Shapiro, Tuckman & Corey, 2008 Group

Stages of Group Development Peltz & Jensen, Member

Bernadett- 1977 Questions
Shapiro,
1998
Stage One: Preparation Forming Formation 1. Will I be
 Written proposal Orientation accepted
 Publicity and Recruitment 1. Purpose of
or rejected
 Screening/Selection Process the Group by the
 Publicized Group Logistics 2. Trust group?
 Introduction to the Group: First 3. Belonging 2. How
discussion related to purpose of the 4. Learning the much do I
basic structure
group. of the group
want to
 Breaking the Ice/Orientation (toward 5. Learning reveal
one another and toward group) how to myself?
 Ground Rules/Structuring the group function in the 3. Do I
 Hesitant Preparation/Anxiety and group want to
Insecurity/Awkwardness take risks
 Group members portraying an image to and how
group safe is it in
 Member expectations for group the group
revealed to take
 Searching for meaning and purpose of risks?
the group experience 4. Can I
 Dealing with resistance (group, leader, really trust
group members, etc.) these
 Finding connection/healthy dependency people?
between group members 5. Do I fit
 Establishing safety, trust and cohesion and belong
 Establishing group norms in here?
(Unconscious/subconscious/conscious
patterns of interaction within the group.
e.g. Who is the group member-leader?
How does the conversation flow? Who
is least likely to participate? etc.)
 Establishing personal goals for group
 Therapeutic factors may start to emerge
Stage Two: Transition Storming Transition 1. Am I
Norming 1. Increasing
 Establishing safety, trust and being
responsibility
cohesion/Managing anxiety for what
accepted
 Establishing group norms – productive? happens in or rejected
 Challenges and Conflict (may occur with group and by the
group leader and/or among group what one is group?
members) “Who is in charge?” getting out of 2. What
group.
 Dealing with resistance* 2. Being open,
happens
 Uncovering options for group members genuine and when I or
 Creativity in approach to problems honest others
 Ownership of one’s own participation in 3. Dealing with reveal
group (Internal locus of control) conflicts and ourselves?
problems
 Motivated group members 3. What
  Quiet group members are “drawn out” happens
 Group is able to face the “tough” issues when
 Emotions are normal part of group people
sharing take risks
 Therapeutic factors may start to emerge in this
 Group becomes more comfortable with group?
a here and now focus 4. Can I
really trust
these
people and
the leader?
5. What
am I
getting
from this?
Stage Three: Treatment Performing Working 1. What
 Established safety, trust and cohesion Consolidation am I
1. Open,
 Established group norms, including a genuine
learning?
here and now focus communication 2. How am
 Therapeutic factors emerge 2. Free, I
 Unfolding of group member needs, productive changing?
problems, specific strategies for interactions 3. How can
3. New coping
working on goals and problem
the group
 Group members go in depth to work on solving skills help me
problems – this may include catharsis, emerge with this
confrontation, challenging one another, 4. Conflict is problem?
receiving feedback from one another. dealt with 4. What
directly and
 Group time is mostly productive and effectively
should I tell
group members are able to talk with 5. Group the group
one another directly. members are about
 Specific work is done on group member accountable to what this
problems –theoretical framework one another. experience
 Complete homework that allows group means to
members to transfer new insight and me?
skills outside of the group
 Group members are able to report
specific changes that are being made
 Work through unresolved conflicts and
unfinished business inside of the group
 Counting down to termination (inviting
group members to work)

Stage Four: Termination Adjourning Consolidation 1. What

 Summarize progress of the group and Evaluation/ will I take
Follow up
group members 1. Group
away from
 Identify what components of individual members think this group?
goals have been accomplished and what about what 2. How will
group members are committed to they have I keep
working on that is goal related after learned and working on
 group ends what they will my goals
 Group members have an opportunity to do with what after the
they have
report on the meaning of the group learned.
group
experience 2. Group experience
 Group members report on what they members think is over?
have learned and what they will do with about the 3. Do
this insight impact of the people
group
 Group members have an opportunity to experience and
notice that
hear about the changes the group what the group I have
leader has noticed means to them. changed?
 Group members have an opportunity to 3. Group 4. How will
say good-bye to one another members hear I take what
feedback from
 Group members evaluate group members and
I have
experience. group leader. learned in
group and
apply it to
my life?

Basic Group Counseling Skills

Basic Group Counseling Description of Skills

Skills

(A) Reframing (A) Providing another way to view the content of the message that is positive

(B) Asking the group member or the group to go in another direction

(B) Redirecting

Blocking Direct intervention by the group leader that stops the flow of conversation,
emotional intensity, etc.

Blocking is more abrupt than redirection. When blocking, the group leader has
decided that the content is too disruptive and/or destructive to the group to allow it
to continue.

Group leaders must take care to use correct words, tone of voice, body language to
demonstrate respect and care for the individual being blocked.

Linking Noticing themes, ideas and connections between messages that are being shared by
group members. This can also include nonverbal communication or the
observation of body language, energy within the group, etc.
Facilitating Feedback Creating opportunities for group members to provide sufficient honest feedback
Exchange about how the group member is being experienced. Group leaders may often
model how this feedback can be given to a specific group member prior to inviting
group members to give feedback with one another.

1. Identifying old patterns

2. Connecting the dots

3. Providing a vision for the future

Receiving Feedback Group leaders point out that group members are receiving feedback and that it is
okay to absorb the information without having to respond to it right away. They are
also able to think about what portions of the feedback that apply or do not apply to
them.

It is important for the group leader to follow up with the member about the
feedback that is received.