffusionisthemovementofasolutemolecule fromanareaofgreater soluteconcentrationtoan area
of lesser solute concentration through a permeable membrane. Osmosis is themovement of
water across a semipermeable membrane from a region of higher
waterconcentrationtooneoflowerconcentration.Hydrostaticpressureistheforceoffluidagainstacel
l membrane.In activetransport,molecules moveup aconcentrationgradient.

15. Whichdescriptionaccuratelydescribeselectrolytes?
a. Smalllipid-solublemolecules
b. Largeproteinmolecules
c. MicronutrientsusedtoproduceATP
d. Electricallychargedmolecules
ANS:D
Electrolytesare electrically chaNrgUeR
d SmIoN
leG
cuTleBs.
.TChOeM
y arenot lipid soluble, they arenot made
upofprotein, andthey do notplay arolein ATPproduction.

16. Anurseis readinga chartand seesthe termoncoticpressure.Thenurserecalls

thatoncoticpressure(colloid osmotic pressure) is determinedby:
a. theconcentrationofsodium.
b. plasmaproteins.
c. hydrostaticpressure.
d. theavailabilityofmembranetransporterproteins.
ANS:B
Oncotic pressure is determined by the effect of colloids or plasma proteins. The
concentrationof sodium plays a role in tonicity. Hydrostatic pressure is the force within a
vessel. Membranetransporterproteins areinvolvedin activetransportwithin a
concentrationgradient.

17. Apatient hasabodyfluid of300 mOsm/kg. Thislab resultis measuring:

a. osmolality.
b. osmolarity.
c. osmoticpressure.
d. oncoticpressure.
ANS:A
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Osmolality measures the number of milliosmoles per kilogram of water, or the

concentrationof molecules per weight of water, while osmolarity measures the number of
milliosmoles perliter of solution, or the concentration of molecules per volume of solution.
Osmotic pressure istheamount of hydrostaticpressurerequired toopposethe
osmoticmovementof water.
Oncoticpressureis fromplasmaproteins, notbodyfluids.

18. A nurse is discussing the movement of fluid across the arterial end of capillary
membranesinto the interstitial fluid surrounding the capillary. Which process of fluid
movement is thenursedescribing?
a. Hydrostaticpressure
b. Osmosis
c. Diffusion
d. Activetransport
ANS:A
Blood reaching the capillary bed has a hydrostatic pressure of 25–30 mm Hg, which
issufficient force to push water across the thin capillary membranes into the interstitial
space.Osmosis involves the movement of fluid from an area of higher concentration to an
area oflowerconcentration.Itdoesnotinvolvepressureorforce.Diffusionisthe
passivemovementof a solute from an area of higher solute concentration to an area of lower
soluteconcentration.Activetransport involves movementup aconcentration gradient.

19. Howarepotassium andsodium transportedacross plasmamembranes?

a. Bypassiveelectrolyte channels
b. Bycoupledchannels
c. Byadenosinetriphosphateenzyme (ATPase)
d. Bydiffusion
ANS:C
The transporter protein ATPase is directly related to sodium and potassium transport
viaactivetransport.Electrolyte movementsrequireenergy anddonot movepassively,nor
aretheytransportedbydiffusion. Enzymes,notelectrolytes,arepassedviacoupledchannels.

20. Theiontransporterthat movesNa+andCa2+ simultaneouslyinthesame

directionisanexampleof which of the following types of transport?
a. Biport
b. Uniport
c. Antiport
d. Symport
ANS:D
When ions are transported in one direction, it is termed symport. There is no such term
asbiport.Uniportrefers tothemovement
ofasinglemolecule.Antiportreferstothemovementofmolecules in theoppositedirection.

21. Duringwhich processarebacteriaengulfed foringestion?

a. Endocytosis
b. Pinocytosis
c. Phagocytosis
d. Exocytosis
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ANS:C
Phagocytosis(celleating)involvestheingestionoflargeparticles,suchasbacteria, throughthe
formation of large vesicles. Endocytosis involves the formation of vesicles to
facilitatemovement into the cell. Pinocytosis is a type of endocytosis in which fluids and
solutemolecules are ingested through the formation of small vesicles. Exocytosis occurs
whencoatedpitsinvaginate andinternalizeligand-receptorcomplexes incoatedvesicles.

22. Some cancer drugs work during the cell cycle phase where nuclear and cytoplasmic
divisionsoccur.What is this cell cycle phasecalled?
a. G1
b. S
c. M
d. G2
ANS:C
The M phase includes both nuclear and cytoplasmic divisions. The G 1phase includes
theperiodbetweenthe Mphaseandthe startofDNA synthesis. TheS phaseincludes
synthesisofDNAin the cell nucleus. TheG2phaseincludes RNAand protein synthesis.

23. Which causes the rapid change in the resting membrane potential that initiates an
actionpotential?
a. Potassiumgatesopen,andpotassiumrushesintothecell,changingthemembranepotent
ialfrom negativeto positive.
b. Sodiumgatesopen,andsodiumrushesintothecell,changingthemembranepotent
ialfrom negativeto positive.
c. Sodiumgatesclose,allowing potassiumintothecell tochangethe
membranepotential from positive to nN
egUaR
tivSeI
.
d. Potassiumgatesclose,allowingsodiumintothecell tochangethemembrane
potentialfrompositiveto negative.
ANS:B
Whenthethreshold isreached,the cellwillcontinuetodepolarizewith nofurtherstimulation.The
sodium gates open, and sodium rushes into the cell, causing the membrane potential toreduce
to zero and then become positive (depolarization). Sodium is involved in creating theaction
potential, not potassium. The sodium gate and channel must be open, not closed.
Theactionpotential is not affected by a changein thepotassium gate.

24. Acellisisolated,andelectrophysiologystudiesrevealthattherestingmembranepotentialis
–70 mV. The predominant intracellular ion is Na+, and the predominant extracellular ion
isK+.With voltagechange,whichof thefollowingwould resultin anactionpotential?
a. K+rushinginto thecell
b. Na+rushingintothecell
c. Na+rushing outof the cell
d. K+rushing outof thecell

ANS:A
Withvoltagechange, potassiumrushes into,not outof,thecell.Sodium movementis
notrelatedto this process.

25. A nurse teaching the staff about platelet-derived growth factor includes information
thatplatelet-derivedgrowth factor (PDGF)stimulatestheproduction of:
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a. platelets.
b. epidermalcells.
c. connectivetissuecells.
d. fibroblastcells.
ANS:C
Different types of cells require different growth factors; for example, PDGF stimulates
theproductionofconnective tissuecells,butnotplatelets,epidermalcells,or fibroblastcells.

26. The phase of the cell cycle during which the centromeres split and the sister chromatids
arepulledapart is referred toas:
a. anaphase.
b. telophase.
c. prophase.
d. metaphase.
ANS:A
Anaphasebeginswhenthecentromeressplitandthesisterchromatidsare
pulledapart.Duringtelophase, a new nuclear membrane is formed around each group of 46
chromosomes, thespindle fibers disappear, and the chromosomes begin to uncoil. During
prophase, the
firstappearanceofchromosomesoccurs.Metaphaseoccurswhentwocentrioleslocatedatoppositep
oles of thecellpull the chromosomes toopposite sides of thecell.

27. Whatistheroleofcytokinesincellreproduction?
a. Providegrowthfactorfor tissuegrowthanddevelopment.
b. Blockprogressofcellreproductionthroughthecellcycle.
c. Restraincellgrowthand development.
d. Providenutrients for cellgrNoU
wRthSaI
ndNG
deTvB
el.
opCmOeMnt.
ANS:A
Cytokines play a major role in the regulation of tissue growth and development but do
notrestrain it. Cytokines help overcome intracellular braking mechanisms that restrain
cellgrowthand promotecell growth, butthey do not provide nutrients.

28. Astudentis reviewingfunctionsof thecell. Thestudentwould becorrect

inidentifyingachieffunction ofthe nervecell as:
a. sensoryinterpretation.
b. conductivity.
c. maintenanceofhomeostasis.
d. communication.
ANS:B
Conductivity,notsensoryinterpretation,homeostasis,orcommunication,isoneoftheeightchieff
unctions of nerve cells.

MULTIPLERESPONSE

1. Anurserecallsthatthebasictypesoftissuesare:(Selectallthatapply.)
a. nerve.
b. epithelial.
c. mucosal.
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d. connective.
e. skeletal.
f. muscle.
ANS:A,B,D,F
The basic tissue types include nerve, epithelial, connective, and muscle. Mucosal is a type
ofepithelialcell while skeletal is atype ofconnectivetissue.

2. Characteristicsofprokaryotes includewhich ofthefollowing?(Selectall thatapply.)

a. Theycontain noorganelles.
b. Theirnuclearmaterialisnotencasedby anuclearmembrane.
c. Theycontain adistinct nucleus.
d. Theycontainhistones.
e. Theycontaina cellularmembrane.
ANS:A,B
Theprokaryoteslackacellularmembranethat
encasesnuclearmaterial,thustheyhavenodistinctnucleus; organelles and histones
arealsomissing.