Praktikumsunterlagen Korrosion Teil1 2017

PR Materialanalytik Corrosion and Passivity SS 2017
Corrosion and Passivity

Objectives: The basics of iron corrosion, hydrogen evolution and passive layer formation are
to be developed.
1. Theoretical background
1.1 Corrosion
Corrosion is the degradation of materials as a result of their interaction with the
environment. The different types of interactions can be identified as mechanical (abrasion),
physical (UV embrittlement), or (electro-) chemical (external potential control).
Electrochemical corrosion is therefore the dissolution of a material under potential control.
Different electrochemical reactions can occur simultaneously at one electrode during

electrochemical corrosion:
Anodic: 𝑀𝑒 → 𝑀𝑒 𝑧+ + 𝑧 𝑒 − Metal dissolution (1)

Cathodic: 2𝐻3 𝑂+ + 2𝑒 − → 𝐻2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 Acid corrosion (2)
or 𝑂2 + 2𝐻2 𝑂 + 4𝑒 − → 4𝑂𝐻 − Oxygen corrosion (3)
The metal dissolution and the cathodic counter reaction can partly or even completely
compensate. Since oxygen is almost always present in technical systems, hydrogen evolution
and oxygen reduction are the possible cathodic reactions taking place under these
conditions (see figure 1). Therefore, the predominant reaction will depend on the electrode
metal which is used, as well as the oxygen concentration in the electrolyte and the pH value
of the electrolyte.
Figure 1. Oxygen corrosion in neutral solution. The cathodic curve corresponds to oxygen reduction with
hydrogen evolution superimposed at negative potentials. The anodic partial current densities arise from metal
dissolution: copper dissolution takes place in the potential region corresponding to the beginning of the oxygen
reduction curve, iron dissolution takes place in the region where oxygen reduction is transport limited; from [1].
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Figure 2 depicts the complete current density-potential diagram (polarization curve) for
uniform acid corrosion of iron group elements.
𝑖𝑎
|𝑖𝑐 |
Figure 2. Current potential diagram for uniform acid corrosion of iron group elements: representation of two
reactions taking place at the same electrode: (a) current densities, (b) logarithms ln |i|; from [2].
with:
𝜀𝑅 : corrosion potential (= 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 ) 𝑖𝑠 : sum current density (overlap of the
independent partial current-potential curves
𝑖𝑘 : corrosion current density (= 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 ) 𝑖𝑀𝑒 and 𝑖𝐻2 .
𝑖𝐻0 : hydrogen exchange current density 0
𝑖𝑀𝑒 : metal exchange current density
In all polarization curves the total current density 𝑖 is given by the sum of the partial anodic
current density (𝑖𝑎 ) and the partial cathodic current density (𝑖𝑐 ) described by equation (4):
𝑖 = 𝑖𝑎 + 𝑖𝑐 (4)
By convention, the anodic current density is positive (𝑖𝑎 > 0) and the cathodic current density
is negative (𝑖𝑐 < 0).
The value of the total current density can vary depending on the mechanisms that control
the evolution of the anodic and cathodic partial reactions. When the electrode is shifted
from its equilibrium situation, by the potential difference applied across the
electrode/electrolyte interface, the transfer of charged species (ions and electrons) through
this interface is influenced. For the oxidation and reduction reactions, an activation energy
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barrier (different for the two partial reactions) must be overcome which is changed upon the
applied polarization. If the interfacial reaction is slower than the other reaction steps, the
reaction rate is controlled by the activation energy for the charge transfer. As the activation
energy depends on the applied potential, the current-potential relationship follows the so-
called Butler-Volmer equation which exponentially relates the current and the potential.
For the reaction (1), in case of iron, and reaction (2), the Butler-Volmer equation can be
written as follows:
+ − 0
𝛼𝐹𝑒 · 𝑧 · 𝐹 (1 − 𝛼𝐹𝑒 ) · 𝑧 · 𝐹
𝑖𝐹𝑒 = 𝑖𝐹𝑒 + 𝑖𝐹𝑒 = 𝑖𝐹𝑒 · [exp ( 𝜂𝐹𝑒 ) − exp (− 𝜂𝐹𝑒 )] (5)
𝑅·𝑇 𝑅·𝑇
𝛼𝐻2 · 𝑧 · 𝐹 (1 − 𝛼𝐻2 ) · 𝑧 · 𝐹
𝑖𝐻2 = 𝑖𝐻+2 + 𝑖𝐻−2 = 𝑖𝐻2
0
· [exp ( 𝜂𝐻2 ) − exp (− 𝜂𝐻2 )] (6)
𝑅·𝑇 𝑅·𝑇
with:
𝑖 + : anodic current density 𝜂: overpotential
𝑖 − : cathodic current density 𝑖 0 : exchange current density
𝛼: transfer coefficient, 𝛼 ≈ 0.5 𝑧: number of exchanged electrons
The overpotential 𝜂 is the deviation of potential in presence of external current 𝐸 from the
equilibrium potential 𝐸 0 :
𝜂 = 𝐸 − 𝐸0 (7)
In the case of equations (5) and (6), the potential at which the two partial currents are
identical and add up to zero is defined as mixed potential (𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 in figure 2). At this
potential, even in absence of external current, a material conversion (corrosion and
hydrogen evolution) will occur (𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 : corrosion current density in figure 2). Under the
conditions of this experiment, when reactions (1) and (2) are superimposed, the measured
current densities are determined by the dominant process. This means that for 𝐸 > 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟
only the anodic current density from equation (5), and for 𝐸 < 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 only the cathodic
current density from equation (6) must be taken into account:
+ 0
𝛼𝐹𝑒 · 𝑧 · 𝐹
𝑖𝐹𝑒 = 𝑖𝐹𝑒 · exp ( 𝜂𝐹𝑒 ) (8)
𝑅·𝑇
0
−(1 − 𝛼𝐻2 ) · 𝑧 · 𝐹
𝑖𝐻−2 = − 𝑖𝐻2 · exp ( 𝜂𝐻2 ) (9)
𝑅·𝑇
As depicted in figure 2, since the metal dissolution reaction (𝑖𝑀𝑒 : anodic current density) and
hydrogen evolution reaction (𝑖𝐻 : cathodic current density) are the dominant reactions in
acid corrosion, the experimental values of current are determined from the anodic side by
equation (8) and from the cathodic side by equation (9). The logarithms of equations (8) and
(9) are:
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+
log |𝑖𝐹𝑒 | = log 𝑖𝑀 + 𝜂 (10)
2.303 · 𝑅 · 𝑇 𝐹𝑒
(1 − 𝛼𝐻2 ) · 𝑧 · 𝐹
log |𝑖𝐻−2 | = log 𝑖𝑀 − 𝜂𝐻2 (11)
2.303 · 𝑅 · 𝑇
The anodic and cathodic Tafel coefficients (𝛽a , 𝛽c ) can be defined from the inverse of the
slope in equations (10) and (11):
2.303 · 𝑅 · 𝑇
𝛽a = (12)
2.303 · 𝑅 · 𝑇
𝛽𝑐 = (13)
(1 − 𝛼𝐻2 ) · 𝑧 · 𝐹
If the experimental current densities are logarithmized and log |𝑖| is plotted versus the
potential E, two linear regions should be obtained: on the anodic side corresponding to
equation (10) and on the cathodic side corresponding to equation (11). The intersection of
two extrapolated lines results to the mixed potential 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 . The exchange current density at
this point is 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 (see figure 3). The anodic and cathodic Tafel coefficients (𝛽a , 𝛽c ) can be
determined from the anodic and cathodic slopes.
log |𝑖|
|𝑖𝑐 | 𝑖𝑎
log 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟
𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 𝐸
Figure 3. Representation of Evans diagram showing anodic and cathodic partial current densities and total
current density of an electrode reaction on a logarithmic scale; from [3].
1.2 Passivity
If the potential of a metal is anodically increased in an electrolyte solution in which it
passivates, corrosion of the metal is succeeded by passivation. Figure 4 depicts the typical
potentiodynamic curve of a metal, in which regions of active and passive corrosion can be
distinguished. The cathodic domain includes potentials below the 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 (= 𝜀𝑅 ) and the
current is determined by the reduction of water and dissolved oxygen (if the experiment is
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carried out under aerated conditions). The active domain starts at potentials above the
𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 and is characterized by the dissolution of the metal in form of soluble ions (hydrated or
complexed). An increase of the anodic current density with the potential can be seen in this
region due to the reaction kinetics of active metal dissolution according to the Butler-Volmer
equation.
Valve metals
(Al, Ti, Zr, Hf, …)
Figure 4. Schematic current-potential curve for an electrode undergoing open-circuit acid corrosion,
passivated by a semiconducting oxide film formed at the passivation potential 𝜀𝑝 , also showing
anodic oxygen evolution beyond the equilibrium potential 𝐸𝑂2 accompanied by transpassive increase
in metal dissolution rate. Solid curve: Total current-potential curve. Dotted: Partial current-potential
curve for metal dissolution. For curves AB, AC, and AH see the text; from [2].
with:
𝜀𝑝1 : passivation potential (= 𝐸𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 ) 𝜀𝑝 : intermediate value

𝜀𝑝2 : activation potential = Flade potential 𝜀𝑅 : corrosion potential (= 𝐸𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 )
The limiting potential at which the current starts decreasing drastically, is defined as
passivation potential 𝐸𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 (= 𝜀𝑝1 ). The passive domain starts at this potential, which is
accompanied by the drastic decrease of the current density due to the formation of a
coherent, pore-free, oxide layer of several 0.1 nm thickness that kinetically inhibits further
dissolution of metal. This layer is formed by the reaction between the metallic cations and
the anions from the electrolyte solution (O2- and OH-), and its growth rate depends on the
material/electrolyte system. The passivation continues until the Flade potential 𝜀𝑝2 is
reached, which is followed by the passive region with the passive current density 𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠
corresponding to the current density that flows during oxide formation at the surface.
Therefore, 𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 also characterizes the dissolution behaviour of the metal in the passive
potential region which is an important parameter for evaluation of the protective quality of
the passive film. Typically, 𝑖𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 is one order of magnitude lower than 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 for active
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dissolution. The transpassive domain is characterized by an increase of the current due to

uniform transpassive dissolution resulting from oxidation of the passive film as well as
oxygen evolution due to water oxidation (whenever the potential is above the reversible
potential of water oxidation). In some passive materials, the transpassive dissolution can
occur in from of pitting corrosion due to local film breakdown where the potential at this
point is called pitting potential or critical pitting potential or breakdown potential 𝐸𝑏𝑟 . This
potential indicates the end of the passive potential region and the transition from passive to
transpassive behaviour (point E in figure 4). Pitting corrosion occurs at passivated metal
surfaces due to the presence of “aggressive anions”, among which chlorides cause the most
serious problems due to their ubiquitous presence. Pitting is a complex process with a
sequence of steps that need to be studied mechanistically to understand the process. These
steps can be listed as follows: process leading to passivity breakdown, early stages of pit
growth, late stages of pit growth and repassivation phenomena.
In case of the so-called valve metals (Al, Ta, Nb, Ti, …) oxygen evolution is hardly observed,
even at very high anodic potentials. These metals form insulating oxides that can be grown
up to several 10 µm thickness and thus have asymmetric conductivity.
Passive film growth can be determined by two transfer reactions (oxygen ions at the
electrolyte / oxide phase boundary, iron ions at the metal / oxide phase boundary) and the
transport of the ions in the oxide layer (see figure 5).
Figure 5. Model of the electrode reactions occurring at the passive electrode; from [4].
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The ion transport in the protective oxide film is rate-determining only if the processes at the
phase boundaries are in equilibrium. Since ion transport in the solid requires high activation
energies for hopping over interstitials or vacancies, diffusion due to a concentration gradient
is insignificant. The charge transport is only made possible by the potential drop (Δφox ) over
the oxide film. Due to the presence of an electric field strength (Δφox /𝑑) of several 106-
107 V cm-1 within the passive film, the high field mechanism should dominate the ion
transfer across the film. The movement of charged particles in the electric field is referred to
as migration in contrast to diffusion; it enables oxide formation with current densities of up
to several A cm-2 or more. Ion transport through the solid is generally described by the high-
field model. The ions oscillate between sites of low energy (lattice sites, interstitials,
vacancies) by thermal excitation. In this case, the jump in one direction is promoted by the
electric field, and impeded in the opposite direction. From a simple kinetic approach, the
following exponential dependence on the field strength Δφox /𝑑 results in the ionic current
and thus in the oxide formation rate:
𝛼 · 𝑧 · 𝐹 · 𝛿 · Δφox
𝑖𝑂𝑋 = 𝑖0 · exp ( ) (14)
𝑅·𝑇·𝑑
with:
𝑖𝑜𝑥 : oxide forming current density 𝐹: Faraday constant, R: gas constant
𝑖0 : exchange current density δ: jumping distance
𝛼: transfer coefficient Δφox : potential decrease over oxide
𝑧: charge of migrating ion 𝑑: oxide layer thickness
The change of activation energy for ion jumping by the field strength over the distance 𝛿 is
𝑧·𝐹·𝛿· Δφox
shown in figure 6. The activation energy is thereby reduced by the amount . The
𝑑
transfer coefficient 𝛼 is between 0 and 1 and describes the form of the energy barrier. For
symmetrical curves this factor is 0.5. Since the current density can only be constant for a
constant ratio of Δφox /𝑑, it can be deduced from equation (14) that the passive layer
thickness should increase linearly with the electrode potential as described in equation (15):
𝑑 = 𝑘 · Δφox (15)
For several metals, e.g. Fe, Au, Cu or Pt, the oxide quantity and thus the layer thickness can
be determined coulometrically by cathodic reduction. In this case, in the polarization curve,
a current peak of oxide reduction is found after anodic oxidation in the cathodic direction.
The area of the reduction peak with the charge 𝑄 = ∫ 𝐼 · 𝑑𝑡 is linked to the layer thickness 𝑑
via Faraday’s law:
𝑄 · 𝑉𝑀
𝑑= (16)
𝐴·𝑧·𝐹
with:
𝑉𝑀 : molar volume 𝐴: electrode area
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Free activation enthalpy ∆G
Distance x (0.1 nm range)

range)
Figure 6. Schematic plot of the energy of migrating ions as a function of the surface distance with (b) and
without (a) electric field; from [5].
Evaluation of the oxide layer thickness must be based on a defined reaction equation with
the corresponding number of electrons. No other parasitic reactions may occur so that the
entire charge can be attributed to the reduction reaction. Moreover, the oxide layer has to
be uniform. In the case of iron in an acidic electrolyte solution, the reaction is:
𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 + 6𝐻 + + 2𝑒 − → 2𝐹𝑒 2+ + 3𝐻2 𝑂 (17)

with 𝑧 = 2.
Since this evaluation is highly approximative, other methods as optical interference

measurements can be applied to determine the oxide layer thickness. The oxides have been
investigated with UHV spectroscopy techniques in terms of their composition and structure.
In acidic solutions, the passivation potential of iron corresponds to the following equilibrium
potential:
2𝐹𝑒 2+ + 3𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 + 6𝐻 + + 2𝑒 − (18)

𝐸 0 = 0.728 𝑉 − 0.059 log [𝐹𝑒 2+ ] − 0.178 𝑝𝐻 (𝑉)
The thermodynamic stability ranges of iron oxides as a function of potential and pH are
depicted in Pourbaix diagrams (see figure 7), which also contain information on oxygen and
hydrogen evolution in the respective system. Dotted lines represent equilibrium potentials
of H2 and O2 electrodes as a function of pH:
2𝐻 + + 2𝑒 − ⇌ 𝐻2 𝐸 = −0.059 ∙ 𝑝𝐻 (19)
𝑂2 + 4𝐻 + + 4𝑒 − ⇌ 2𝐻2 𝑂 𝐸 = 1.23 − 0.059 ∙ 𝑝𝐻 (20)
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Figure 7. Potential-pH diagram for iron (T = 25 °C) in contact with aqueous solutions. The concentrations of the
dissolved ionic species, Fe2+ and Fe3+, are equal to 10-6 mol l-1; from [3].
The zone between the dotted lines corresponds to the domain where water is
thermodynamically stable (at ambient pressure). In principle, the metal could corrode by
reaction with protons under production of hydrogen. In case of Fe, corrosion only occurs in
acidic/neutral electrolytes. In alkaline solutions, it is passivated (Fe3O4, Fe2O3) and resistant
to corrosion. It should be noted that Pourbaix diagrams only contain thermodynamic
information.
References:
[1] C.H. Hamann, A. Hamnet, W. Vielstich, Elektrochemie, Wiley-VCH (1998), chapter 4.
[2] H. Kaesche, ‘Corrosion of Metals’, Springer (2003).
[3] D. Landolt, ‘Corrosion and Surface Chemistry of Metals’, EPFL Press (2007).
[4] A. Foelske, Inaugural Dissertation, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf.
[5] N. Cabrera, N. F. Mott, Rep. Prog. Phys. 12 (1949) 163.
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2. Experimental
2.1 Materials
→ Working electrode: Iron
→ Counter electrode: carbon paper
→ Reference electrode: Ag/AgCl (𝐸 0 = + 198 mV)
→ Potentiostat (SimPot)
→ LabView Software
→ Electrolytes: Phosphate buffer solution pH=7 (≈ 10 mL)
0.5M H2SO4 (100 mL)
0.5M H2SO4/ 3M NaCl (100 mL)
2.2 Preparation of the metal surfaces

Prior to each measurement, iron and stainless steel will be polished with Silicon Carbide (SiC)
grinding papers with a granularity of 1200 (15.3 µm), 2400 (6.5 µm) and 4000 (2.5 µm). At
first, the papers are moistened with ethanol and then the metal sample is moved over the
paper in a steady way forming an 8 shape. After each step, the sample is cleaned in an
ultrasonic bath with ethanol for about 5 minutes.
2.3 Preparation of the electrolytes

A commercial ready to use phosphate buffer solution of pH=7 (Metrohm) will be used within
task 1 and 2. For tasks 3 and 4, 0.5M H2SO4 and 0.5M H2SO4/ 3M NaCl will be prepared,
respectively. High purity sulfuric acid (Suprapur, 96% MERCK) and NaCl (99.6% VMR), as well
as Milli-Q Deionized (DI) water are used for the preparation of the electrolytes. The required
information for the calculation of the volume and mass of each reagent for the preparation of
100 mL of each electrolyte can be found in the appendix.
2.4 Electrochemical setup

The electrochemical setup that will be used in this experiment is depicted in figure 8. The
electrochemical cell (Teflon cell) consists of three electrodes: a working electrode WE (iron or
stainless steel), a counter electrode CE (carbon paper) and a reference electrode RE (Ag/AgCl).
Figure 8. Electrochemical setup.
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The potential of the Ag/AgCl reference electrode versus the Standard Hydrogen Electrode
(SHE) is + 198 mV. These three electrodes will be connected to a potentiostat (here, SimPot)
which controls the potential between WE and RE and measures the current flow between WE
and CE. All potential values in the text refer to the SHE scale. Potentials entered in the SimPot
program are automatically normalized to the SHE when the potential value of the reference
electrode used in the experiment is entered.
2.5 Assignment of tasks

1. Recording of the current-voltage profile for iron in the buffer solution (pH=7) to
determine the regions of active and passive corrosion.
2. Investigation of the potential dependence of the passive layer thickness formed on
iron by coulometric determination (potentiodynamic reduction).
3. Recording of the potentiodynamic current-voltage curve of Fe in 0.5M H2SO4 for the
determination of the Tafel slopes.
4. Recording of the potentiodynamic current-voltage curves of Fe in 0.5M H2SO4/
3M NaCl to investigate the pitting corrosion behavior.
Task 1. Recording of the current-voltage curve for iron in the buffer solution
Measure the area of the working electrode. Fill the electrochemical cell with approximately
20 mL of the buffer solution (pH=7). Connect the electrodes to the SimPot. To record the
Cyclovoltammogram (CV) in a
potential window from -1.0 V to 2.0
1.5 V with a scan rate of 100 mV s-1
1.5
follow the next steps in the
E (V vs. SHE)
LabView program (SimPot): 1.0
Select the “Potentialverlauf 0.5

eingeben” tab. Enter the potential 0.0
of the reference electrode in use
-0.5
(nicht vergessen!). Fill the history
table according to the required -1.0
measurement with assistance. 0 10 20 30 40 50
Switching to the “Messung” tab Time (s)
loads the history table completed
previously. Enter the predetermined area of the working electrode. The measurement is
started by switching the generator on. After recording, the measurement data can be saved
in the selected folder by turning “Speichern” on.
Task 2. Potential dependence of the passive layer thickness formed on iron in the buffer
solution
The anodic oxidation of iron is carried out for 5 minutes at each of the following potentials:
𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 = 1.4 𝑉, 1.1 𝑉 𝑎𝑛𝑑 0.8 𝑉. Subsequently, the potential is dynamically reduced with a
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scan rate of 100 mV s-1 from 𝐸𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑟𝑡 to 𝐸𝑒𝑛𝑑 = − 0.5 𝑉, followed by a pulse of 30 seconds at
this potential. In the LabView
program (SimPot):
1.5 5 min oxidation
Select the “Potentialverlauf
eingeben” tab. Fill the profile in the
E (V vs. SHE)
1.0
history table for the oxidation at
1.4 V, following the 0.5 Potentiodynamic reduction
of oxide layer
potentiodynamic reduction of the
oxide layer with a scan rate of 0.0
100 mV s-1 down to - 0.5 V and 30 s
-0.5
of reduction at this potential. The 30 s reduction
new history table is transferred by 0 100 200 300 400
switching to the “Messung” tab. Time (s)
The potential profiles for the
remaining potentials must also be programmed identically. The measurement is started by
switching the generator on. After recording, the measurement data can be saved in the
selected folder by turning “Speichern” on.
Task 3. Recording of the current voltage curve for iron in acidic solution
Empty the electrochemical cell from the buffer solution and rinse it with DI water. Then fill the
cell with approximately 20 mL of 0.5M H2SO4. In the last two tasks, a potentiodynamic
polarization scan will be programmed, which will provide information on corrosion rate,
passivity and pitting susceptibility of the studied working electrode materials. For Iron in acidic
solution, the potential is dynamically varied between - 0.5 V and 0.5 V with a scan rate of
5 mV s-1.
In the LabView program (SimPot): Select the “Potentialverlauf eingeben” tab. Enter the
potentiodynamic polarization scan profile in the history table from – 0.5 V to + 0.5 V with a
scan rate of 5 mV s-1. The new history table is transferred by switching to the “Messung” tab.
The measurement is started by switching the generator on. After recording, the measurement
data can be saved in the selected folder by turning “Speichern” on.
Task 4. Recording of the current voltage curves for iron and stainless steel to characterize
the pitting corrosion behavior
Empty the electrochemical cell from the sulfuric acid solution (in acidic waste!) and rinse it
with DI water. Place a new iron sample and then fill the cell with approximately 20 mL of
0.5M H2SO4/ 3M NaCl. The potential is increased dynamically from an initial potential of
𝐸𝑖𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 = − 0.7 V to a final potential of 𝐸𝑓𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 = 1 𝑉 with a scan rate of 5 mV s-1. The potential
profiles will be programmed in the LabView program (SimPot) similar to the previous task.
Once the measurement is finished, empty the electrochemical cell (acidic waste!) and rinse it
with DI water. Remove the sample from the cell and investigate the corrosion effects with the
microscope in your disposition.
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Place the stainless steel sample in the cell and fill it with approximately 20 mL of 0.5M H2SO4/
0.5M NaCl. Repeat the same potential profile, save the measurement data and investigate the
corrosion effects with the microscope.
2.6 Evaluation
Task 1
→ Plot the current density (𝑖) versus the potential (𝐸).

→ Discuss different regions of the plotted curve.
→ Determine the Flade potential 𝜀𝑝2 from the positive going scan.
→ Comparison with the values reported in the literature (cite all sources as references
with page numbers).
Task 2
→ Plot the current density (𝑖) versus the potential (𝐸) for all the applied anodic potentials
in one graph.
→ Calculate the passive layer thickness (𝑑) from equation (16); specify integration limits.
→ Plot the layer thickness (𝑑) versus the potential (𝐸).
→ Determine factor 𝑘 from equation (15) and the oxidation potential 𝐸𝑜𝑥 by
extrapolation of the layer thickness to zero. Specify the difference between 𝛥𝜑𝑜𝑥 and
𝐸𝑜𝑥 .
Task 3
→ Plot the data in an Evans diagram and determine the corrosion current density 𝑖𝑐𝑜𝑟𝑟 .
→ Determine the anodic and cathodic Tafel coefficients (𝛽a , 𝛽c ).
Task 4
→ Plot the logarithmized current density log |𝑖| versus the potential (𝐸).
→ Discuss the electrochemical behavior of iron in the presence of chlorides.
How can one determine the corrosion rate from tasks 3 and 4?
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SAFETY DATA SHEET
according to Regulation (EC) No. 1907/2006
Revision Date 20.02.2015 Version 23.0
SECTION 1. Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking

1.1 Product identifier
Catalogue No. 100714
Product name Sulfuric acid 96% Suprapur®
REACH Registration Number A registration number is not available for this substance as the
substance or its use are exempted from registration according to
Article 2 REACH Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, the annual tonnage
does not require a registration or the registration is envisaged for a
later registration deadline.
CAS-No. 7664-93-9
1.2 Relevant identified uses of the substance or mixture and uses advised against
Identified uses Reagent for analysis
In compliance with the conditions described in the annex to this safety
data sheet.
1.3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet

Company Merck KGaA * 64271 Darmstadt * Germany * Phone:+49 6151 72-0
Responsible Department LS-QHC * e-mail: prodsafe@merckgroup.com
1.4 Emergency telephone Please contact the regional company representation in your country.
number
SECTION 2. Hazards identification

2.1 Classification of the substance or mixture
Classification (REGULATION (EC) No 1272/2008)
Corrosive to metals, Category 1, H290

Skin corrosion, Category 1A, H314
For the full text of the H-Statements mentioned in this Section, see Section 16.
Classification (67/548/EEC or 1999/45/EC)

C Corrosive R35
For the full text of the R-phrases mentioned in this Section, see Section 16.
2.2 Label elements

Labelling (REGULATION (EC) No 1272/2008)
Hazard pictograms
Signal word
Danger
The Safety Data Sheets for catalogue items are available at www.merckgroup.com
Page 1 of 19
SAFETY DATA SHEET

Hazard statements
H290 May be corrosive to metals.
H314 Causes severe skin burns and eye damage.
Precautionary statements
Prevention
P280 Wear protective gloves/ protective clothing/ eye protection/ face protection.
Response
P301 + P330 + P331 IF SWALLOWED: Rinse mouth. Do NOT induce vomiting.
P305 + P351 + P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact
lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
P308 + P310 IF exposed or concerned: immediately call a POISON CENTER or doctor/ physician.
Reduced labelling (≤125 ml)

Hazard pictograms
Signal word
Danger
Hazard statements
P305 + P351 + P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact lenses, if present
and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
Index-No. 016-020-00-8
2.3 Other hazards

None known.
SECTION 3. Composition/information on ingredients

3.1 Substance
Formula H₂SO₄ H₂O₄S (Hill)

Index-No. 016-020-00-8
EC-No. 231-639-5
Molar mass 98,08 g/mol
Hazardous components (REGULATION (EC) No 1272/2008)

Chemical Name (Concentration)
CAS-No. Registration number Classification
sulphuric acid (>= 50 % - <= 100 % )
Substance does not meet the criteria for PBT or vPvB according to Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006, Annex XIII.
7664-93-9 01-2119458838-20-
XXXX Corrosive to metals, Category 1, H290
Skin corrosion, Category 1A, H314
For the full text of the H-Statements mentioned in this Section, see Section 16.
Page 2 of 19
SAFETY DATA SHEET

Hazardous components (1999/45/EC)

Chemical Name (Concentration)
CAS-No. Classification
sulphuric acid (>= 50 % - <= 100 % )
7664-93-9 C, Corrosive; R35
For the full text of the R-phrases mentioned in this Section, see Section 16.
3.2 Mixture
Not applicable
SECTION 4. First aid measures

4.1 Description of first aid measures
General advice
First aider needs to protect himself.
After inhalation: fresh air. Call in physician.
In case of skin contact: Take off immediately all contaminated clothing. Rinse skin with water/
shower. Call a physician immediately.
After eye contact: rinse out with plenty of water. Immediately call in ophthalmologist.
After swallowing: make victim drink water (two glasses at most), avoid vomiting (risk of
perforation). Call a physician immediately. Do not attempt to neutralise.
4.2 Most important symptoms and effects, both acute and delayed
Irritation and corrosion, Cough, Shortness of breath, Nausea, Vomiting, Diarrhoea, pain, Risk of
blindness!
4.3 Indication of any immediate medical attention and special treatment needed
No information available.
SECTION 5. Firefighting measures

5.1 Extinguishing media
Suitable extinguishing media
Use extinguishing measures that are appropriate to local circumstances and the surrounding
environment.
Unsuitable extinguishing media
For this substance/mixture no limitations of extinguishing agents are given.
5.2 Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture

Not combustible.
Ambient fire may liberate hazardous vapours.
Fire may cause evolution of:
Sulphur oxides
5.3 Advice for firefighters

Special protective equipment for firefighters
Stay in danger area only with self-contained breathing apparatus. Prevent skin contact by
keeping a safe distance or by wearing suitable protective clothing.
Page 3 of 19
SAFETY DATA SHEET

Further information
Cool closed containers exposed to fire with water spray. Prevent fire extinguishing water from
contaminating surface water or the ground water system. Suppress (knock down)
gases/vapours/mists with a water spray jet.
SECTION 6. Accidental release measures

6.1 Personal precautions, protective equipment and emergency procedures
Advice for non-emergency personnel: Do not breathe vapours, aerosols. Avoid substance
contact. Ensure adequate ventilation. Evacuate the danger area, observe emergency
procedures, consult an expert.
Advice for emergency responders: Protective equipment see section 8.
6.2 Environmental precautions

Do not empty into drains.
6.3 Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up

Cover drains. Collect, bind, and pump off spills.
Observe possible material restrictions (see sections 7 and 10).
Take up with liquid-absorbent and neutralising material (e.g. Chemizorb® H⁺, Merck Art. No.
101595). Dispose of properly. Clean up affected area.
6.4 Reference to other sections

Indications about waste treatment see section 13.
SECTION 7. Handling and storage

7.1 Precautions for safe handling
Advice on safe handling
Observe label precautions.
Hygiene measures
Change contaminated clothing and immerse in water. Preventive skin protection Wash hands
and face after working with substance.
7.2 Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities

Requirements for storage areas and containers
No metal containers.
Storage conditions
Tightly closed.
Dry.
Recommended storage temperature see product label.
7.3 Specific end use(s)

See exposure scenario in the Annex to this MSDS.
SECTION 8. Exposure controls/personal protection

8.1 Control parameters
Derived No Effect Level (DNEL)
sulphuric acid (7664-93-9)
Worker DNEL, acute Local effects inhalation 0,1 mg/m³
Page 4 of 19
SAFETY DATA SHEET

Worker DNEL, Local effects inhalation 0,05 mg/m³

longterm
Predicted No Effect Concentration (PNEC)
sulphuric acid (7664-93-9)
PNEC Fresh water 0,0025 mg/l
PNEC Fresh water sediment 0,002 mg/kg
PNEC Marine water 0,00025 mg/l
PNEC Marine sediment 0,002 mg/kg
PNEC Sewage treatment plant 8,8 mg/l
8.2 Exposure controls
Engineering measures
Technical measures and appropriate working operations should be given priority over the use of
personal protective equipment.
See section 7.1.
Individual protection measures

Protective clothing needs to be selected specifically for the workplace, depending on
concentrations and quantities of the hazardous substances handled. The chemical resistance of
the protective equipment should be enquired at the respective supplier.
Eye/face protection
Tightly fitting safety goggles
Hand protection
full contact:
Glove material: Viton (R)
Glove thickness: 0,7 mm
Break through time: > 480 min
splash contact:
Glove material: butyl-rubber
Glove thickness: 0,7 mm
Break through time: > 120 min
The protective gloves to be used must comply with the specifications of EC Directive
89/686/EEC and the related standard EN374, for example KCL 890 Vitoject® (full contact), KCL
898 Butoject® (splash contact).
The breakthrough times stated above were determined by KCL in laboratory tests acc. to EN374
with samples of the recommended glove types.
This recommendation applies only to the product stated in the safety data sheet<(>,<)> supplied
by us and for the designated use. When dissolving in or mixing with other substances and under
conditions deviating from those stated in EN374 please contact the supplier of CE-approved
gloves (e.g. KCL GmbH, D-36124 Eichenzell, Internet: www.kcl.de).
Other protective equipment
Acid-resistant protective clothing
Respiratory protection
required when vapours/aerosols are generated.
Recommended Filter type: Filter P 2 (acc. to DIN 3181) for solid and liquid particles of harmful
substances
The entrepeneur has to ensure that maintenance, cleaning and testing of respiratory protective
Page 5 of 19
SAFETY DATA SHEET

devices are carried out according to the instructions of the producer. These measures have to be
properly documented.
Environmental exposure controls

Do not empty into drains.
SECTION 9. Physical and chemical properties

9.1 Information on basic physical and chemical properties
Form liquid
Colour colourless
Odour odourless
Odour Threshold Not applicable
pH 0,3
at 49 g/l
25 °C
Melting point -20 °C
Boiling point No information available.
Flash point Not applicable
Evaporation rate No information available.
Flammability (solid, gas) No information available.
Lower explosion limit Not applicable
Upper explosion limit Not applicable
Vapour pressure ca.0,0001 hPa

at 20 °C
Relative vapour density ca.3,4
Density 1,84 g/cm³

at 20 °C
Relative density No information available.
Water solubility at 20 °C
soluble, (caution ! development of heat)
Partition coefficient: n- No information available.

octanol/water
Auto-ignition temperature No information available.
Decomposition temperature No information available.
Page 6 of 19
SAFETY DATA SHEET

Viscosity, dynamic ca.24 mPa.s

at 20 °C
Explosive properties Not classified as explosive.
Oxidizing properties Oxidising potential
9.2 Other data

Ignition temperature Not applicable
Bulk density Not applicable
Corrosion May be corrosive to metals.
SECTION 10. Stability and reactivity

10.1 Reactivity
has a corrosive effect
strong oxidising agent
10.2 Chemical stability

The product is chemically stable under standard ambient conditions (room temperature) .
10.3 Possibility of hazardous reactions

A risk of explosion and/or of toxic gas formation exists with the following substances:
Violent reactions possible with:
Water, Alkali metals, alkali compounds, Ammonia, Aldehydes, acetonitrile, Alkaline earth metals,
alkalines, Acids, alkaline earth compounds, Metals, metal alloys, Oxides of phosphorus,
phosphorus, hydrides, halogen-halogen compounds, oxyhalogenic compounds, permanganates,
nitrates, carbides, combustible substances, organic solvent, acetylidene, Nitriles, organic nitro
compounds, anilines, Peroxides, picrates, nitrides, lithium silicide, iron(III) compounds, bromates,
chlorates, Amines, perchlorates, hydrogen peroxide
10.4 Conditions to avoid

no information available
10.5 Incompatible materials

animal/vegetable tissues, Metals
Contact with metals liberates hydrogen gas.
10.6 Hazardous decomposition products

in the event of fire: See section 5.
SECTION 11. Toxicological information

11.1 Information on toxicological effects
Acute oral toxicity
This information is not available.
Acute inhalation toxicity
Acute dermal toxicity
Page 7 of 19
SAFETY DATA SHEET

Skin irritation
Causes severe burns.
Eye irritation
Causes serious eye damage. Risk of blindness!
Sensitisation
Germ cell mutagenicity
Carcinogenicity
Reproductive toxicity
Teratogenicity
Did not show teratogenic effects in animal experiments. (IUCLID)
Specific target organ toxicity - single exposure
Specific target organ toxicity - repeated exposure
Aspiration hazard
11.2 Further information

After inhalation of aerosols: damage to the affected mucous membranes. After skin contact:
severe burns with formation of scabs. After eye contact: burns, corneal lesions. After
swallowing: severe pain (risk of perforation!), nausea, vomiting and diarrhoea. After a latency
period of several weeks possibly pyloric stenosis.
Handle in accordance with good industrial hygiene and safety practice.
SECTION 12. Ecological information
12.1 Toxicity
12.2 Persistence and degradability
12.3 Bioaccumulative potential
12.4 Mobility in soil
12.5 Results of PBT and vPvB assessment
PBT/vPvB assessment not available as chemical safety assessment not required/not conducted.
12.6 Other adverse effects
Additional ecological information
Biological effects:
Forms corrosive mixtures with water even if diluted.
Harmful effect due to pH shift.
Endangers drinking-water supplies if allowed to enter soil or water.
Further information on ecology
Discharge into the environment must be avoided.
Page 8 of 19
SAFETY DATA SHEET

SECTION 13. Disposal considerations

Waste treatment methods
See www.retrologistik.com for processes regarding the return of chemicals and containers, or
contact us there if you have further questions.
SECTION 14. Transport information

Land transport (ADR/RID)
14.1 UN number UN 1830
14.2 Proper shipping name SULPHURIC ACID
14.3 Class 8
14.4 Packing group II
14.5 Environmentally hazardous --
14.6 Special precautions for yes
user
Tunnel restriction code E
Inland waterway transport (ADN)

Not relevant
Air transport (IATA)

14.3 Class 8
14.6 Special precautions for no
user
Sea transport (IMDG)

14.3 Class 8
14.6 Special precautions for yes
user
EmS F-A S-B
14.7 Transport in bulk according to Annex II of MARPOL 73/78 and the IBC Code
Not relevant
SECTION 15. Regulatory information

15.1 Safety, health and environmental regulations/legislation specific for the substance or mixture
EU regulations
Major Accident Hazard 96/82/EC
Legislation Directive 96/82/EC does not apply
Page 9 of 19
SAFETY DATA SHEET

Occupational restrictions Take note of Dir 94/33/EC on the protection of young people at
work.
Regulation (EC) No 1005/2009 on substances that not regulated

deplete the ozone layer
Regulation (EC) No 850/2004 of the European not regulated

Parliament and of the Council of 29 April 2004 on
persistent organic pollutants and amending
Directive 79/117/EEC
Regulation (EC) No 689/2008 concerning the export not regulated

and import of dangerous chemicals
Substances of very high concern (SVHC) This product does not contain substances
of very high concern according to
Regulation (EC) No 1907/2006 (REACH),
Article 57 above the respective regulatory
concentration limit of ≥ 0.1 % (w/w).
National legislation
Storage class 8B
15.2 Chemical Safety Assessment

For this product a chemical safety assessment was not carried out.
SECTION 16. Other information
Full text of H-Statements referred to under sections 2 and 3.

Full text of R-phrases referred to under sections 2 and 3
R35 Causes severe burns.
Training advice
Provide adequate information, instruction and training for operators.
Labelling
Hazard pictograms
Signal word
Danger
Hazard statements
Page 10 of 19
SAFETY DATA SHEET

Prevention
Response
P305 + P351 + P338 IF IN EYES: Rinse cautiously with water for several minutes. Remove contact
lenses, if present and easy to do. Continue rinsing.
Labelling (67/548/EEC or 1999/45/EC)

Symbol(s) C Corrosive
R-phrase(s) 35 Causes severe burns.

S-phrase(s) 26-30-45 In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of
water and seek medical advice. Never add water to this
product. In case of accident or if you feel unwell, seek
medical advice immediately (show the label where possible).
EC-No. 231-639-5 EC Label
Reduced labelling (≤125 ml)
Symbol(s) C Corrosive
R-phrase(s) 35 Causes severe burns.

S-phrase(s) 26-45 In case of contact with eyes, rinse immediately with plenty of water
and seek medical advice. In case of accident or if you feel unwell,
seek medical advice immediately (show the label where possible).
Key or legend to abbreviations and acronyms used in the safety data sheet
Used abbreviations and acronyms can be looked up at www.wikipedia.org.
Regional representation
This information is given on the authorised Safety Data Sheet for your country.
The information contained herein is based on the present state of our knowledge. It characterises the product with
regard to the appropriate safety precautions. It does not represent a guarantee of any properties of the product.
Page 11 of 19
SAFETY DATA SHEET – Annex

EXPOSURE SCENARIO 1 (Industrial use)
1. Industrial use (Reagent for analysis)
Sectors of end-use
SU 3 Industrial uses: Uses of substances as such or in preparations at industrial sites
SU9 Manufacture of fine chemicals
SU 10 Formulation [mixing] of preparations and/ or re-packaging (excluding alloys)
Chemical product category
PC21 Laboratory chemicals
Process categories
PROC1 Use in closed process, no likelihood of exposure
PROC2 Use in closed, continuous process with occasional controlled exposure
PROC3 Use in closed batch process (synthesis or formulation)
PROC4 Use in batch and other process (synthesis) where opportunity for exposure arises
PROC5 Mixing or blending in batch processes for formulation of preparations and articles
(multistage and/ or significant contact)
PROC8a Transfer of substance or preparation (charging/ discharging) from/ to vessels/ large
containers at non-dedicated facilities
PROC8b Transfer of substance or preparation (charging/ discharging) from/ to vessels/ large
containers at dedicated facilities
PROC9 Transfer of substance or preparation into small containers (dedicated filling line, including
weighing)
PROC10 Roller application or brushing
PROC15 Use as laboratory reagent
Environmental Release Categories
ERC1 Manufacture of substances
ERC2 Formulation of preparations
ERC6a Industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates)
ERC6b Industrial use of reactive processing aids
2. Contributing scenarios: Operational conditions and risk management measures

2.1 Contributing scenario controlling environmental exposure for: ERC1
Amount used
Daily amount per site 1500 t
Environment factors not influenced by risk management

Dilution Factor (River) 10
Other given operational conditions affecting environmental exposure

Continuous use/release
Number of emission days per year 365
Technical conditions and measures / Organizational measures

Air Use of air emission abatement equipments.
Water Solutions with low pH-value must be neutralized before
discharge.
Conditions and measures related to municipal sewage treatment plant

Type of Sewage Treatment Plant Municipal sewage treatment plant
Page 12 of 19

Flow rate of sewage treatment 2.000 m3/d

plant effluent
Sludge Treatment Sewage sludge should not be applied to natural soils.
Amount used
Annual amount per site 300000 t



discharge.

plant effluent
2.3 Contributing scenario controlling environmental exposure for: ERC6a
Amount used



discharge.

plant effluent
2.4 Contributing scenario controlling environmental exposure for: ERC6b

Page 13 of 19

Amount used



discharge.

plant effluent
2.5 Contributing scenario controlling worker exposure for: PROC1
Product characteristics
Concentration of the Substance in Covers the percentage of the substance in the product up to
Mixture/Article 100 %.
Physical Form (at time of use) Low volatile liquid
Process Temperature < 130 °C
Frequency and duration of use

Frequency of use 8 hours/day
Other operational conditions affecting workers exposure

Outdoor / Indoor Indoor without local exhaust ventilation (LEV)
Organisational measures to prevent /limit releases, dispersion and exposure

Covers daily exposures up to 8 hours.
Conditions and measures related to personal protection, hygiene and health evaluation
Wear suitable gloves tested to EN374.
2.6 Contributing scenario controlling worker exposure for: PROC2, PROC3, PROC4, PROC5, PROC8a,
PROC8b, PROC9, PROC10, PROC15
Page 14 of 19

Frequency of use 8 hours/day

Outdoor / Indoor Indoor with local exhaust ventilation (LEV)

Covers daily exposures up to 8 hours.
3. Exposure estimation and reference to its source

Environment
CS Use descriptor Msafe Compartment RCR Exposure Assessment Method
2.1 ERC1 All compartments <1 EUSES
2.3 ERC6a All compartments <1 EUSES
2.4 ERC6b All compartments <1 EUSES
Workers
CS Use descriptor Exposure duration, route, effect RCR Exposure Assessment Method
2.5 PROC1 acute, inhalative, local 0,41 ECETOC TRA
longterm, inhalative, local 0,82 ECETOC TRA
2.6 PROC8a acute, inhalative, local 0,41 ECETOC TRA
2.6 PROC8b acute, inhalative, local 0,20 ECETOC TRA
The default parameters and -efficiencies of the applied exposure assessment model were used for
the calculation (unless stated differently).
For (other) local effects risk management measures are based on qualitative risk characterisation.
4. Guidance to Downstream User to evaluate whether he works inside the boundaries set by the Exposure
Scenario
Page 15 of 19

Please refer to the following documents: ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical
safety assessment Chapter R.12: Use descriptor system; ECHA Guidance for downstream users;
ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment Part D: Exposure
Scenario Building, Part E: Risk Characterisation and Part G: Extending the SDS; VCI/Cefic REACH
Practical Guides on Exposure Assessment and Communications in the Supply Chain; CEFIC
Guidance Specific Environmental Release Categories (SPERCs).
For scaling of worker exposure assessments performed with ECETOC TRA, please consult the Merck
tool ScIDeEx® at www.merck-chemicals.com.
Page 16 of 19

EXPOSURE SCENARIO 2 (Professional use)
1. Professional use (Reagent for analysis)
Sectors of end-use
SU 22 Professional uses: Public domain (administration, education, entertainment, services,
craftsmen)
Chemical product category
PC21 Laboratory chemicals
Process categories
PROC15 Use as laboratory reagent
Environmental Release Categories
ERC2 Formulation of preparations
ERC6a Industrial use resulting in manufacture of another substance (use of intermediates)
ERC6b Industrial use of reactive processing aids
2. Contributing scenarios: Operational conditions and risk management measures

Amount used



discharge.

plant effluent
2.2 Contributing scenario controlling environmental exposure for: ERC6a
Amount used


Page 17 of 19


discharge.

plant effluent
2.3 Contributing scenario controlling environmental exposure for: ERC6b
Amount used



discharge.

plant effluent
2.4 Contributing scenario controlling worker exposure for: PROC15

Frequency of use < 4 hours/day

Outdoor / Indoor Indoor with local exhaust ventilation (LEV)

Avoid carrying out operation for more than 4 hours.
Page 18 of 19

3. Exposure estimation and reference to its source

Environment
CS Use descriptor Msafe Compartment RCR Exposure Assessment Method
2.2 ERC6a All compartments <1 EUSES
2.3 ERC6b All compartments <1 EUSES
Workers
CS Use descriptor Exposure duration, route, effect RCR Exposure Assessment Method
For (other) local effects risk management measures are based on qualitative risk characterisation.
4. Guidance to Downstream User to evaluate whether he works inside the boundaries set by the Exposure
Scenario
Please refer to the following documents: ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical
safety assessment Chapter R.12: Use descriptor system; ECHA Guidance for downstream users;
ECHA Guidance on information requirements and chemical safety assessment Part D: Exposure
Scenario Building, Part E: Risk Characterisation and Part G: Extending the SDS; VCI/Cefic REACH
Practical Guides on Exposure Assessment and Communications in the Supply Chain; CEFIC
Guidance Specific Environmental Release Categories (SPERCs).
For scaling of worker exposure assessments performed with ECETOC TRA, please consult the Merck
tool ScIDeEx® at www.merck-chemicals.com.
Page 19 of 19
Product Specification
Material 27810.262
Material description Sodium chloride
Grade AnalaR NORMAPUR ACS, Reag. Ph. Eur.
CAS Number 7647-14-5

Molecular formula ClNa
Molecular mass 58.44
Characteristics Specifications
Assay 99.5 --> 100.5 %

Appearance of solution S Passes test Ph.Eur.
Identification (Cl) Passes test Ph.Eur.
Identification (Na) Passes test Ph.Eur.
NO2 (Nitrite) Passes test Ph.Eur.
Solution in water Passes test
Solution S Passes test Ph.Eur.
Acidity or alkalinity Max. 0.0005 meq/g
pH (25°C; 5 %) 5.0 --> 9.0
Heavy metals (as Pb) Max. 2 ppm
Hexacyanoferrates (as Fe(CN)6) Max. 1 ppm
Insolubility in water Max. 50 ppm
Loss on drying (105°C) Max. 0.5 %
Magnesium and alkaline earth metals Max. 100 ppm
Total N (Nitrogen) Max. 5 ppm
Br (Bromide) Max. 50 ppm
ClO3 + NO3 (as NO3) Max. 30 ppm
I (Iodide) Max. 10 ppm
PO4 (Phosphate) Max. 5 ppm
SO4 (Sulphate) Max. 40 ppm
As (Arsenic) Max. 0.4 ppm
Ba (Barium) Max. 10 ppm
Ca (Calcium) Max. 20 ppm
Cu (Copper) Max. 2 ppm
Fe (Iron) Max. 1 ppm
K (Potassium) Max. 50 ppm
Mg (Magnesium) Max. 10 ppm
Ni (Nickel) Max. 10 ppm
VWR International LLC, Radnor Corporate Center, Building One, Suite 200, 100 Matsonford Road, Radnor, PA 19087, USA
VWR International bvba, Haasrode Research Park Zone 2020, Geldenaaksebaan 464, 3001 Leuven, Belgium 27810.262 - Page 1 / 2
Product Specification
Characteristics Specifications
Conforms to ACS Passes test
Conforms to Reag. Ph.Eur. Passes test
Signature
We certify that this batch conforms to the specifications listed

above.
This document has been produced electronically and is valid

without a signature.
Wendy Mathues, Head of Laboratory - Haasrode

VWR International bvba; Geldenaaksebaan 464; BE-3001
Leuven; Belgium
VWR International LLC, Radnor Corporate Center, Building One, Suite 200, 100 Matsonford Road, Radnor, PA 19087, USA
27810.262 - Page 2 / 2
VWR International bvba, Haasrode Research Park Zone 2020, Geldenaaksebaan 464, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
Lehrstuhl für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie
der Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
USB-Potentiostat
Im Elektroniklabor des Lehrstuhls für Molekulare Physikalische Chemie der Heinrich-Heine-
Universität Düsseldorf wurde für allgemeine elektrochemische Untersuchungen ein neues
universelles Potentiostaten/Galvanostaten–Meßsystem entwickelt.
Der USB-Potentiostat eignet sich für fast alle elektrochemischen Fragestellungen, z.B. Galvanik,
Korrosionsforschung, Batterie- und Brennstoffzellenforschung.
Ziel der Eigenentwicklung war es, ein kompaktes, benutzerfreundliches und preiswertes
Komplettsystem mit USB-Schnittstelle und Bedienung vom PC zu realisieren.
Das jetzt als Serienprodukt erhältliche Messgerät weist folgende Merkmale auf:
- Spannungsbereich als Potentiostat: -3 V . . +10 V
- Strombereich als Galvanostat: ±10 nA . . ±100 mA
- 8 Strommessbereiche (autoranging oder manuell) 10 nA . . 100 mA
- Auflösung im empfindlichsten Bereich: < 100 pA
- Eingangswiderstand der Referenzelektrode: > 500 GΩ
- Einstellzeit des Reglers < 30 µs
- Bedienung erfolgt ausschließlich über die mitgelieferte LabVIEW-Software
- Frei konfigurierbarer Puls- und Rampengenerator
- Zuschaltbare Aktivfilter 4.Ordnung für Strom- und/oder Spannungssignal
- Aktive Potenzialsonde für den Referenzelektroden-Anschluss
- Standardmäßig Stromversorgung über den USB-2.0-Anschluß
Optional erhältlich sind:

- Externe Stromversorgung mit Steckernetzteil
- Zusätzlicher Strommessausgang für Kapazitätsmessungen in Lock-In-Technik
- externer Spannungseingang
- TTL Trigger Ein- / Ausgang zum Synchronisieren externer Geräte
- Analogeingang zur parallelen Registrierung eines externen Potenzials
Preis auf Anfrage
Dipl.-Ing.(FH) Martin Schramm PD Dr. Manuel M. Lohrengel

Institut für Physikalische Chemie Institut für Physikalische Chemie
Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf
Universitätsstr. 1 Universitätsstr. 1
D-40225 Düsseldorf D-40225 Düsseldorf
martin.schramm@uni-duesseldorf.de manuel.lohrengel@uni-duesseldorf.de

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PR Materialanalytik Corrosion and Passivity SS 2017

Corrosion and Passivity

Different electrochemical reactions can occur simultaneously at one electrode during

Anodic: 𝑀𝑒 → 𝑀𝑒 𝑧+ + 𝑧 𝑒 − Metal dissolution (1)

𝜀𝑝1 : passivation potential (= 𝐸𝑝𝑎𝑠𝑠 ) 𝜀𝑝 : intermediate value

dissolution. The transpassive domain is characterized by an increase of the current due to

Free activation enthalpy ∆G

Distance x (0.1 nm range)

𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 + 6𝐻 + + 2𝑒 − → 2𝐹𝑒 2+ + 3𝐻2 𝑂 (17)

Since this evaluation is highly approximative, other methods as optical interference

2𝐹𝑒 2+ + 3𝐻2 𝑂 → 𝐹𝑒2 𝑂3 + 6𝐻 + + 2𝑒 − (18)

[1] C.H. Hamann, A. Hamnet, W. Vielstich, Elektrochemie, Wiley-VCH (1998), chapter 4.

[2] H. Kaesche, ‘Corrosion of Metals’, Springer (2003).

[4] A. Foelske, Inaugural Dissertation, Heinrich-Heine-Universität, Düsseldorf.

[5] N. Cabrera, N. F. Mott, Rep. Prog. Phys. 12 (1949) 163.

2.2 Preparation of the metal surfaces

2.3 Preparation of the electrolytes

2.4 Electrochemical setup

Figure 8. Electrochemical setup.

2.5 Assignment of tasks

LabView program (SimPot): 1.0

Select the “Potentialverlauf 0.5

→ Plot the current density (𝑖) versus the potential (𝐸).

Revision Date 20.02.2015 Version 23.0

SECTION 1. Identification of the substance/mixture and of the company/undertaking

1.3 Details of the supplier of the safety data sheet

SECTION 2. Hazards identification

Corrosive to metals, Category 1, H290

Classification (67/548/EEC or 1999/45/EC)

2.2 Label elements

Catalogue No. 100714

Reduced labelling (≤125 ml)

2.3 Other hazards

SECTION 3. Composition/information on ingredients

Formula H₂SO₄ H₂O₄S (Hill)

Hazardous components (REGULATION (EC) No 1272/2008)

Catalogue No. 100714

Hazardous components (1999/45/EC)

SECTION 4. First aid measures

SECTION 5. Firefighting measures

5.2 Special hazards arising from the substance or mixture

5.3 Advice for firefighters

Catalogue No. 100714

SECTION 6. Accidental release measures

6.2 Environmental precautions

6.3 Methods and materials for containment and cleaning up

6.4 Reference to other sections

SECTION 7. Handling and storage

7.2 Conditions for safe storage, including any incompatibilities

7.3 Specific end use(s)

SECTION 8. Exposure controls/personal protection

Catalogue No. 100714

Worker DNEL, Local effects inhalation 0,05 mg/m³

PNEC Fresh water sediment 0,002 mg/kg

PNEC Marine water 0,00025 mg/l

PNEC Marine sediment 0,002 mg/kg

PNEC Sewage treatment plant 8,8 mg/l

8.2 Exposure controls

See section 7.1.

Individual protection measures

Catalogue No. 100714

Environmental exposure controls

SECTION 9. Physical and chemical properties

Odour Threshold Not applicable