2.

Directed Energy Deposition (DED)

Directed energy deposition (DED) utilizes welding principles to create three-
dimensional objects. The material - typically metal wire or powder - is melted by a
focused energy source like a laser or electron beam. The liquid material is then precisely
poured onto the build platform, where it quickly hardens, forming a layer. This process
repeats until the object is finished printing.

One of DED’s significant benefits is that it can be used for more than just item creation;
it can also repair and add material to existing parts or preforms. Additionally, it can
utilize multiple materials in a single printing process.

3. Material Extrusion
Material extrusion works similarly to a hot glue gun. The material feeds into the printer
from a coil. The tip of the nozzle heats and melts the material. The liquid material is
then placed layer by layer on the build platform, where it can cool and solidify, forming
the object.

Many businesses, and even recreational users, enjoy material extrusion, because of its
low-cost equipment and materials. 

While this method is the most inexpensive method of additive manufacturing, material
extrusion isn’t without its limitations. Since the heating elements aren’t powerful
enough to melt high-density materials like metal, you’re limited to using only plastic
polymers - which may not be durable enough for some applications, such as tooling and
fixturing.

4. Powder Bed Fusion (PBF)

Powder bed fusion, otherwise known as electron beam melting (EBM), starts with a
large bed of powdered material, typically plastic, metal, sand, or ceramic powders
mixed with sand. 

The powder is selectively fused together using a laser or electron beam. Once a layer of
material is fused, the working area moves down, and the new layer is built on top using
the same process.

With PBF, there’s a high complexity level to the objects, making them stronger than
objects created by some other types of additive manufacturing. Since it requires a bed of
powder, it is difficult to maintain a clean working environment. This method is not the
best option for tight spaces that aren’t set up to handle powdered materials.

Interested in learning more about additive manufacturing? Check out these other blog
topics:

 The Additive Manufacturing Process

  3D Printing for Additive Manufacturing - What You Need To Know