기계요소설계

Objectives

1. 기계요소에 대한 개념과 중요 설계 이론을 배움

2. 축, 스프링, 기어 등의 주요 요소들에 대해서 배움
3. 고체역학 이론을 기반으로 재료의 강도 등의 개념을 배우
고 기계요소를 설계하는데 적용함
4. 기계의 수명에 대해서 예측을 하는 방법을 배움
5. 기계요소설계에 필요한 이론을 배우고 적용함
6. 기본적인 기계설계에 대한 문제를 연습함

기계요소설계 Ch. 1-2

 Evaluation method

List Percentage Measurement

Mid and Final

75% n Knowledge about mechanical designs
tests

Homework and
15% Measure scores of some problems
n
Reports

nSmall projects during courses will be

Projects 0%
evaluated.

Attendance
and 10%
participation
Sum 100%

기계요소설계 Ch. 1-3

 Contents

1. Introduction of solid mechanics

2. Failure prevention 1: Static failure theory
3. Failure prevention 2: Dynamic fatigue theory
4. Design of mechanical elements
(Shaft, Gear and Joint)
기계요소설계 Ch. 1-4
 The purpose of mechanical design

• When and why engineers or scientists design ?

• The mutual relationship between designers, customers, and users

– Mutual understanding
– Conflict of interest
– Ethical questions

Client
• Design Statement
– Airplane
– A wheel chair; an invalid chair

Designer User

기계요소설계 Ch. 1-5

 Engineering design process

Statement Define engineering

from customer problem 1-4
(Requirement)
Verification
Conceptual Design
of Design
(Preliminary design) 5-6

Intermediate Design 7-8

Detail Design 9

Development of Final product

(Detail description) Communication
for designs 10

Verification of Design
Product
(Measurement)
(satisfying requirement)

기계요소설계 Ch. 1-6

 Define engineering problem 실습

성인 5명이 탈 수 있는 자동차를 설계 제작 해라.

1. Define engineering problem을 수행해라.

2. Conceptual design 을 수행해라.

기계요소설계 Ch. 1-7

 1-2 Mechanical Engineering Design

기계요소설계 Ch. 1-8

 Science V.S. Engineering

Engineering: Science + Art

“Science may be defined as any

organized body of knowledge. Art may
be thought of as a skill or set of skills
acquired through a combination of
study, observation, practice, and
experience, or by intuitive capability or
creative insight.” -Collins, p. 1

기계요소설계 Ch. 1-9

 The purpose of mechanical design (Cont’)

기계요소설계 Ch. 1-10

 The purpose of mechanical design (Cont’)

기계요소설계 Ch. 1-11

 Introduction of design of machine (elements)

Two primary phases of design

1. Inventive phase-creative aspect

*Makes a design unique or clever

2. Engineering phase-understanding of
physical reality aspect *Makes a design
work

기계요소설계 Ch. 1-12

 Understanding of physical reality
(물리현상 이해의 중요성)

Theoretical results & Empirical results

1. Theory helps us understand physical

phenomena so that we can address design
at a fundamental level

2. Theory often falls short, however, in

describing complex phenomena, so we
muse use empirical results.
기계요소설계 Ch. 1-13
1-3 Interaction between Design Process Elements
Modeling Process (1)

formulation
Real System Model

deduction

Real Conclusions Model Conclusions

interpretation

기계요소설계 Ch. 1-14

 Some considerations

- Codes and Standards

- Economics
- Uncertainty
- Design Factor and Factor of Safety
- Reliability
- Units

기계요소설계 Ch. 1-15

 Codes and Standards

• Standard: 한국산업규격㉿
– A set of specifications for parts, materials, or processes
intended to achieve uniformity, efficiency and a specified
quality
• Code
– A set of specifications for the analysis, design, manufacture,
and construction of something to achieve a specified degree of
safety, efficiency, and performance or quality

기계요소설계 Ch. 1-16

 Economics

• Standard Sizes
– The use of standard or stock sizes is a first
principle of cost reduction.
• Large Tolerances
– Among the effects of design specifications
on costs, those of tolerances are perhaps
most significant.
• Breakeven Points
– Fig. 1-4
• Cost Estimates
– There are many ways of obtaining relative
cost figures so that two or more designs can Figure 1-4 A breakeven point
be roughly compared. A certain amount of
judgment may be required in some
instances.

기계요소설계 Ch. 1-17

 Uncertainty

– Material properties
– Load variability
– Fabrication fidelity
– Validity of mathematical models
• Deterministic method
– Design factor, Factor of safety
loss - of - function parameter
nd =
maximum allowable parameter
– Example 1-1
• Stochastic method
– Statistical nature of design parameters
– Reliability: probability of survival of the design’s function
• 99.4% reliability?
0 £ R <1
기계요소설계 Ch. 1-18
 Design Factor and Factor of Safety
Factor of Safety, nd

– Measure of the designer’s uncertainty in the analytical models,

failure theories, material-property data used
– Ratio of two quantities w/ the same units
• Strength/stress, critical load/applied load, maximum cycles/applied
cycles
• How to choose ?
– Level of confidence in the model
– Knowledge of the range of possible in-service loading conditions
– Confidence in the available material-strength information
– Ex. Commercial aircraft (1.2~1.5), military aircraft (1.1), missile (1.0)
– Ex. factors used to determine safety factor for ductile materials
• Material-property data available from tests
• Environmental conditions in which it will be used
• Analytical models for loading and stress

기계요소설계 Ch. 1-19

 Reliability

• Series System – a system that is deemed to have failed if

any component within the system fails
• The overall reliability of a series system is the product of
the reliabilities of the individual components.
n
R = Õ Ri (1-5)
i =1

• Example: A shaft with two bearings having reliabilities of

95% and 98% has an overall reliability of
R = R1 R2 = 0.95 (0.98) = 0.93 or 93%

Shigley’s Mechanical
기계요소설계 Engineering Design Ch. 1-20
 Units and Preferred Units
Units (1)

ìï F = MLT -2 (absolute sysem of units)

force, mass, length, time
F = ma ¾¾ ¾ ¾ ¾ ¾¾®í
ïîM = FT 2 L-1 (gravitational sysem of units)

• Base units: units chosen for any three of quantities

• Derived unit: the fourth unit
• U.S. custom: gravitational systems
– Base units: force, length, time
FT 2 ìlbf × sec 2 ft ® slugs (fps:foot-pound-second system)
M= Þí 2
L îlbf × sec in (ips:inch-pound-second system)

• International System of Units (SI, mks)

– Base units: mass, length, time
FL 2
F= 2
Þ kg × m sec =N
T

기계요소설계 Ch. 1-21

 Units and Preferred Units
Units (2)

(mass « weight ) m = W g = 9.81 m s 2 = 32.17 ft s 2 = 386 in s 2

g
( )
ì(1slug ) 32.2 ft s 2 = 32.2lbf
ï
( )(
W = mg = í 1lbf × s 2 in 386 in s 2 = 386lbf)
ï(1kg ) 9.81 m s 2 = 9.81N
( )
î
• Preferred Units
– As a general rule, it is both convenient and practice to select
prefixes such that the number strings will contain no more
than four digits to the left of the decimal point.
– Stress(kpsi, MPa), hydraulic pressure(psi, kPa), force(lbf,
kN), second moment of inertia(in4, cm4)
• Ex: deflection of an end-loaded cantilever beam of circular
cross section (F=1.30kN, l=300mm, d=2.5cm, E=207GPa)
64 Fl 3 64(1.30)(300)3 (kilo)(milli)3 3
3 é 10 (10 )
-3 3
ù
y= 4
= 4 4
= é
ë 29.48(10) ù
û ê -2 4 9 ú
= 29.48(10) -4 m
3p d E 3p (2.5) (207) (centi) (giga) ë (10 ) (10 ) û
= 2.948mm
기계요소설계 Ch. 1-22