• Assignment Topic: MCQS Whole Topic

• Course Name: Semantic & Pragmatics

• Course Code: ENGL3126
• Submitted To: DR. Samina Ali Asghar
• Submitted By: Morning & Evening
• Class: B.S English
• Semester: 6TH
• Session: 2018-2022
• University of Education (campus Faisalabad)
Iqra Farooq
Roll Number: Bsf 1801502
Mcqs
Semantic Roles:
1. Is the number of argument that is allowed to
accompany a predicate in a proposition?
 Valency
 Agent
 Theme
 Instrument
2. A in the role of affected tells what undergoes
the action indicated by the verb, what is changed or affected by
this action.
 Experience
 Referring expression
 Agent
 Theme
3. Is a description of the semantic
potential of predicates in terms of the number and types of
arguments which may co-occur with them?
 Valency
 Valency theory
 Referring expression
 Theme
4. It is snowing.
Snow is a
 Zero-argument verb.
  Two-argument predicate.
 Predicate
 None
5. “The dog is sleeping.” Is an example of .
 Valency zero
 Valency one
 Valency two
 Valency
6. Which of the following does not tell the status/identity of another
argument?
 Agent
 Actor
 Theme
 Associate
7. Refers to a topic of the predicate that doesn’t
express action.
 Agent
 Actor
 Theme
 Associate
8. Tillie baked a pie. A pie refers to:
 Effect
 Affected
 Affecting
 Actor
9. Who performs some action without affecting any other entity?
 Agent
 Actor
 Referent
 Patient
10. Sylvia left. The underline word is
  Actor
 Agent
 Theme
 Associate
11. Is the name of the location where actions
of the predicate occurs?
 Place
 Affected
 Affecting
 Effect
12. Oliver was envious of his brother. Is an example of
 Valency
 Valency zero
 Valency one
 Valency two
13. Which of the following is not an example of agent?
 The lions devoured the wildebeest.
 The boys caught some fish.
 Hurricane-force winds demolished much of the town.
 My mother wrote me a letter.
14. Are arguments that undergo a
sensory, cognitive, or emotional experience?
 Experiencers
 Agents
 Actors
 Recipients
15. Are arguments that receive
something whether good or bad in a situation?
 Experiencers
 Agents
 Actors
  Recipients
16. I paid my landlord the rent. The bold letters refer to:
 Experiencers
 Agents
 Actors
 Recipients
17. They must have used indelible ink. The word indelible ink
is referring to:
 Agent
 Cause
 Instrument
 Measure
18. Recipients can be the endpoints of .
 Paths
 Location
 Measure
 Amount
19. What refers to simply places?
 Location
 Measure
 Theme
 Amount
20. What arguments express extension along some dimension?
 Measures
 Location
 Distance
 Places
21. They gave the workers a raise. A raise is
 Theme
 Agent
 Amount
  Measure
22. We put the book on the shelf; refers to
 Location
 Amount
 Measure
 Paths
23. Is the underlying relationship that a
participant has with the main verb in a clause?
 Semantic role
 Thematic role
 Both
 None
24. Are arguments that bring about a state of
affairs?
 Amount
 Measure
 Paths
 Agent
25. What can be fuzzy?
 Instruments or causes
 Agent or causes
 Instrument or agent
 Agent
Types of Meanings:
26. How many types of meanings are there according to
Leech?
 5
 6
 7
 8
27. What refers to the literal meaning of a word indicating the
idea or concept to which it refers?
 Logical meaning
 Denotative meaning
 Connotative meaning
 Social meaning
28. Concept is a minimal unit of meaning which could be
called .
 Meme
 Sememe
 Both
 None
29. ‘The communicative value an expression has by virtue of
what it refers to over and above its purely conceptual content’
(Leech, 1981).
 Connotative meaning
 Denotative meaning
 Social meaning
 Logical meaning
30. Which type of meaning is the meaning that a word or a
phrase conveys about the circumstances of its use?
 Connotative meaning
 Denotative meaning
 Social meaning
 Logical meaning
31. is the meaning which is communicated
by the way in which a speaker or writer organises the message
in terms of ordering, focus and emphasis.
 Thematic
 Social
 Emotive
  Affective
32. Meaning refers to associations of a
word because of its usual or habitual co-occurrence with certain
types of words.
 Collocative
 Social
 Emotive
 Affective
33. Which types of meaning involve interconnection?
 Collocative and reflected
 Social and affected
 Emotive and social
 Affective and reflected
34. Reflected meaning is also found in words.
 Colloquial
 Formal
 Taboo
 Slang
35. According to Leech in his book , there are
seven types of meaning.
 Pragmatics
 Semantics
 Semantics and pragmatics
 None of the above
• Assignment Topic: MCQS Lexical Relations
• Course Name: Semantic & Pragmatics
• Course Code: ENGL3126
• Submitted To: DR. Samina Ali Asghar
• Submitted By: Noor Ali
• Roll Number: BSF1802003
• Class: B.S English
• Semester: 6TH
• Session: 2018-2022
• University of Education (campus Faisalabad)
Choose the correct answer
1: Semantics is the study of………………….?
A: Meaning B: Grammar C: Speech Sound D: Word Formation
2: What is another name of Lexical Relation?
A: Sense B: Sense Relationship C: Hidden Meaning D: Deep Meaning
3: The relationship between two predicates that have the same partial
sense is called?
A: Homonym B: Metonymy C: Synonymy D: Prototype
4: According to John Lyons Turns, Synonymy has two interdependent
interpretation ………….?
A: Index & Loser B: Loser & Savoury C: A stricter & Discriminative D:
A stricter & A loser
5: ‘’Suppose we take the word nice under it in the index we will see
various synonymy representing different shades of meaning of the nice
word’’ who said that?
A: Roget’s Thesaurus B: John Lyons Turn C: Robert Browning D:
Burrhus Frederic Skinner
6: In many dialects of English Stubborn & obstinate are ………………?
A: Metonymy B: Synonyms C: Polysemy D: Hyponymy
7: In many dialects, brigand & bandit are ………………?
A: Homograph B: Homophony C: Synonymy D: Homonymy
8: In many dialects, Mercury & quicksilver are …………………………?
A: Antonyms B: Homophony C: Homonymy D: Synonymy
9: ………….is a sense relation between predicates or sometimes longer
phrases such that the meaning of one predicate or phrase is include in the
meaning of the other is called?
A: Hyponymy B: Antonyms C: Homonymy D: Synonymy
10: The basis of the relationship of contradictions between sentences is
called?
A: Homonymy B: Incompatibility C: complimentarily D: None of them
11: The sense of animal is include in the sense of the…………?
A: Carrot B: Pen C: Cow D: Humans
12: A word opposite meaning into another meaning is called?
A: Complimentarily B: Homonymy C: Conversances D: Antonymy
13: Predicates which come in pairs & between them exhaust all the
relevant possibilities is called?
A: Binary Antonymy B: Conversances C: Complimentarily D: All are
correct
14: How many types of Antonymy?
A: 5 B: 4 C: 8 D: 9
15: If a predicate describes a relationship between two things (or
people) and some other predicate describes the same relationship when
the two things (or people) are mentioned in the opposite order, then the
two predicates are converses of each other is called?
A: Antonymy B: Complimentarily C: Converses D: None of them
16: Two predicates are ……………… antonyms if they are at
opposite ends of a continuous scale of values is called?
A: Binary Antonymy B: Conversances C: Complimentarily D: Gradable
17: The word Homonym has been derived from …………..language?
A: Greek B: Latin C: Turkish D: Spanish
18: The word Homonym has been derived from Greek term ‘’Homoios’’
which mean…………. & Onoma …………?
A: Non identical & Word B: Identical & Name C: Name & word D: Pairs
& Words
19: The branch of semantics which deals with the word meaning is
called……………..?
A: Lexical items B: Lexical Ambiguity C: Lexical Semantics D: None
of them
20: A case of …………….. is one of an ambiguous word whose different
senses are far apart from each other and not obviously related to each
other in any way with respect to a native speaker’s intuition is
called………….?
A: Homographs B: Lexical Ambiguity C: Polysemy D: Homonymy
21: The coexistence of many possible meanings for a word or phrase is
called ……………………….?
A: Polysemy B: Homophony C: Homograph D: Lexical Items
22: ………………..are pairs of words that sound the same, but have
distinctly different meaning & different spelling is called?
A: Homographs B: Homophones C: Homonymy D: Metonymy
23: ………………….are words which are spelled the same, but have
different meaning, & are not necessarily pronounced the same is called?
A: Homophones B: Metonymy C: Homographs D: Lexical Ambiguity
24: ………….is a kind of non-literal language in which one entity is
used to refer to another entity that is associated with it in some way.
In other words, metonymic concepts ‘allow us to conceptualize one
thing by means of its relation to something else is called?
A: Homographs B: Lexical Ambiguity C: Homophones D: Metonymy
25……….. of a predicate is an object which is held to be very typical of
the kind of object which can be referred to by an expression containing
the predicate is called?
A: Prototype B; Homographs C: Homophones D: None of them
26: The finally multiply of meaning is a very general charactertics of
language who said that?
A: Dick Hebdige B: F.R. Palmer C: David Crystal D: All are correct
27: ………… is a pair or group of words that are often used together is
called?
A; Prototype B: Homographs C: Collocation D: Corpus Linguistics
28: The concept of collocation is based on the notion that each word in
language prefers…………?
A: Lexical items B: Homophones C: Word Formation D: Certain Lexical
contexts over other
29: We seem to organize our knowledge of words is simply on the basis
of…………or frequently occurring together?
A: Collocation B: Lexicology C: Verbs D: Adverbs
30: In every day, we often explains the meaning of words in term of their
…………………………….?
A: Description B: Relationship C: Analysis of Grammar D: Semantic
31: ……………………..is semantics which tries to explain the rule
meaning of utterances in language used is called?
A: Speech B: Truth Condition Theory C: Speech act semantic D: Deep
Condition Theory
Subject: Semantics & pragmatics

MORNING SESSION

( Sana Akram, Hira Sabir, Azka Rizwan, Mubarra saif, Mahnoor waris, Saira iftikhar,
Imran Taj, Adil Shehzad, Muzaffar Iqbal, Asra Anwar)

Syntactic Semantics

Contradiction

MCQs

“ Circles are square” we know the given sentence is false because we know
the…………………………….in sentence.

Grammar

Structure

Meaning of the words ✓

All of these

It is not necessary to refer the words to the outside world in order to judge
their………………….

Syntactic structure

Meaning

Grammatical rule

Truth value ✓

The relation between sentences that contradict each other is known as……………….

Contradiction

Negative Entailment

Positive entailment
Both a and b ✓

In mutual negative entailment the truth of one sentence implies the ………………of the
other.

Truth value

Falseness ✓

Syntactic structure

Meaning

In the real world, most contrasting pairs are not ………………….

Antonyms ✓

Synonyms

Opposite

Valued

A Contradiction is a sentences which are definitely have to judge as…………

True
Valued
Preferred
False✓

Contradiction is in a way the…………………of an analytic sentence.

Opposite ✓
Same
Related
Synonymy

Contradictory sentences are necessarily false because of the…………………….information

among the words.
Same
Contrast✓
Related
Mentioned
Contradiction is a kind of…………………….relation between sentences.
Syntactic
Opposite
Semantic ✓
Grammatical

………………….occurs when sentences are unlikely to be correct at the same time.

Ambiguity
Syntactic relation
Contradiction✓
Anomaly

……………………………aims to recognize the contrasting meanings between two sentences.

Anomaly
Ambiguity
Truth value
Contradiction✓

Which contradiction characterizes a statement which cannot be true based simply on

knowledge of the meaning of the words?
Ambiguous
Lexical
Linguistic ✓
Semantic

Contradiction used deliberately create …………………..

Suspense
Irony✓
Rhythm
Value

If two contradictory meanings produce …………………………, the statement is called a Pun.

Humor✓
Suspense
Ambiguity
Relation
The Pun statement is also known as a play on ……………..
Meanings
Rules
Truth value
Words✓

If statements have unlimited range of meanings then it is said to be…………………

Vague ✓
Clear
Valued
Contradictory

On what property the statements and phrases can also be characterized?

Truth value
Redundancy ✓
Consistency
Syntactic structure

Redundancy is a property of saying the same thing………………………

Once
Twice
Thrice✓
Repetition

“Oxymorons” is when a phrase contains words that directly contradict one another’s
………………………
Basic structures
Relations
Basic meanings ✓
All of the above

Statements which do not include ……………………..may be said to be empirically true or

false. Lexical contradiction
Linguistic contradiction ✓
Ambiguity
None of these
No- sense statement cannot be given……………
Meaning
Truth value✓
Sentence structure
Relation between words

A …………………………….statement is one that says two things that cannot both be true.
Ambiguous
Contradictory✓
Lexical
Anomaly

Contradictory is related to the ……………………………contradict.

Verb ✓
Noun
Adjective
Subject

In contradictory sentence contrary means to take an………………………….view.

Same
Related
Opposite✓
Literary

Ambiguity

The word "ambiguity" comes from..

Latin

Greek

English

French✓

The word "ambiguity" comes from French..

Ambiguous

Ambiguite✓
Ambien

None of them

The word "ambiguity" originated from..?

Greek

Latin✓

English

French

The word "ambiguity" originated from te latin word..

ambiguus✓

Ambiguite

Ambien

None of them

The word "ambiguity" is a compound of the stems..?

ambi and agere✓

Fast and furious

Heavy rain

Stem and root

All above

The word "ambiguity" is a compound of the stems of "ambi and agere" which means?

To wander about

Drive on both sides

Both of them✓

None of them
"The state of simultaneously admitting plausible interpretations or explanations, thus
permitting double meanings that 'drive both ways" is called...

Ambiguity (Oxford English Dictionary 1989)✓

Sense relation

Semantic

Pragmatic

"The state of having more than one possible meaning" is called

Contradiction

Anamoly

Ambiguity (Oxford Advance Learner's Dictionary)✓

None of them

A word, phrase, or sentence is ambiguous if it has..

One meaning

More than one meaning✓

No meaning

All above

Ambiguity has more than one..

Interpretation✓

Types

Rules

Reasons

According to Huford and Beasley (1983), a word or a sentence is ambiguous when it has

More than one sense✓

More than one type

More than one reason

More than one rule

According to Leech (1981), " An expression is said to be _____________ when more than one
interpretation can be assigned to it"

Meaningful

Ambiguous✓

Meaningless

Strong

How many kinds of ambiguity?

4✓

Lexical ambiguity is resulting the ambiguity of..

Sentence

Word✓

Phoneme

Noun

Lexical ambiguity arises when at least _________ has more than one meaning

One word in a phrase✓

Two words in a phrase

Three words in a phrase

Four words in a phrase

Lexical ambiguity can be caused by the existence of:

Semantic and Pragmatic

Phonetics and Phonology

Homonymy and Polysemy✓

None of above

Homonymy refers to:

Homographs and homophones✓

Phonetics and Phonology

Semantics and Pragmatic

All above

"Two or more words that have the same spelling or sound but differ in meaning" is called

Semantic

Pragmatic

Homographs✓

Homophones

"Words that have the same pronunciation but different in spellings and meanings" is called

Homophones✓

Homographs

Homonymy

Polysemy

"One word with several meanings" is called

Homonymy

Polysemy✓

Homophone

All above
Structural ambiguity happens because its words relate to each other in...

Same ways

Equal ways

Different ways✓

None of above

How many types of structural ambiguity?

Two ✓

Three

Five

Seven

"Sentences for which the different meanings reside in distinct grammatical roles or functions
being played by the particular constituents" is called

Surface Structure Ambiguity

Deep Structure Ambiguity✓

Both of them

None of them

"Those sentences in which the surface string can be bracketed in two distinct ways, one for
each of the meanings" is call

Surface Structure Ambiguity✓

Deep Structure Ambiguity

Both of them

None of them

A referential ambiguity occurs when an____________ can refer to more than one element,
each playing the role of the referent.

Anamoly
Semantics

Anaphor✓

None of them

Referential ambiguity can result because of the presence of:

Pronouns

Substitution items

Both of them✓

None of them

Contextual ambiguity arises when the statement is __________ and the context does not
provide the information needed to clarify the statement (Walton 1996).

Specific

Not specific✓

Strong

Weak

Contextual ambiguity is mostly attributed to ______________ and traditional signals.

Anaphoric expression✓

Negative expression

Positive expression

Neutral expression

ANOMALY

An expression is ............. when there is an incompatibility of meaning between

constituent expressions.

Ambiguity

Anomaly ✓
Contradiction

None of these

........... Is a violation of semantic rules resulting in expressions that seem nonsense.

Anomaly ✓

Ambiguity

Polysemy

Homonymy

Semantically anomalous expressions can be syntactically.............

Ill-formed

Ambiguous

Well-formed ✓

Both a and b

Anomaly occurs in many ways........

• Contradictory semantic properties

•Nonsense words

• Violation of semantic rules

• All are correct ✓

............ Is the the abnormality profile of the linguistic items in term of combination and
interaction of the elements of language in the different context.
Ambiguity

Semantic anomaly ✓

Contradictions

Synonymous

An expression is anomalous when the meaning of its individual words are.............

Complete

Ambiguous

Incomplete

Incompatible ✓

Anomaly means..........

Irregularity

Meaninglessness

Both a and b ✓

None of these

Which one is the example of anomaly .............

The picture laughed

A grief ago

Colourless green ideas sleep furiously

All all correct ✓

The table likes basketball is the example of.....

Anomaly ✓

Ambiguity

Polysemy

None of these

Synonym of word "anomaly" is............

Irregularity

Abnormality

Freak

All are correct ✓

What is the opposite of the word anomaly?

Oddity

Regularity

Informality

Both b and c ✓

Anomaly detection is a technique used to identify unusual patterns that do not conform
to expected behaviour, called............

Ambiguity

Anomaly

Outliers ✓
None of these

Anomaly is something..........

Different

Peculiar

Not easily classified

All of these ✓

SPEECH ACT THEORY

The term pragmatics was first introduced by:

John Austin

Paul Grice

Charles Morris✔

None of above

The concept of speech act was given by:

John R Searle

J.L Austin✔

Charles Morris

Paul Grice

J.L Austin published the speech act theory in his book:

How to do things with words✔

Philosophical papers

Sense and Sensibillia

None of above

What is speech act theory?

The theory that words are things

If you speak with greater force, people will act

The theory that says that language is used for both expressing things and carry out
actions✔

None of the above

Utterances have ………… types:

2✔

Locutionary act refers to:

Actual words of the speaker✔

The message of the speaker

The effect of the speaker on the listener

None
Illocutionary act refers to:

Actual words of the speaker

The hidden message of the speaker(command, request)✔

Both of above

None

Perlocutionary act refers to:

The effect of Locutionary act✔

The actual words of the speaker

Statement of the listener

None

J.L Austin published this theory in his book in the year:

1977

1976

1975✔

1980

Actions performed via utterances are known as:

Communication act

Speech act✔

Speaker effect

None
Directive illocutionary points refers to:

Command, invitation, request✔

Threat, promises

Both of the above

None

Commissive illocutionary point refers to:

Speaker gives command or request to other

Speaker commits himself for doing something✔

Speaker expresses his feeling

None

Representative illocutionary speech act refers to:

The believe of the speaker✔

He threatens someone

Speaker give command

None

Declarative illocutionary speech act refers to:

Speaker expresses his feelings

Speakers commit himself to do something

It creates new situation altogether✔

None

Expressive illocutionary speech act refers to:

Threats, promises

Apology, thanks, complaints✔

Invitation, commands

None of the above

According to Austin, what type of speech act is this: “I love you to the moon and back”.

Locutionary✔

Illocutionary

Perlocutionary

None

According to Austin, what type of speech act is it when a woman turns down a proposal
from her boyfriend?

Locutionary

Perlocutionary✔

Illocutionary

None

According to Austin, what type of speech act is this when someone makes a promise?

Locutionary

Illocutionary✔

Perlocutionary

None
A group leader inspiring his teammates to do their best is a form of:

Locutionary

Illocutionary

Perlocutionary✔

None

What type of Illocutionary Act according to Searle is this: "You should spend less time
watching TV"?

Directive✔

Commissive

Representative

None

The type of speech act that shows consequences of the words we say is:

Locutionary

Illocutionary

Perlocutionary✔

None

Communication context when we talk to ourselves is known as:

Public

Interpersonal

Intrapersonal✔
Mass media

An umpire says, “Strike Three”

Locutionary✔

Illocutionary

Perlocutionary

None

A man says to his friend, “What time is it”

Locutionary

Illocutionary✔

Perlocutionary

None

Who expands the speech act theory given by J Austin:?

John R Searle✔

John Philips

Paul Grice

None

Topic:-

“The Cooperative priniciple, Conversational maxims.”

Grice's co-operative principles has how many maxims?

One maxim

Two maxims

Three maxims
Four maxims√

What are the maxim of quantity?

Speakers should be brief and orderly, and avoid obscurity and ambiguity.

Speakers should be as informative as is required, that they should give neither too
little information nor too much. √

Speakers are assumed to be saying something that is relevant to what has been said
before.

Speakers are expected to be sincere, to be saying something that they believe

corresponds to reality.

What it the maxim of quality?

Speakers should be brief and orderly, and avoid obscurity and ambiguity.

Speakers should be as informative as is required, that they should give neither too little
information nor too much.

Speakers are assumed to be saying something that is relevant to what has been said
before.

Speakers are expected to be sincere, to be saying something that they believe

corresponds to reality.√

What is the maxim of relation?

Speakers should be brief and orderly, and avoid obscurity and ambiguity.

Speakers should be as informative as is required, that they should give neither too little
information nor too much.

Speakers are assumed to be saying something that is relevant to what has been said
before.√

Speakers are expected to be sincere, to be saying something that they believe

corresponds to reality.
What is the maxim of manner?

Speakers should be brief and orderly, and avoid obscurity and ambiguity.√

Speakers should be as informative as is required, that they should give neither too little
information nor too much.

Speakers are assumed to be saying something that is relevant to what has been said
before.

Speakers are expected to be sincere, to be saying something that they believe

corresponds to reality.

When speakers are flouting the maxims ……...

they have an imperfect knowledge or performance of language.

they seem unwilling to cooperate in the way the maxim requires.

they appear not to follow the maxims but expect hearers to appreciate the meaning
implied.√

they know that the hearer will not know the truth and will only understand the surface
meaning of the words.

The speaker who flouts the maxim of quantity …….

by suing hyperbole, metaphor, irony and banter.

appears to be obscure, is often trying to exclude a third party.

expects that the hearers will be able to imagine what the utterance did not say.

seems to give too little or too much information.√

The speaker flouting the maxim of quality…...

by suing hyperbole, metaphor, irony and banter.√

appears to be obscure, is often trying to exclude a third party.

expects that the hearers will be able to imagine that the utterance did not say.

seems to give too little or too much information.

When speakers flout the maxim of relation, ……..

they may use hyperbole, metaphor, irony and banter.

they appear to be obscure, are often trying to exclude a third party.

they expect that the hearers will be able to imagine that the utterance did not say.√

they seem to give too little or too much information.

When speakers flout the maxim of manner, ……...

they may hyperbole, metaphor, irony and banter.

they appear to be obscure, are often trying to exclude a third party.√

they expect that the hearers will be able to imagine that the utterance did not say.

they seem to give too little or too much information.

A speaker can be said to violate a maxim when .........

they have an imperfect knowledge or performance of language.

they seem unwilling to cooperate in the way the maxim requires.

they appear not to follow the maxims but expect hearers to appreciate the meaning
implied.

they know that the hearer will not know the truth and will only understand the
surface meaning of the words.√

What is infringing maxims?

When the speaker has an imperfect knowledge or performance of language.√

When the speaker seems unwilling to cooperate in the way the maxim requires.

When speakers appear not to follow the maxims but expect hearers to appreciate the
meaning implied.
When speakers know that the hearer will not know the truth and will only understand
the surface meaning of the words.

What it opting out the maxims?

When the speaker has an imperfect knowledge or performance of language.

When the speaker seems unwilling to cooperate in the way the maxim requires.√

When speakers appear not to follow the maxims but expect hearers to appreciate the
meaning implied.

When speakers know that the hearer will not know the truth and will only understand
the surface meaning of the words.

Who famously stated the Cooperative Principle and four Maxims about how to have
effective communication?

Smith and Nelson

Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar

Paul Grice√

Pablo Garcia

Which option paraphrases the Cooperative Principle?

The main purpose of conversations is to cooperate to complete social projects.

The most common purpose of conversations is to persuade other people to cooperate

with us and help us achieve our goals.

You have to be friendly towards people if you want to communicate with them
effectively.

Each participant in a conversation is expected to say appropriate things so that the

conversation progresses successfully.√

Because of the Cooperative Principle, a listener will usually try to interpret a comment:
in a way that makes it relevant to the conversation.√

as though the speaker is lying.

in a way that produces the most optimistic message.

Which of the following is one of Grice's Maxims?

The Maxim of Collaboration

The Maxim of Quantity√

The Maxim of Obedience

The Maxim of Politeness

Which of the following is one of Grice's Maxims?

The Maxim of Quality√

The Maxim of Truth

The Maxim of Lies

The Maxim of Articulation

Which of the following is one of Grice's Maxims?

The Maxim of Fluency

The Maxim of Intonation

The Maxim of Efficiency

The Maxim of Manner√

Which of the following is one of Grice's Maxims?

The Maxim of Relationships

The Maxim of Relation/Relevance√

The Maxim of Optimism/Hope

The Maxim of Effort

Which Maxim says: Don't say too little; don't say too much?

The Maxim of Quality

The Maxim of Quantity√

The Maxim of Relation

The Maxim of Manner

Which Maxim says: Be clear; don't be obscure; be brief; be orderly?

The Maxim of Quality

The Maxim of Quality

The Maxim of Manner√

The Maxim of Relation

Which Maxim says: Don't lie; don't make claims you have no reason to believe are true?

The Maxim of Quality√

The Maxim of Quantity

The Maxim of Manner

The Maxim of Relation

Which Maxim says: Make your contributions relevant to the conversation?

The Maxim of Quality

The Maxim of Quantity

The Maxim of Manner

The Maxim of Relation√

If a speaker tells a lie, they break the Maxim of ........................

Quantity
Quality√

Manner

Relation

There are two ways of breaking Maxims:

Ripping and Tearing

Violating and Flouting√

Fracturing and Smashing

Bending and Destroying

If a speaker breaks a Maxim but the speaker or the listener is not aware of the break,
the speaker is ............... the Maxim.

Violating√

Flouting

Observing

RELEVANCE THEORY:

The principle that the communication process involves not only encoding, transfer, and
decoding of messages, but also numerous other elements, including inference and
context is:

Positive politeness

Principle of relevance√

Speech act theory

None
The foundation for relevance theory was established by scientists:

Noam Chomsky and B.F Skinner

Whoorf and Sapir

Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson√

None

"Relevance: Communication and Cognition" by Dan Sperber and Deirdre Wilson was
published and revised in:

1989; revised 1994

1986; revised 1995√

1984; revised 1991

1990; revised 1999

Like most pragmatists, Sperber and Wilson emphasize that understanding an utterance
is not simply a matter of linguistic decoding. It involves identifying:

What the speaker intended to say

What the speaker intended to imply

The intended context

All are correct√

The role of context in communication and understanding has not been studied in detail
in:

Gricean approaches to pragmatics√

Theory of Relevance by Sperber and Wilson

Both

None

Sperber and Wilson claim that the more mental effort involved in processing a stimulus:

The less relevant it is√

The more relevant it is

Varies situation to situation

None

The idea that linguistically encoded material in an utterance typically falls short of the
proposition expressed by the speaker was explored by:

Grecian

Sperber and Wilson√

Chomsky

None
A non descriptive classificatory approach that tries to understand complexities of
communication in terms of cause effect relationship:

Relevance theory√

Politeness theory

Speech act theory

None

The set of all facts that are manifest to an individual; this comprises everything he/she
can perceive, remember or infer, including facts he/she is not currently aware of:

Cognitive effect

Cognitive environment√

Both

None

Relevance is a comparative property: the more positive cognitive effects and:

The less processing effort√

The more processing effort

Varies situation to situation

None
A principle of relevance which says that human cognition is geared to the maximisation
of relevance is called:

Cognitive principle√

Communicative principle

Implicature

None

A principle of relevance which says that utterances create expectations of optimal

relevance is:

Cognitive principle

Communicative principle√

Implicature

None

POLITENESS THEORY

Politeness theory minimize the threat to someone's____?

Self-esteem

Public face

Social value

All of above✓

Face in Politeness theory means?

Real human face

Someone's public image✓

Self-esteem

None of above

Positive politeness is intended to avoid giving offense by the strategy of?

Establishing common ground

Nicknames & Honorifics

Special discourse markers

All of above✓

Negative Politeness is intended to avoid giving offense by:

Questioning

Hedging

Presenting disagreements as opinions

All of above✓

Politeness theory was first introduced by?

Penelope Brown

Stephen C. Levinson

Noam Chomsky

Both a&b✓
Act that comes with Positive & negative Politeness?

Face saving act

Face threatening act

Self-esteem

Both a&b✓

____act lessen the possibility of threat to someone's public image?

Face saving act✓

Face threatening act

Positive Politeness

Negative Politeness

____act increase the possibility of threat to someone's public face?

Face saving act

Face threatening act✓

Positive Politeness

Negative Politeness

Negative face needs to be ?

Independent

Free from imposition

Tactful & modest

Both A & B✓
"Clean the bathroom" is an example of threat to someone's___?

Negative face✓

Positive face

Independency

None of above

Example that can save the threat to someone's negative face is?

"Do your homework"

"Close the door"

"Do you mind washing the dishes"✓

"Give me a glass of water"

Positive face needs to be?

Belong to a group

To be connected

Independent

Both a&b✓

Greeting in the same way as the other person does' is an example to save?

Negative face

Positive face✓

Independency
None of above

What 'sociological variable' Brown and Levinson listed?

The social distance of the speaker and hearer

The relative 'power' of the speaker over the hearer

Establishing common ground

Both a&b✓

Politeness theory was First formulated in?

1801

1972

1978✓

1969

Topic: Entailment

____ is defined as what logically follows from what is asserted in the utterance.

Entailment✓

Presupposition

Contradiction

None

_____ is the relationship that applies between two propositions where the truth of one
implies the truth of the other.

Presupposition
Entailment✓

Ambiguity

Contradiction

Another way to prove entailment between two sentences is to demonstrate that if one
sentence is___ then other sentence must be false.

True

False✓

Both a & b

None

Saeed characterizes truth relation of entailment in

1997✓

1897

1797

1798

Truth relation of entailment can be shown in a _____ truth table.

Clear

Direct

Uncombined

Composite✓

Logical consequences following from what is asserted in the

Language

Individual

Utterance✓
Speech

Which one is the characteristic of entailment.

Sentences not speakers have entailment✓

Sentences and speakers have entailment

Sentences and speakers don’t have entailment

All are correct

The entailments are communicated without being said and are not dependent on the
_____.

Listeners intention

Speaker’s intention✓

Both a&b

None

Entailments depends on the ____ meaning.

Listeners

Speaker

Sentence✓

Paragraph

Entailments depends on sentence meaning not the ______ in which the sentence is
used.

Context✓

Text

Passage

None

The relation of entailment can be seen as a result of the linguistics structure of a ____
Particular language✓

Any language

Two language

All of these

_____ is not an inference in the normal sense.

Contradiction

Entailments✓

Presupposition

Ambiguity

The negating an entailing sentence destroy the

Contradiction

Presupposition

Ambiguity

Entailment✓

____ relation is given to us by linguistic structure.

Contradiction

Presupposition

Entailment

All of these✓

The source of entailment can be

Lexical

Syntactic

Both a&b ✓
None

_____ between lexical items is a regular source for entailment between sentences.

Synonymy

Hyponymy✓

Both a & b

None

In relation to hyponymy entailment works in ___ different directions.

Two✓

Three

Four

Five

Entailment works for hyponymy of

Assertion

Assumption

Argument✓

None

If two sentences have exactly the same set of entailments they are.

Synonymous✓

Antonyms

Prepositional

None

When a sentence entails the negation of another sentence the two sentences are said
to be
Synonymous

Contradictories✓

Ambiguity

Antonyms

Entailment interferes in the propositional analysis of sentences by the concept of

Ambiguity

Contradiction✓

Both a & b

None

A sentence may be analytically true if it’s denial entails a ____

Contradiction✓

Ambiguity

Synonyms

None

Interference of the entailment in meaning is the notion of

Contradiction

Ambiguity✓

Hyponymy

None

According to Yule (2000) there are how many types of entailments

Two✓

Three

Four
Five

Types of entailments include

Background entailment

Foreground entailment

Both a and b✓

None

Topic Name: Presupposition

A -------is something that a speaker assumed to be the case prior to making an

utterance:

Entailment

Semantic

Presupposition

Pragmatic

In “ She opened the door” , presupposition is:

The door is open now

The door was close

Before the door was not open

None of these

The information that is already known by listener is called:

Entailment
Pragmatic

Presupposition

Semantic

How many types of presupposition are:

11

------------presupposition can only become actual presupposition in contexts with

speakers:

Lexical presupposition

Potential presupposition

Factive presupposition

None of these

---------is the assumption of the existence of the entities named by the speaker:

Lexical presupposition

Existential presupposition

Factive presupposition

None of these

In “Tom’s car is new” , we can presupposes that:

Tom buy a new car

Tom exists and he has a car

Both a and b
None of these

The presupposed following a verb like know, realize, regret etc can be treated as a ------:

Lexical presupposition

Factive presupposition

Potential presupposition

Non-factive presupposition

In using one word the speaker can act as if another meaning will be understood is ------
presupposition:

Potential Presupposition

Non-factive presupposition

Lexical presupposition

None of these

Mary stopped running in this sentence ----- is taken to presuppose another concept:

Mary

Stop

Run

All of these

-------presupposition defined as certain sentence structures conventionally presuppose

that part of the structure is already assume to be true:

Lexical Presupposition

Factive presupposition

Structural presupposition

Non-factive presupposition
-------is the assumption referred to something that is notrue....

Factive presupposition

Non-Factive presupposition

Lexical presupposition

None of these

In presupposition which one assumes the situation?

Listener

Speaker

Reader

Object

Potential presupposition can only become actual presupposition in:

Meaning

Context

Structure

Sentence

Correct statment about Non-Factive presupposition is.....

Assumption fact

Assumption of non-existent

Assumption referred to something wrong

None of these

The ------- presupposition is assumption associated with certain words and phrases:

Factive

Non-Factive
Potential

Structural

The entities named by the speaker and assumed to be present is -------- Presupposition?

Potential

Factive

Non-Factive

Existancial

What is Presupposition of this sentence:

"They took no notice that their luggage were stolen"

They were careless

Their luggage were stolen

Their luggage was being ignored

None of these

Determine the type of presupposition of this sentence:

"Last night I had a dream of becoming a millionaire"

Factive Presupposition

Non-Factive presupposition

Potential presupposition

None of these

What is the Presupposition of this sentence:

"She bought a beautiful big house"

She bought a house

She has lots of money

The house is lovely

None of these

What is presupposition of this sentence

"They started arguing again"

They liked arguing

They had argued before

They have just started argument

All of the above

What are the presupposition of the sentence

"David started to become a vegan last year"

David is meat lover

David is used to eat meat

David could not eat meat

All of these

Which of the following contain Factive Presupposition

She still plays the guitar in the street

I didn't notice Tania was there.

I wish I had a lot of money

None of these

Determine the type of presupposition of the given sentence

"When did she travel to Germany"

Lexical presupposition
Factive Presupposition

Structural presupposition

None of these

Wish is triggers of ......

Factive Presupposition

Counter-factual presupposition

Potential presupposition

None of these

In presupposition which one assumes the situation?

Listener

Speaker

Reader

Object

TOPIC:

FELICITY CONDITION & CONVERSATIONAL IMPLICATURE

The term__________refers to the conditions that must be in place and the criteria that
must be satisfied for a speech act to achieve its purpose.

Propositional content

Felicity conditions

Preparatory

None of these
______says , “a sentence must not only be grammatical to be correctly performed, it
must also be felicitous,” or well-suited for the purpose.

Mark Liberman

Benjamin Whorf

Ferdinand de Saussure

Noam Chomsky

___________is a type of felicity conditions, which requires participants to understand

language, not to act like actors

Sincerity

Preparatory

Propositional content

Essential

___________is a type of felicity conditions, where the authority of the speaker and the
circumstances of the speech act are appropriate to its being performed successfully.

Propositional content

Preparatory

Sincerity

Essential

___________is a type of felicity conditions, where the speech act is being performed
seriously and sincerely

Essential

Preparatory

Propositional content

Sincerity
___________is a type of felicity conditions, where the speaker intends that an utterance
be acted upon by the addressee

Essential

Sincerity

Preparatory

Propositional content

___________are the assumptions suggested by the speaker and inferred by the hearer
in an exchange situation.

Conventional

Conversational implicatures

Implicature

None of the above

There are _____ main types of Conversational implicature.

Four

Two

Five

Three

_________is an umbrella term for the principles that guide our conversation.

The Cooperative Principle

Maxims

Discourse

Implicature

Gricean maxims are of______types

Two
Five

Seven

Four

_________is a short, pithy statement expressing a general truth or rule of conduct.

Discourse

Maxim

The Cooperative Principle

None of the above

Which of the following in not a Gricean maxim.

The Quality Maxim (truthfulness)

The Quantity Maxim (informativeness)

The Relevance Maxim

Manner Maxim

None of the above

Which maxim is being flouted in the conversations?

The Quality Maxim

The Quantity Maxim

The Relevance Maxim

Manner Maxim

______________are the inferences which are worked out while drawing totally on the
specific context of the utterance.

Implicature

Conventional Implicature
Particularized conversational implicatures

Generalized conversational implicatures

While working out__________“no special background knowledge of the context of

utterance is required in order to make the necessary inferences”.

Implicature

Conventional Implicature

Particularized conversational implicatures

Generalized conversational implicatures

_______are given rise by the use of certain scales of value.

Indefinite Implicatures

Particularized conversational implicatures

Conventional Implicature

Scalar implicatures

In___________the use of one expression indicates one point on the scale and cancels
the other expressions indicating higher points on the scale.

Scalar implicatures

Indefinite Implicatures

Particularized conversational implicatures

Conventional Implicature

Scalar implicatures & indefinite Implicatures both are the the types of ______?

Particularized conversational implicatures

Generalized conversational implicatures

None of these