Figures

The applications of research

Types of research

The research journey

The research process
The chapters in the book in relation to the operational steps

Developing a theoretical framework – the relationship between mortality and fertility

Theoretical framework for the study ‘community responsiveness in health’
Sample of outline of a literature review

Dissecting the subject area of domestic violence into subareas

Steps in formulating a research problem – alcoholism
Formulating a research problem – the relationship between fertility and mortality
Narrowing a research problem – health
Characteristics of objectives

Types of variable
Types of variable in a causal relationship
Independent, dependent and extraneous variables in a causal relationship
Sets of variables in counselling and marriage problems
Independent, dependent, extraneous and intervening variables
Active and attribute variables

The process of testing a hypothesis

Two-by-two factorial experiment to study the relationship between MCH, NS and infant mortality
Types of hypothesis
Type I and Type II errors in testing a hypothesis

Factors affecting the relationship between a counselling service and the extent of marital problems
The relationship between teaching models and comprehension
The proportion attributable to the three components may vary markedly
Building into the design

Types of study design

Before-and-after (pre-test/post-test) study design
The regression effect
The longitudinal study design
Retrospective study design
Prospective study design
Retrospective-prospective study design
 Experimental and non-experimental studies
Randomisation in experiments
The after-only design
Measurement of change through a before-and-after design
The control experimental design
Double-control designs
Comparative experimental design
The placebo design
The cross-over experimental design
The replicated cross-sectional design
Action research design

Methods of data collection

A three-directional rating scale
Types of interview
Example 1: Where to go? A study of occupational mobility among immigrants
Example 2: Occupational redeployment – a study of occupational redeployment among state
government employees
Examples of closed questions
Examples of open-ended questions

An example of a categorical scale

An example of a seven-point numerical scale
An example of a scale with statements reflecting varying degrees of an attitude
The procedure for constructing a Likert scale
Scoring positive and negative statements
Calculating an attitudinal score
The procedure for constructing the Thurstone scale

The concept of sampling

Types of sampling in quantitative research
The procedure for using a table of random numbers
The procedure for selecting a simple random sample
The procedure for selecting a stratified sample
The concept of cluster sampling
Snowball sampling
The procedure for selecting a systematic sample
Systematic sampling

Steps in data processing

Example of questions from a survey
Some selected responses to the open-ended question in Figure 15.2
Some questions from a survey – respondent 3
Some questions from a survey – respondent 59
Some questions from a survey – respondent 81
An example of coded data on a code sheet
Manual analysis using graph paper