Time Charter

TIME CHARTER PARTY
A time charter party is a contract under which the shipowner provides a named
and manned ship to the charterer, and the charterer employs the ship during the
contractual period for the agreed service against payment of hire.
The time charterer may be a shipowner who for a time needs to enlarge his fleet
or a cargo owner with a continuous need for transport, who does not want to
invest money in a ship but wants to have the control of the commercial
operation of the vessel.
There are many mutually agreed arrangements between the owners of cargo or
shippers and the ship owners or ship operators for transportation of cargoes.
The terms and conditions for carriage of cargo can either be on liner terms or
under different charter party terms that primarily depend upon the types of
ships and cargo.
Parties in a Charter
1. Ship owner
2. Charterer
3. Broker(s)
Contents of the Charter Party
A time charter party mainly contains the name of the shipowners, the name of
the charterer; the name, nationality, class, tonnage, capacity, speed and fuel
consumption of the ship; the trading area; the agreed service, the contractual
period, the time, place and conditions of delivery and redelivery of the ship; the
hire and the way of its payment and other relevant matters.
 The compensation to the shipowner is called hire instead of freight, and

instead of a certain voyage, a certain hire period and trading area will be
agreed.
 Instead of mentioning a certain cargo, the time charter party states the
type of cargo the time charterer are allowed to carry with the ship.
 Also the shipowner’s position against a third party is not the same in time
chartering as in voyage chartering.
 It is the time charterer who operates the ship commercially and thus also
the time charterer who has the closest contact with shippers, receivers,
etc.
 By far the largest number of time charters are fixed on the basis of the
New York Produce Exchange (NYPE) charter party form.
Compiled by : Capt. Naveen C Tewari, ARI Saket. New Delhi. (1/16) 1

TIME CHARTER PARTY
Salient Features of the Charter Party
1. Description of the Vessel

2. Description of the Trade
3. Description of Time
1.1 Description of the vessel
 Generally, the description of the vessel is more important in the time

charter party than in the voyage charter party and the description is also
mostly more detailed and precise.
 All details about the ship such as name, flag, classification, port of
registry, deadweight, capacity, construction, speed, fuel consumption,
nationality, tonnage etc. must be known by the charterers during the
negotiation with the shipowners.
 Many Charterers require the following plans to be supplied by the Owners;
(1) General Arrangement Plan ,including loading scale
(2) Detailed Cargo manifold arrangement Drawing
(3) Pumping Arrangement Plan
(4) Plan of Cargo Tank Ventilating System
(5) Manufacturers Characteristics Curves of Pumps if centrifugal pumps

are installed.
 The name of the vessel will be a condition of the contract. The charter is
for the named ship alone and the charterers cannot be required to accept
delivery under it of another, even of identical characteristics.
 It is open to the parties to agree that another ship may be substituted for
the originally named ship or to agree to more than one substitution.
 The parties may also agree that the substitution be made at any time,
whether before the start of the charter period, during it, or after the loss
of the named or any substituted ship.
 But if it intended to give a right of substitution after loss, particularly clear

words must be used; for otherwise the charter will be held to have been
frustrated by the loss and the right to substitute will terminate with the
termination of the charter.

TIME CHARTER PARTY
1.2 Sale of the ship
 It is not a breach of the charter for her owners to sell the ship during the
period of the charter. The original owners will however continue to be
responsible to the charterers for the performance of all the obligations
assumed by them under the charter.
 But where the flag of the ship has a vital bearing on her safety or on her
trading opportunities---as in wartime, when the flag of the ship may
determine her neutrality or otherwise---the statement may be treated as
a condition, so that any breach will allow the charterers to treat the
contract as discharged.
1.3 Description of cargo capacity
 The ship’s cargo capacity is described in the same way as in the voyage
charter party, i.e., in most cases by deadweight and/or cubic capacity.
 In some cases it is necessary to have additional information about the

vessel’s cargo capacity, for instance, how many containers she can take
on deck and under deck respectively, the vessels capability to load reefer
containers etc.
 A vessel’s cargo capacity is normally of great importance to the charterer.

If a chartered vessel cannot load all the cargo the charterer wishes to
ship, clearly he may miss his intended market or incur extra warehouse or
transport expenses on shore as well as in arranging substitute tonnage.
 As information about the vessel’s cargo capacity is very important for the
time charterers, the shipowners must declare these details as correctly as
possible. Statements of cargo capacity usually constitute intermediate
terms. Incorrect information about the cargo carrying capacity may lead
to deduction of the hire or, when the difference is big, the charterers may
also be entitled to cancel the contract and claim damage.
 In the New York Produce form 93 the deadweight capacity is defined as

“cargo and bunkers, including fresh water and stores not exceeding
----long/metric tons”.
1.4 Speed and fuel consumption (NYPE Form 93)
 As the charterers pay hire per time unit, the vessel’s speed capability and
bunker consumption are essential for judging the operating potential of
the vessel. The speed capability and bunker consumption statements in
the time charter parties are usually connected to certain weather
conditions and to a certain draught.
 In the NYPE form it is said that “Speed about -----knots, fully laden, in
good weather conditions up to and including maximum force-------------on

TIME CHARTER PARTY
the Beaufort wind scale, on a consumption of about -----------long/metric

tons of---------”.
 The statements regarding the speed and fuel consumption will usually
constitute intermediate terms.
 The consequences of misdescription will then depend upon the nature and
consequences of the breach. Usually, a lack of speed or an excess of
consumption can be compensated for damages alone. However, a serious
discrepancy in either respect may entitle the charterers to treat it as being
discharged.
 The word “about” when qualifying the warranty as to speed allows a

margin either side of the stated speed;
 The extent of the margin is a matter of fact, not one of law. It was argued
that there were only two possible margins that could be allowed for the
word “about”, half a knot or five per cent.
1.5 Charterer’s obligation
 Under the time charter party, the primary obligation on the charterers is
to order the vessel only to safe ports where the ship may safely lie always
afloat.
 In general the criteria applicable in the case of voyage charters are also
applicable to time charters.
 But the shipowners of a ship are more in need of protection from a safe
port promise when operating under a time charter than when operating
under a voyage charter with named or listed loading and discharging
ports.
DEFINITION OF SAFE PORT
 The classic definition of a “safe port” is that “a port will not be safe unless,
in the relevant period of time, the particular ship can reach it, use it and
return from it without, in the absence of some abnormal occurrence, being
exposed to danger which cannot be avoided by good navigation and
seamanship”.
 If the charterer sends the vessel to an unsafe port, and she is damaged as
a result, he will have to indemnify the shipowner. But if the master has
acted unreasonably, knowing of the danger in the port has proceeded to
enter it, and damage result, the charterer will not be liable.

TIME CHARTER PARTY
TIME REQUIREMENT
 Where the charter party requires the vessel to use safe ports only, the
port, at the time when the order is given, must be prospectively safe for
her to get to, stay at, so far as necessary, and in due course leave. But if
some unexpected and abnormal event thereafter suddenly occurs which
creates conditions of unsafety where conditions of safety had previously
existed and as a result the ship is delayed, damaged or destroyed, the
charterer is not liable.
 Where the time charterer has performed his primary obligation by

ordering the ship to a port which at the time of the order was
prospectively safe, and while she is still proceeding to that port new
circumstances arise which render the port unsafe, he is under a secondary
obligation to cancel his original order and order her to go to another port
which at the time when the fresh order is given is prospectively safe.
 Where the vessel has entered the port and new circumstances arise which
render the port unsafe, the charterer is under no secondary obligation to
nominate another port. But if it is possible for her to avoid the danger by
leaving the port, the charterer must order her to leave forthwith, whether
or not she has completed loading and discharge and order her to go
another safe port.
1.6 Cargo Exclusions
 Besides the trading limits, the most important restriction regarding the
time charterers’ freedom to use the ship is the restriction on cargoes to be
carried in the vessel.
 The general description of cargo accepted for the vessel sometimes by

itself excludes some cargoes.
 The printed charter party forms usually also contain a specification of

cargo that is not allowed. In NYPE 1993 this clause has the following
wording:
“ The vessel shall be employed in carrying lawful merchandise excluding

any goods of a dangerous, injurious, flammable or corrosive nature unless
carried in accordance with the requirements or recommendations of the
competent authorities of the country of the vessel’s registry and of ports
of shipment and discharge and of any intermediate countries or ports
through whose waters the vessel must pass. In addition the following are
specifically excluded: livestock of any description, arms, ammunition,
explosives, nuclear and radioactive materials.
 Lawful merchandise may include military stores and munitions. But goods
will not be lawful merchandise if their loading amounts to a breach of the

TIME CHARTER PARTY
local law nor if they cannot lawfully be discharged at the nominated

discharged ports. They must also be lawful under the law of the ship’s
flag.
 It is a breach of the contract for the charterers to ship goods excluded by

the charter and the master may properly refuse an order to load such
cargo.
OTHER RULES
 The time charter parties often incorporates the United States Carriage of
Goods by Sea Act or the Hague Rules. According to these rules relating to
danger cargo carried:
 First, it allows the shipowners to land, destroy or render innocuous

inflammable, explosive or dangerous goods to the shipment of which they
have not consented with knowledge of their nature.
 Secondly, the shippers (charterers) liable for all damages and expenses
arising out of such shipment.
 Thirdly, it concerns shipment of such cargoes to which the shipowners

have consented with knowledge of their nature but which become a
danger to their ship or its cargo, and gives the shipowners the rights listed
in the first.
1.7 CARGO LIABILITY
 In time chartering, the charterers and shipowners can allocate the liability
for cargo as they wish but as liability under a bill of lading is also often
involved, the situation is sometimes complex from a legal standpoint.
Cargo owners usually claim under the bill of lading and the first question
is whether the shipowners, time charterers, or both, are liable to the
cargo owners. The second question is how the liability should ultimately
be allocated between the charterers and shipowners.
Transfer of responsibility to the charterers
 In the absence of express provision, the obligation to load, stow, trim and
discharge the cargo is at common law on the shipowners. The NYPE form
has the effect of shifting this primary responsibility from the shipowners to
the charterers for loading, stowing and trimming the cargo. It provides
that “the Charterers shall perform all cargo handling, including but not
limited to loading, stowing, trimming, lashing, securing, dunnaging,
unlashing, discharging, and tallying, at their risk and expense, under the
supervision of the Master”.
 The master has the right to supervise the cargo operation, particularly
from a ship safety point of view, irrespective of the words “under the

TIME CHARTER PARTY
supervision of the master”. But, leaving aside considerations of safety, he

has no duty to the charterers to supervise. These words only qualify the
primary responsibility that the NYPE form places on the charterers for the
loading and stowing of the cargo: (a) if loss or damage is attributable to
want of care in matters particularly within the province of the master,
such as, for example, the stability of the ship; (b) if the master actually
supervises the cargo operations and loss or damage is attributable to that
supervision.
 Where it is intended by the parties that responsibility for the operations

shall be upon the shipowners, it is usual for the words “and responsibility”
to be inserted after “supervision”. The addition of these words has been
held to effect a prima facie transfer from the charterers back to the
shipowners of liability for the entire operation of loading, stowing,
trimming and discharging of the cargo.
The Inter-Club Agreement
 In order to avoid endless discussions between shipowners and charterers,

several P&I Clubs have made a special agreement for the apportionment
of liability for cargo under the time charter party based on the NYPE form.
 In NYPE form 1993, it states that “cargo claims as between the owners
and the charterers shall be settled in accordance with the Inter-Club New
York Produce Exchange Agreement of February 1970, as amended May,
1984, or any subsequent modification or replacement thereof”.
 This agreement, officially named “The Inter-Club New York Produce

Exchange Agreement”, but usually called “The Inter-Club Agreement”. The
latest replacement is Inter-Club Agreement 1996 has the following
allocation:
 “Claims in fact arising out of unseaworthiness and/or error or fault in

navigation or management of the vessel: 100% Owners.
 Claims in fact arising out of the loading, stowage, lashing, discharge,

storage or other handling of cargo: 100% Charterers.
 Claims for shortage or overcarriage: 50% Charterers and 50% Owners.
 All other claims whatsoever: 50% Charterers and 50% Owners”.

TIME CHARTER PARTY
1.8 The Charter Period
 The time charter parties regularly contain a clause stating the length of
the charter period. To avoid recurring disputes on the duration of charter,
it is recommended to specify clearly the exact period of hire with any
margin, if also agreed.
The period of Charter- Implied margin or allowance
 When a charter party is for a stated period—such as “three months” or

“six months”——without any express margin or allowance, then the Court
will imply a reasonable margin or allowance.
 The reason is because it is not possible for anyone to calculate exactly the
day on which the last voyage will end. Where such a margin is implied the
charterers are not in breach if they send the ship on a final voyage which
can reasonably be expected to end beyond the stated period itself but
within the implied margin.
 If the vessel does exceed the stated period and the market rate has gone
up, the charterer is only bound to pay the charter rate until she is actually
redelivered.
No margin or allowance express or implied
 It is open to the parties to provide in the charter party — by express

words or by implication — that there is to be no margin or allowance as
being between a certain “minimum” and a certain “maximum” time.
 In such a case the court will not imply an additional margin beyond the
stated “maximum”. The charterer must ensure that the vessel is
redelivered within the stated period. If he does not do so — and the
market rate has gone up — he will be bound to pay the extra. That is to
say, he will be bound to pay the charter rate up to the end of the stated
period, and the market rate thereafter.
Express margin or allowance
 It is also open to the parties themselves to fix expressly what the margin
or allowance shall be. If this has be done, such as by adding to the basic
period “20 days more or less”, that leaves no room for any implied margin
or allowance.
Extension of the period
 Charterers are not entitled to an extension of the period because of off-

hire period which occurred during the charter unless this is expressly
stated in the charter party. If such a clause is inserted it is advisable also
to state the latest time by which the charterers must notify the

TIME CHARTER PARTY
shipowners that they intend to use their option to extend the charter
period.
 Furthermore, the hire for the additional period should be determined as

well as the question of whether off-hire during the extension period will
give the charterer a right to additional extension.
1.9 Time for delivery and redelivery
Delivery
Laydays and notice
 For the delivery, it is usually to state a number of days which is so-called

laydays, for instance “March 1-10”. If the vessel arrives too early, the
charterers are not obliged to take delivery before the layday and if she
arrives too late they are entitled to cancel the charter party.
 The shipowners shall give the charterers not less than a few days notice of
expected date of delivery, such as “7/5/3/2/1 notice of expected date of
delivery”.
NYPE 93
 If the owners warrant that, despite the exercise of due diligence by them,
the vessel will not be ready for delivery by the canceling date, and
provided the owners are able to state with reasonable certainty the date
on which the vessel will be ready, they may, at the earliest seven days
before the vessel is expected to sail for the port or place of delivery,
require the charterers to declare whether or not they will cancel the
charter party.
 Should the charterers elect not to cancel, or should they fail to reply
within two days or by the canceling date, whichever shall first occur, then
the seventh day after the expected date of readiness for delivery as
notified by the owners shall replace the original canceling date. Should the
vessel be further delayed, the owners shall be entitled to require further
declarations of the charterers in accordance with this clause”.
Redelivery
General note
 The charterer shall redeliver the ship at the agreed redelivery date or
period. Sometimes the vessel is redelivered before and sometimes after
the agreed redelivery date or period.
 The shipowners cannot refuse to take the ship if the charterers redeliver
her earlier than they are entitled to in spite of this being a breach of
contract on the charterers’ side.
TIME CHARTER PARTY
 The shipowners have an obligation to try to minimize their loss by seeking

alternative employment for the vessel but if they fail or if they get lower
revenue compared with the previous charter, they are entitled to
compensation from the charterers.
1.10 Last voyage
 When the charterers are planning the last voyage for the ship under the
charter they must take into consideration that she has to be redelivered in
accordance with the agreement in the charter party. As it is often difficult
to determine beforehand exactly when the ship shall be redelivered, the
time charter party form usually have a special clause about the last
voyage.
 If the charterer sends the vessel on a voyage which it is reasonably

expected will be completed by the end of the charter period, the
shipowners must obey the directions. If she is delayed by causes for which
neither party is responsible, hire is payable at the charter rate until
redelivery even though the market rate may have gone up or down.
Over lap
 If the charterer sends the vessel on a voyage which she cannot

reasonably by expected to complete within the charter period, the
shipowner is entitled to refuse that direction. If the charterer refuses to
give it, the shipowner can accept his conduct as a breach of contract, fix a
fresh charter for the vessel, and sue for damages.
 If the shipowner agrees to the voyage originally ordered by the charterer,

he is entitled to be paid hire at the current market rate for the excess
period.
 During the extended period, the charterer shall pay the hire at the rate
fixed by the charter, and, if the current market rate of hire is higher than
that specified in the charter, the charterer shall pay the hire at the current
market rate”.

TIME CHARTER PARTY
1.11 The port or place of delivery and redelivery
 The port or place of delivery and redelivery can be more or less specified.
Sometimes a certain port is mentioned and sometimes a certain area or
range, i.e. “vessel to be delivered and redelivered in the Mediterranean”.
When only an area or a range is mentioned it is usually the shipowners
who choose the place of delivery and the charterers who decide the port
of redelivery.
 Delivery and redelivery may not necessarily take place when the ship is in
port. It is not unusual that the charter parties contain a delivery or a
redelivery clause of the following type: “vessel to be delivered/redelivered
on dropping outward pilot at ----- port” or “Taking inward pilot” or “Arrival
Pilot Station”.
Terms
 “Arrival Pilot Station” signifies a location on arrival at which a vessel will

delivery on to a time charter. This term has advantage to the shipowners
when compared with TIP.
 “Dropping Outward Pilot” signifies a point of delivery on to or redelivery

off time charter, following a vessel’s sailing from port.
 “Taking inward pilot” signifies a location on arrival at which taking aboard

the pilot a ship delivers on to her time charter. It has advantage to the
charterer when compared with APS as in the event of a suspension of the
pilotage service, or late boarding by a pilot, the risk and expense of delay
is that of the shipowner.
 DLOSP: dropping last outward sea pilot
Conditions of the vessel on delivery and redelivery

1.12 State of the vessel on delivery
Requirement of the contract
 The vessel shall, on delivery to the charterers, be seaworthy and conform

to the requirements of the contract. This is, for example, stated in NYPE
93 such as “the vessel on her delivery shall be ready to receive cargo with
clean-swept holds and tight, staunch, strong and in every way fitted for
ordinary cargo service, having water ballast and with sufficient power to
operate all cargo handling gear simultaneously.”
 If the ship is not in the state required by the charter, a valid notice of
readiness cannot be given; and upon the expiry of the time allowed in the
charter, the charterers may exercise their option to cancel the charter. If
the state of the ship is due to breach of any of the shipowners’ obligations

TIME CHARTER PARTY
under the charter, the charterers will normally be entitled to damages if

they have suffered loss as a result.
 The words “ready to receive cargo with clean-swept holds” is a concept

much developed in cases under voyage charters, particularly in relation to
the commencement of laytime. It is considered that the general
propositions developed in these voyages charter cases apply also to time
charters which require that on delivery the ship shall be ready to load or
to receive cargo.
 The words “tight, staunch, strong and in every way fitted for ordinary
cargo service” constitute an express obligation of seaworthiness. The
express obligation of seaworthiness at the beginning of the charter period
is reduced from an absolute obligation that the ship will be seaworthy to
an obligation to exercise due diligence to make the ship seaworthy. It
includes the requirement that the ship must have certain kinds of
documents, and it also includes the requirement that the ship must be
provided with a sufficient and competent crew.
1.13 State of the ship on redelivery
(1) Same good order and condition
 As regards redelivery, the following or similar clauses are used:
 “The vessel to be redelivered on the expiration of the charter in the same

good order and condition, ordinary wear and tear excepted.”
 The vessel should under many charter party forms be redelivered in the
same good order and condition as when delivered. The charterers will be
liable in damages if as a result of a breach of any of their obligations
under the charter they redeliver the ship in a worse condition than when
delivered, ordinary wear and tear excepted.
(2) Damaged vessel
 This does not mean that the charterers are prevented from redelivering
her before damages have been repaired for their account.
 Under normal circumstances the shipowners cannot refuse to take

redelivery of a damaged vessel. The charterers may make a valid
redelivery of a damaged ship at the end of the charter period even if that
damage has been caused by a breach of their obligations under the
charter. They may thus bring to an end their obligation to pay hire.
The shipowners cannot refuse the redelivery and are left to a claim for damages.
If the charterers are liable for the damage, and the repairs delay the ship, the
shipowners can instead includes the loss of time in their claim against the
charterers

TIME CHARTER PARTY
Survey on delivery and redelivery
 When the vessel is delivered under the charter, liability for certain costs,
for instance the costs for bunkers, harbor dues, and agency fees, goes
over from the owners to the charterers. In the same way liability for these
costs goes back to the shipowners at redelivery.
 In order to get a base for the allocation of costs, special survey reports —
on-hire and off-hire survey reports — are usually issued in connection with
the delivery and the redelivery. In these reports the exact time for
delivery and redelivery and quantities of fuel and diesel on board are
stated. Usually damage to the vessel and her general condition are also
stated. Such damage reports often have an important function in
discussions about liability for damages which sometimes arise during and
after the charter period.
 Charterers and shipowners can make separate surveys but it is also

common that they agree to have a joint survey by an independent
surveyor. The parties must agree not only for whose account the survey
is, but also in whose time.
NYPE form
 “Prior to delivery and redelivery the parties shall, unless otherwise agreed,
each appoint surveyors, for their respective accounts, who shall not later
than at first loading port/last discharging port respectively, conduct joint
on-hire/off-hire surveys, for the purpose of ascertaining quantity of
bunkers on board and the condition of the vessel. A single report shall be
prepared on each occasion and signed by each surveyor, without prejudice
to his right to file a separate report setting forth items upon which the
surveyors cannot agree. If either party fails to have a representative
attend the survey and sign the joint survey report, such party shall
nevertheless be bound for all purposes by the findings in any report
prepared by the other party. On-hire survey shall be on charterers’ time
and off-hire survey on owners’ time”.

TIME CHARTER PARTY
Bunkers on delivery and redelivery
 As regards bunkers on delivery and redelivery the charter party should

state the quantity and prices of bunkers remaining on board the ship to be
applied at deliver and redelivery.
 The provision on bunkers in NYPE form 93 stipulates that:
 “The charterers on delivery, and the owners on redelivery, shall take over
and pay for all fuel and diesel oil remaining on board the vessel as
hereunder. The vessel shall be delivered with: ------long/metric tons of
fuel oil at the price of -------per ton;---------tons of diesel oil at the price
of -----per ton. The vessel shall be redelivered with: -------long/metric
tons of fuel oil at the price of ------per ton; ---------tons of diesel oil at the
price of -------per ton.”
Bunker
 The charterers must take care that the bunkers they provide are of
suitable for the type of engines fitted to the particular ship.
 The charterers retain the property in bunkers which have been supplied
and paid for by them on board the vessel during the period of charter.
The hire and payment of hire
 The hire is the financial payment to the shipowners for leasing the
manned and equipped vessel to the time charterers. The basic rule is that
hire shall be paid from the moment when the ship is delivered to the
charterers until she is again redelivered to the shipowners at the
termination of the charter period. Under some circumstances — mainly
defined in the off-hire clauses — the time charterers are relieved from
their obligation to pay hire to the shipowners.
 The standard forms of time charter recognize the importance to the

shipowners of the regular receipt of hire by the inclusion of a provision
which allows the shipowners to terminate the charter altogether should
the charterers fail to pay the hire due on or before each appropriate date.
Time for hire payment
 The hire is payable in advance in nearly every case, i.e. monthly or semi-
monthly or every fifteen days in advance. It is common practice to pay
hire every fifteen days in advance, which continues to allow for
subsequent equal payments irrespective of whether a calendar month
comprises 28, 29, 30, or 31 days.
 Hire is to be paid in advance meaning that each periodic payment must be

made by the charterers on or before but not later than the due day. In the

TIME CHARTER PARTY
absence of express agreement or settled practice, the charterers have

until midnight on the due day in which to effect each periodic payment.
The obligation to pay hire in advance applies equally to the first as to
subsequent installments. If the due day for a particular payment falls on a
Sunday or some other non-banking day the charterers must take their
payment on an earlier banking day.
Last hire payment
 If the charter does nor expressly provide to the contrary, hire payable in
advance for a month or half a month will be payable in full even it is clear
that the ship will be redelivered before the end of the month or half
month. As the last period of hire in most cases is not as long as the full
hire period and as the charterers will usually have a claim against the
shipowners in connection with the redelivery for bunkers remaining on
board, the time charter party forms frequently contain a last hire payment
clause.
Deductions from hire
 When the advance payment of hire is to be made the charterers often

wish to make deductions for off-hire during previous period, for cash paid
by agents to the master, for disbursement for shipowners’ account and for
other monetary claims that the charterers may have against the
shipowners. As default in payment may give the shipowners a right to
cancel the charter, it is important for charterers to rely on a clause in the
charter party which give them a right to make such deductions. Normally
hire is subject to deductions for:
---Address commission and/or brokerage.
----Port disbursements.
----Domestic bunkers.
----Off-hire.
Right of withdrawal
(1) Right of withdrawal
 If the charterers fail to make punctual payment of an installment of hire,

that is to say payment on or before the due date, the shipowners are
entitled by the withdrawal clause to withdraw the ship from their service
and thus bring the charter to an end.
 The right to withdraw is not lost merely because the charterers tender the
overdue hire before the shipowners have given notice. If the charterers
fail to pay in time they are in default and their tender of hire thereafter

TIME CHARTER PARTY
cannot alter that position. The shipowners may accept a late tender of the
hire as if it had been paid punctually. If they are found to have done so
they will be held to have waived their right to withdraw.
(2) Anti-technicality clause
 An anti-technicality clause is a clause designed to modify the rigor of the

withdrawal clause. It usually provides for a 48 hour or 72 hour notice to
be given by the shipowners to the charterers, after default has occurred,
before withdrawal.
e.g. Failure by the Charterers to pay the hire within ------- days of their
receiving the Owners’ notice as provided herein, shall entitled the Owners
to withdraw as set forth in Sub-clause 11 (a) above”.
Off-hire clause
 Charterers are entitled to off-hire only if the ship is delayed for a reason
which in accordance with the off-hire clause in the charter.
The grounds for off-hire
 In the event of loss of time from deficiency and/or default and/or strike of
officers or crew, deficiency of stores, fire, breakdown of, damages to hull,
machinery or equipment, grounding, detention by the arrest of the vessel
(unless such arrest is caused by events for which the charterers, their
servants, agents or subcontractors are responsible), detention by average
accidents to the vessel or cargo unless resulting from inherent vice,
quality or defect of the cargo, drydocking for the purpose of examination
or painting bottom, or by any other similar cause preventing the full
working of the vessel, the payment of hire and overtime, if any, shall
cease for the time thereby lost.
 Should the vessel deviate or put back during a voyage, contrary to the
orders or directions of her charterers, for any reason other than accident
to the cargo or where permitted (Deviation/Liberty clause), the hire is to
be suspended from the time of her deviating or putting back until she is
again in the same or equidistant position from the destination and the
voyage resumed therefrom. All bunkers used by the vessel while off hire
shall be for the owners’ account. In the event of the vessel being driven
into port or to anchorage through stress of weather, trading to shallow
harbors or to rivers or ports with bars, any detention of the vessel and/or
expenses resulting from such detention shall be for charterers’ account. If
upon the voyage the speed be reduced by defect in, or breakdown of, any
part of hull, machinery or equipment, the time so lost, and the cost of any
extra bunkers consumed in consequence thereof, and all extra proven
expenses may be deducted from the hire.

TIME CHARTER PARTY
Meaning of some terminology
 The expression “deficiency of men” does not apply to the situation in

which there is on board a full complement of officers and men able to
work but some or all of them refuse to do so. Even if there is a numerical
deficiency of men, the ship will not be off-hire if the numerical deficiency
does not affect the efficiency of the ship and thus does not prevent the full
working of the vessel.
The loss of time (i.e. Off-hire)
 Charterers are not always entitled to off-hire for all time actually lost. The
happening of one of the listed incidents, such as a breakdown of
machinery, does not result in an automatic interruption of hire. It must be
shown also that time was lost to the charterers in consequence.
 Thus, a breakdown of the propulsion machinery will not usually put the
ship off-hire if it happens and is cured during a period of loading or
discharging cargo. Regard must be had to the particular work that
required of the ship at the relevant time and only if that is affected does
the possibility of off-hire arise. It follows that a ship may be off-hire by
reason of a breakdown of propulsion machinery while she is, or is required
to be, at sea but on hire again immediately that machinery is no longer
relevant to the particular service the charterers next require.
The threshold rule
 Many standard time charter party forms have thresholds where it is stated
that the charterers are entitled to off-hire only if the vessel is hindered or
prevented more than an agreed number of hours (usually 12 or 24 hours).
Other clauses
1 Damage to the vessel
2 Liens clause
3 Bills of lading clause
4 Exception clause
5 Paramount clause
6 Stowaways clause
7 Charterer to provide clause
8 Owners to provide clause

TIME CHARTER PARTY
Damage to the vessel
1.1 Damage caused by bad weather, collision and grounding
 Shipowners normally have little chance of obtaining compensation from

the charterers for damage caused to the vessel by bad weather, collision,
grounding, etc. Only if the shipowners can prove that the charterers’
breach of contract or negligence has caused the damage may they have a
chance of obtaining compensation. The most practical example is where
time charterers have directed the vessel to an unsafe place or port.
Damage caused by cargo
 If the ship has been damaged by cargo, the shipowners can seek
compensation from the charterers in two ways. Firstly, the charterers may
be held responsible if they have shipped on the vessel a cargo which is
not permitted under the charter party. As mentioned before, time charter
parties usually have a clause which excludes a number of specified cargo
types and all cargo likely to be injurious to the ship. Secondly, the
shipowners may seek compensation from charterers when the cargo has
been loaded, stowed or secured insufficiently and the vessel is damaged
thereby. This situation is usually more complicated as the master and
officers normally supervise loading and securing of the cargo. It is difficult
to find the borderline between the charterers’ and shipowners’ liability in
this respect. The tendency seems to be for charterers to be held liable
unless there is obvious negligence on the part of the master or officers.
Damage caused by stevedore
 The most common type of damage to the ship is damage caused by

stevedores. The extent of the charterers’ liability should be defined in the
charter party. Time charter parties quite often contain special clauses
stating under what circumstances the charterers are liable for damage
caused by stevedores and these clauses are usually very harsh for
owners. It is, for instance, not unusual to find clauses which say that the
charterers are liable for stevedore damage only if the master informs the
charterers immediately, when the damage occurs, and also obtains a
statement in writing from the stevedores that they accept liability for the
damage.
NYPE form
 “Notwithstanding anything contained herein to the contrary, the

charterers shall pay for any and all damage to the vessel caused by
stevedores provided the master has noticed the charterers and/or their
agents in writing as soon as practical but not later than 48 hours after any
damage is discovered. Such notice to specify the damage in detail and to

TIME CHARTER PARTY
invite charterers to appoint a surveyor to assess the extent of such

damage.
 (a) In case of any and all damages affecting the vessel’s seaworthiness
and/or the safety of the crew and/or affecting the trading capabilities of
the vessel, the charterers shall immediately arrange for repairs of such
damages at their expenses and the vessel is to remain on hire until such
repairs are completed and if required passed by the vessel’s classification
society.
 (b) Any and all damages not described under point (a) above shall be
repaired at the charterers’ option, before or after redelivery concurrently
with the owners’ work. In such case no hire and/or expenses will be paid
to the owners except and insofar as the time and/or expenses required for
repairs for which the charterers are responsible, exceed the time and/or
expenses necessary to carry out the owners’ work.”
Liens clause
This accurately describes the nature of the shipowners’ lien upon cargo or
charterers’ lien upon ship, which is in their possession.
Shipowner’s liens upon cargoes
 In NYPE form 93, it states that “the shipowners shall have a lien upon all
cargoes and all sub-freights and/or sub-hire for any amounts due under
this charter party including general average contributions”.
Charterers’ lien on the ship
 In the NYPE 93 the charterers are given a lien on the ship for all monies
paid in advance and not earned. Although the lien given to the charterers
cannot be a true possessory lien, for the time charterers unlike the demise
charterers do not obtain and so cannot retain possession of the ship, it
seems that it confers a similar right, namely to prevent the shipowners at
the end of the charter period from resuming control of the use of the ship
for their own purposes.
Bills Of lading clause
 The bills of lading clause In the NYPE form 93 has three paragraphs.
(1) First paragraph entitles the charterers to present bills of lading to the
master for signature by him on behalf of the shipowners or charterers
may sign bills of lading on behalf of the master.
(2) Second paragraph entitles the shipowners to get indemnity from the
charterers against all consequences or liabilities arising from any
inconsistency between the charter party and bills of lading.

TIME CHARTER PARTY
(3) Third paragraph states that bills of lading covering deck cargo shall be
claused: “Shipped on deck at charterers’, Shippers’ and Receivers’ risk,
expense and responsibility, without liability on the part of the vessel, or
her owners for any loss, damage, expense or delay however caused.”
 The master of a ship chartered on the NYPE form must normally sign bills
of lading “as presented” to him by the charterers or their agents.
 Thus where bills of lading are signed by the master the bill of lading
contracts will usually, although not invariably, be between the holders of
the bill of lading and the shipowners.
 Bills of lading signed by the charterers or their agents “for the master” will
usually be regarded as binding the shipowners. It may indicate so clearly
that the charterers are the carriers under the contract of carriage
evidenced by the bill that the charterers will be bound by the bill despite
the manner in which it is signed.
Exceptions clause
 In the NYPE forms there is a exception clause which states that “The act
of God, enemies, fire, restraint of princes, rulers and people, and all
dangers and accidents of the seas, rivers, machinery, boilers, and
navigation, and errors of navigation throughout this Charter, always
mutually excepted.”
 The purpose of the exceptions clause is to protect either shipowners or

charterers from liability to the other for damages resulting from any of the
specified excepted causes. But this clause is very limited. The shipowners
are given wider protection by the Clause Paramount which means that the
United States Carriage of Goods by Sea Act is incorporated into the
charter.
 The definition of Act of God is merely expressing any accident due to

natural causes directly and exclusively without human intervention, and
that could not have been prevented by any amount of human foresight
and care reasonably to have been expected from him.
 Enemies probably covers the actions of enemies of the state whose flag
the ship flies and of enemies of the states in which the charterers or
shipowners, if companies, are registered. It certainly includes enemies of
those states of which the parties, if individuals, are nationals.
 The shipowner or carrier will be not liable for cause of fire under the
contract if the fire is not caused by negligence. The exception in respect of
fire will be widened by virtue of laws such as the United States Carriage of
Goods by Sea Act, Hague Rules or Hague-Visby Rules to “Fire, unless
caused by the actual fault or privity of the carrier.”

TIME CHARTER PARTY
 “Restraint of Princes, Rulers and People”-----These words cover forcible

interference by a government or state preventing or impeding the
performance of the charter, such as the imposition of restrictions on
trade, action taken pursuant to Customs or quarantine regulations, action
to protect the government’s own proprietary interests in the cargo or
action taken for political reasons.
 “Dangers and accidents of the seas, rivers”-----This covers perils peculiar

to seas or rivers, which cannot be avoided by exercise of reasonable care.
 “Always mutually excepted”. These words make the exceptions available

to the charterers as well as the shipowners. And if an exception, such as
fire, is not apt to protect the shipowners from liability in the event of
negligence, then since the exceptions are mutual it will not protect the
charterers in the event of their negligence or that of their servants.
Clause Paramount
 By the express words of the NYPE forms the Carriage of Goods by Sea Act
of the United States or Hague Rules are incorporated into the charter
party and into all bills of lading.
The effect of incorporation of the Rules
 It is suggested that the effect of the incorporation of these rules will

normally be as follows:
 The express obligation of seaworthiness at the beginning of the charter

period is reduced from an absolute obligation that the ship will be
seaworthy to an obligation to exercise due diligence to make the ship
seaworthy;
 Before and at the beginning of each voyage under the charter the
shipowners will be obliged to exercise due diligence to make the ship
seaworthy, in accordance with the rules;
 All the provisions of the rules are to be given effect to so as to regulate

the rights and obligations of the shipowners and the charterers, to the
extent that the provisions are capable of that treatment when notionally
written out in full in the charter; this is particularly important so far as
concerns the excepted perils listed in the rules.
Conflict with other clauses
 Where there is a conflict between the provisions of the rules which are
incorporated by clause paramount of the NYPE form and the other printed
terms of the contract, the provisions of the rules will override. Where
there is no conflict, the provisions of the rules will supplement those other
terms.

TIME CHARTER PARTY
Stowaways Clause
 The charterers warrant to exercise due care and diligence in preventing

stowaways in gaining access to the Vessel by means of secreting away in
the goods and/or containers shipped by the charterers.
 If, despite the exercise of due care and diligence by the Charterers,
stowaways have gained access to the Vessel by means of secreting away
in the goods and/or containers shipped by the Charterers, this shall
amount to breach of charter for the consequences of which the Charterers
shall be liable and shall hold the Owners harmless and shall keep them
indemnified against all claims whatsoever which may arise and be made
against them. Furthermore, all time lost and all expenses whatsoever and
however incurred, including fines, shall be for the Charterers’ account and
the Vessel shall remain on hire.
Stowaways Clause
 Should the vessel be arrested as a result of the Charterers’ breach of

charter according to sub-clause above, the Charterers shall take all
reasonable steps to secure that, within a reasonable time, the vessel is
released and at their expenses put up bail to secure release of the Vessel.
 If, despite the exercise of due care and diligence by the Owners,
stowaways have gained access to the Vessel by means other than
secreting away in the goods and/or containers shipped by the Charterers,
all time lost and all expenses whatsoever and howsoever incurred,
including fines, shall be for the Owners’ account and the Vessel shall be
off hire.
 Should the Vessel be arrested as a result of stowaways having gained

access to the Vessel by means other than secreting away in the goods
and/or containers shipped by the Charterers, the Owners shall take all
reasonable steps to secure that, within a reasonable time, the vessel is
released and at their expenses put up bail to secure release of the Vessel.
Charterers to Provide Clause
 The charterers while the vessel is on hire, shall provide and pay for all the
bunkers except as otherwise agreed; shall pay for port charges (including
compulsory watchmen and cargo watchmen and compulsory garbage
disposal), all communication expenses pertaining to the charterers’
business at cost, pilotages, towages, agencies, commissions, consular
charges (except those pertaining to individual crew members or flag of the
vessel), and all other usual expenses, but when the vessel put into a port
for causes for which the vessel is responsible (other than by stress of
weather), then all such charges incurred shall be paid by the owners.

TIME CHARTER PARTY
 Fumigations ordered because of illness of the crew shall be for the owners’
account. Fumigations ordered because of cargoes carried or ports visited
while the vessel is employed under this charter party shall be for the
charterers’ account. All other fumigations shall be for the charterers’
account after the vessel has been on charter for a continuous period of six
months or more.
Owners to Provide Clause
 The owners shall provide and pay for the insurance of the vessel, except
as otherwise provided, and for all provisions, cabin, deck, engine-room
and other necessary stores, including boiler water; shall pay for wages,
consular shipping and discharging fees of the crew and charges for port
services pertaining to the crew; shall maintain the vessel’s class and keep
her in a thoroughly efficient state in hull, machinery and equipment for
and during the service, and have a full complement of officers and crew.

Time Charter

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Time Charter

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

TIME CHARTER PARTY

Contents of the Charter Party

 The compensation to the shipowner is called hire instead of freight, and

Compiled by : Capt. Naveen C Tewari, ARI Saket. New Delhi. (1/16) 1

Salient Features of the Charter Party

1. Description of the Vessel

1.1 Description of the vessel

 Generally, the description of the vessel is more important in the time

 Many Charterers require the following plans to be supplied by the Owners;

(1) General Arrangement Plan ,including loading scale

(2) Detailed Cargo manifold arrangement Drawing

(3) Pumping Arrangement Plan

(4) Plan of Cargo Tank Ventilating System

(5) Manufacturers Characteristics Curves of Pumps if centrifugal pumps

 But if it intended to give a right of substitution after loss, particularly clear

Compiled by : Capt. Naveen C Tewari, ARI Saket. New Delhi. (1/16) 2

1.2 Sale of the ship

1.3 Description of cargo capacity

 In some cases it is necessary to have additional information about the

 A vessel’s cargo capacity is normally of great importance to the charterer.

 In the New York Produce form 93 the deadweight capacity is defined as

1.4 Speed and fuel consumption (NYPE Form 93)

Compiled by : Capt. Naveen C Tewari, ARI Saket. New Delhi. (1/16) 3

the Beaufort wind scale, on a consumption of about -----------long/metric

 The word “about” when qualifying the warranty as to speed allows a

1.5 Charterer’s obligation

DEFINITION OF SAFE PORT

Compiled by : Capt. Naveen C Tewari, ARI Saket. New Delhi. (1/16) 4

 Where the time charterer has performed his primary obligation by

1.6 Cargo Exclusions

 The general description of cargo accepted for the vessel sometimes by

 The printed charter party forms usually also contain a specification of

“ The vessel shall be employed in carrying lawful merchandise excluding

Compiled by : Capt. Naveen C Tewari, ARI Saket. New Delhi. (1/16) 5

local law nor if they cannot lawfully be discharged at the nominated

 It is a breach of the contract for the charterers to ship goods excluded by

 First, it allows the shipowners to land, destroy or render innocuous

 Thirdly, it concerns shipment of such cargoes to which the shipowners

1.7 CARGO LIABILITY

Transfer of responsibility to the charterers

Compiled by : Capt. Naveen C Tewari, ARI Saket. New Delhi. (1/16) 6

supervision of the master”. But, leaving aside considerations of safety, he

 Where it is intended by the parties that responsibility for the operations

The Inter-Club Agreement

 In order to avoid endless discussions between shipowners and charterers,

 This agreement, officially named “The Inter-Club New York Produce

 “Claims in fact arising out of unseaworthiness and/or error or fault in

 Claims in fact arising out of the loading, stowage, lashing, discharge,

 Claims for shortage or overcarriage: 50% Charterers and 50% Owners.

 All other claims whatsoever: 50% Charterers and 50% Owners”.

Compiled by : Capt. Naveen C Tewari, ARI Saket. New Delhi. (1/16) 7

1.8 The Charter Period

The period of Charter- Implied margin or allowance

 When a charter party is for a stated period—such as “three months” or

No margin or allowance express or implied

 It is open to the parties to provide in the charter party — by express

Express margin or allowance

Extension of the period

 Charterers are not entitled to an extension of the period because of off-

Compiled by : Capt. Naveen C Tewari, ARI Saket. New Delhi. (1/16) 8

 Furthermore, the hire for the additional period should be determined as

1.9 Time for delivery and redelivery

Laydays and notice