Inductive Proximity Sensors

Inductive proximity sensors consist of a coil, oscillator, detector and the output circuit and can be used to

detect metallic targets only. In their operation, the coil generates a high frequency magnetic field. When in

proximity with a metallic target, the object absorbs some of the energy, which affects the oscillator field, and

the object is detected once the oscillation amplitude attains a specific threshold value. One of the advantages of

inductive proximity sensors is that they are very accurate compared to other technologies. Another is that they

have a high switching rate. Further, they are capable of working in harsh environmental conditions.

Capacitive Proximity Sensors

Capacitive proximity sensors work on the principle of the capacitor. The main components of the sensor are

the plate, oscillator, threshold detector and an output circuit. The plate and object act as plates and air as the

dielectric. As an object comes close to the plate, the capacitance increases which triggers the detector circuit,

based on the amplitude output from the oscillator. An advantage with these sensors is that they are capable of

detecting both metallic and non-metallic targets whose dielectric constant is more than that of air. They are

generally low cost and have good resolution, stability, high speed and low power usage.

Photoelectric Proximity Sensors

Photoelectric sensors are able to detect both metallic and non-metallic targets. Their main components are the

emitter that sends a beam of light and the detector that detects it. A target is detected when it comes between

the emitter and detector. They have uses in many applications -- for example, in mobile phones and for level
sensing. In the iPhone, the sensor is used to deactivate the touch screen as the user brings the device closer to

the face. The advantages are low cost, easy installation and a longer sensing range. They have fast switching

characteristics and can be deployed in harsh conditions.

Ultrasonic Proximity Sensors

Ultrasonic proximity sensors emit and receive sound waves. They make use of reflected or transmitted

ultrasonic waves in detecting the presence or absence of a target component. They have several advantages.

They can detect a variety of objects regardless of their material properties or surface characteristics. They are

capable of detecting objects over distances on the order of several feet. Further, they are capable of operating

effectively in in a wide variety of operating conditions, including detection in adverse climates.