SAGAR INSTITUE OF RESEARCH & TECHNOLOGY, BHOPAL

DEAPARTMENT OF ELECTRICAL & ELECTRONICS

GUIDELINES FOR PREPARATION OF SYNOPSIS FOR MINOR PROJECT

Introduction:
Project report in this manual refers to a documented report of the process followed and the results of
Minor project conducted by a student in fulfillment of the requirements in bachelor degree. This report
will outline the report format for Minor Project. These rules must be adhered strictly.
Group Members:
Maximum of 5 students per group allowed for taking up Minor Project
No of Copies to be submitted to department:
Total of 6 copies have to be submitted to department, out of which 5 copies will be the individual reports
of each student & 1copy will the group report. A soft copy (pdf format) should be submitted to
Department in CD along with report.
The report will be hard winded having Navy Blue as the front cover with text printed in fonts of golden
color.
Formatting:
MAIN HEADING SUB HEADING MAIN TEXT
FONT Arial, Arial, Times New Roman
SIZE 14 12 12
LINE SPACING 1.5

TOP BOTTOM LEFT RIGHT

PAGE SETUP
1” 1” 1” 1”
Arrangement of Content:
The sequence in which the contents in the report should be arranged is as follows:
1. Cover Page (Specimen copy-1)
2. Certificate of Approval (Specimen copy-2)
3. Declaration (Specimen copy-3)
4. Acknowledgment (Specimen copy-4)
5. Abstract (Specimen copy-5)
6. Table of Contents (Appendix 1)
7. List of Figures (if any) Appendix 2 )
8. List of Tables (if any) (Appendix 3 )
9. List of Symbols (if any) (Appendix 4 )
10. Abbreviations (if any) (Appendix 5 )
11. Chapters
12. References (Appendix 6)
13. Appendices (if any)
Chapters to be included:
The chapters may be broadly divided into 3 parts (i) Introductory chapter, (ii) Chapters developing the
main theme of the project work (iii) and Conclusion.

The main text will be divided into several chapters and each chapter may be further divided into several
divisions and sub-divisions.
 Each chapter should be given an appropriate title.
 Tables and figures in a chapter should be placed in the immediate vicinity of the reference where
they are cited.
 Footnotes should be used sparingly. They should be typed single space and placed directly
underneath in the very same page, which refers to the material they annotate.
The chapters that should be included in the reports are as follows:
Introduction (should not exceed 2 pages including Figs.)
Brief Literature survey (should not exceed 10 pages)
Problem formulation: Need and significance of proposed research work (should not exceed 5page)
Objectives (should not exceed 1 page)
Methodology/ Planning of work (should not exceed 2 pages)

Cover Page - A specimen copy of the Title page of the project report is given in Specimen copy-1.
Title Page – A specimen copy of the Title page of the project report is given in Specimen copy-2.
Certificate – A specimen copy of the Acknowledgment of the project report is given Specimen copy-3.
Acknowledgment- A specimen copy of the Acknowledgment of the project report is given Specimen
copy-4.
Abstract – It is a heart of the report. Abstract should be one page synopsis of the project report and it
must clearly give the overview of the project (Avoid unnecessary things in abstract)
(Specimen copy-5).
Table of Contents – The table of contents should list all material following it as well as any material
which precedes it. The title page and Certificate of approval will not find a place
among the items listed in the Table of Contents but the page numbers of which are in
lower case Roman letters. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the
matter under this head. A specimen copy of the Table of Contents of the project report
is given in Appendix 1.
List of Figures – The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear below the figures in the
text. One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head
(Appendix 2).
List of Tables – The list should use exactly the same captions as they appear above the tables in the text.
One and a half spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head
(Appendix 3).
List of Symbols - The list should provide the detail of the symbols used in the report. One and a half
spacing should be adopted for typing the matter under this head (Appendix 4).
Abbreviations – Abbreviation list should provide the details of the abbreviations used in the report in
alphabetical order. One and a half spacing should be adopted or typing the matter
under this head (Appendix 5).
Page numbering - The preliminary parts (Acknowledgement, Abstract, Table of Contents, List of
symbols, List of figure, List of Tables) are numbered in roman numerals (i, ii, etc).
The first page of the first chapter (Introduction) onwards will be numbered in Arabic
numerals 1 2 3 etc at the bottom, centered.
Numbering sections, subsections, equations, figures etc. - A word on numbering scheme used in the
project is in order. It is common practice to use decimal numbering in the project. If
the chapter number is 2, the section numbers will be 2.1,2.2, 2.3 etc. The subsections
in section 2.2 will be numbered as 2.2.1, 2.2.2 etc. Unless essential, it is not necessary
to use numbers to lower levels than three stages. Similarly, it is useful and convenient
to number the figures also chapter-wise. The figures in chapter 4 will be numbered as
Figure 4.1: Figure Name, Figure 4.2: Figure Name etc. This helps you in assembling
the figures and putting it in proper order. Similarly, the tables are also numbered as
Table 4.1: Table Name, Table 4.2: Table Name etc. All figures and tables should have
proper captions. Usually the figure captions are written below the figure and table
captions on top of the table. All figures should have proper description by legends,
title of the axes and any other information to make the figures self explanatory. The
same numbering scheme can be used for equations also. Only thing to be remembered
is that references to the figures are made like Figure 4.2: Figure Name, and equations
as Eqn (5.8).
List of References –The reference material should include the author name, title, year in details as shown
in Appendix 7. Do not mention the references of the websites in the report.
Appendices – Appendices are provided to give supplementary information, which is included in the main
text may serve as a distraction and cloud the central theme. Appendices should be
numbered using Arabic numerals, e.g. Appendix 1, Appendix 2, etc. Tables and
References appearing in appendices should be numbered and referred to at
appropriate places just as in the case of chapters.
SPECIMEN 1- COVER PAGE
 PROJJECT TITIL
LE

Minor Project
P Rep
port

Su
ubmitted in
n partial fulffillment of the
t requirem
ment for thee award of the
t degree

BA
ACHELOR OF ENGIN
NEERING

(Electrical & Ellectronics Engineering

E )

Sub
bmitted To

R
RAJIV GAN ODYOGIKI VISHWAV
NDHI PRO VIDYALAY
YA, BHOPA
AL (M.P)

Sub
bmitted by

Nam
me of Scholaar

E
Enroll No

Under th
he supervisiion of

Nam
me of Guidee

SAGA
AR INSTIT
TUTE OF RESEARCH
R H AND TEC
CHNOLOGY
Y

(Departmen
( nt of Electrical & Electrronics Engiineering)

BHO
OPAL (M.P..)

Moonth- Year
 SPECIMEN 2
CERTIFICATE OF APPROVAL
 SA
AGAR INST
TITUTE OF
F RESEARC
CH AND TE
ECHNOLO
OGY, BHOP
PAL (M.P.)

(Departmen
( nt of Electrical & Electrronics Engiineering)

CER
RTIFICAT
TE OF AP
PPROVAL
L

The undeersigned certiify that they have read and

a recommeended to the Department of Electricaal and

Electroniccs Engineerin
ng for accepttance, a projject report enntitled “……
………………….” submitteed by

………. (students
( me) in partial fulfillment foor the degree of Bachelor of Engineeriing in Electriical &
nam

Electroniccs Engineerin
ng.

………… ……………… ……..

(Supervissor Name)
Supervisoor
Full desiggnation
Departmeent

………… ……………… ………..

(HOD Naame)
Head of Department
D
Full desiggnation
Departmeent
SPECIMEN 3
DECLARATION
 SA
AGAR INST
TITUTE OF
F RESEARC
CH AND TE
ECHNOLO
OGY, BHOP
PAL (M.P.)

(Departmen
( nt of Electrical & Electrronics Engiineering)

DECL
LARATIO
ON

I ………
…………..(N
Name of Scholar) , a student of “Bachelor of Engineeering” in Sagar
S
Institutee of Researcch & Technology” , sesssion ………
….., Bhopal (M.P.) here by informedd that
the workk presented in
i this dissertation entitled “………
………………
………………
…”(Project Title)
T
is the ouutcome of my
m own workk, is bonafidde and correcct to the besst of my knoowledge andd this
work hass been carriied out takiing care of Engineeringg Ethics. Thhe work preesented does not
infringe any
a patented
d work and has
h not beenn submitted to
t any otherr University or anywheree else
for the aw
ward of any degree or anny professionnal diploma..

N
Name of Sch
holar

E
Enroll No
 SPECIMEN 4
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
 SA
AGAR INST
TITUTE OF
F RESEARC
CH AND TE
ECHNOLO
OGY, BHOP
PAL (M.P.)

(Departmen
( nt of Electrical & Electrronics Engiineering)

ACKNOW
WLEDGE
EMENT

I take an opportunity
y to acknowledge and extend my heaartfelt gratituude to my guuide and the pivot
of this ennterprise, ………………
…. who is moost responsibble for helpinng me to com
mplete this work.
w
He/She showed
s me different waays to approoach the prooblems and the need too be persisteent to
accompliish my goal. His/Her disscernment inn the choice of
o topic, his//her confidennce in me when
w I
doubted myself and his/her
h admiirable guidannce are som
me cogent reaasons that make
m me overr that
without his/her
h suppo
ort this thesiis would be a chimera.

I am alsoo thankful to
o ……………
…., Head of Departmentt of Electricaal & Electroonics Engineeering
for coopeeration and support
s to coomplete thiss work. I wouuld also likee to express my
m thanks too Dr.
S C Bhaageria Direector SIRT Bhopal
B provviding necesssary facilitiies. I would also conveyy my
Thanks to …………
…………andd …………
………of Deepartment of
o Electrical & Electrronics
Engineerring for theirr continuous support. Thhanks are duee to all the staff memberrs and lab staaff of
Department of Electrrical & Electtronics Enginneering SIR
RT for providding all help and supportt.

N
Name of Sch
holar

E
Enroll No
SPECIMEN 5
ABSTRACT
 SA
AGAR INST
TITUTE OF
F RESEARC
CH AND TE
ECHNOLO
OGY, BHOP
PAL (M.P.)

(Departmen
( nt of Electrical & Electrronics Engiineering)

AB
BSTRACT
T

Over receent years the MIMO

M (Multiiple-Input Muultiple-Outpuut) system hass become a poopular techniqque in
wireless communicatio
c on. MIMO is a system witth multiple trransmitting annd multiple receiving
r anteennas.
With incrreasing the nu
umber of traansmitting andd receiving antennas
a signnificant improovement in thhe bit
error rate (BER) was observed thaan that with single
s transm
mitting and sinngle receivinng antenna syystem.
Also withh increase in the
t number of
o transmittingg and receiviing antennas the data rate of the system
m was
found incrreased, hencee considerablee improvemennt in an inform
mation rate. Performance
P o the bit erroor rate
of
probabilitty of the chan
nnel with variable signal to
t noise ratio will change with channell quality in caase of
the non addaptive modu
ulation schem
me. In some appplication, syystem will reqquire the miniimum BER. Hence
H
fixed modulation scheeme will nott perform beetter in such application. With the usse of the adaaptive
modulatioon scheme, system
s will automatically cope up with
w the chaanging channnel conditionn and
accordinggly selects thee modulation scheme for maintaining minimum
m reqquired BER. The throughpput of
the system
m was found improved with
w the use of adaptive modulation
m in MIMO systeem. For simuulation
Rayleigh channel modeel has been coonsidered.
 APPENDIX-1
TABLE OF CONTENT
 TABLE OF CONTENTS

Certificate of Approval………………………………………….. i

Declaration……………………………………………………… ii

Acknowledgement………………………………………………. Iii

Abstract………………………………………………………….. iv
CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1-2

1.1 AC BRIDGES 1

1.2 DC BRIDGES 1

1.3 WHEATSTONE BRIDGE 2

CHAPTER 2 THEORY 3

CHAPTER 3 CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 4

CHAPTER 4 PRACTICAL CIRCUIT DIAGRAM 5

CHAPTER 5 DERIVIATION 6

CHAPTER 6 COMPONENTS USED IN CIRCUIT 7-21

6.1 TRANSFORMER 7-11

6.1.1 BASIC PRINCIPLE 8

6.1.2 INDUCTION LAW 9

6.1.3 STEP DOWN TRANSFORMER 10

6.1.4 LOSSES IN TRANSFORMER 11

CHAPTER 7 ADVATAGES 22

CHAPTER 8 DISADVATAGES 22

CHAPTER 9 APPLICATION OF WHEATSTONE BRIDGE 22

CHAPTER 10 CONCLUSION 23

REFRENCES

APPENDICES
 APPENDIX-2
LIST OF FIGURE
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig No Description of Figure Page No

Fig. 3.1 Circuit Diagram 4

Fig.4.1 Practical Circuit Diagram 5

Fig.6.1 Transformer 7

Fig.6.2 Figure Of Transformer 8

Fig.6.3 Circuit Diagram Of Transformer 9

 APPENDIX-3
LIST OF TABLE
 LIST OF TABLE

Table No Description of Figure Page No

Table. 3.1 Summary of resistors 4

Table. 4.1 Resistor ratings 5

Table. 6.1 Transformer ratings 7

 APPENDIX-4
LIST OF SYMBOLS
 LIST OF SYMBOLS
m Number of transmit antennas

n Number of receive antennas

hi,j Channel matrix element

H Channel matrix

y Received signal

x Transmit signal vector

P Total transmit power

 APPENDIX-5
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS
 ABBREVIATIONS

AWGN Additive White Gaussian Noise

BER Bit Error Rate

db Decibel

iid independent identical distributed

LOS Line Of Sight

MIMO Multiple Input Multiple Output

MISO Multiple Input Single Ouput

MMSE Minimum Mean Square Error

PDF Probability Density Function

QAM Quadtrature Amplitude Modulation

Rx Receiver

SIMO Single Input Multiple Output

SISO Single Input Single Output

APPENDIX-6
REFRENCES
References

[1] R. Gowarishankar and M. F. Demirkol, “Adaptive M-QAM Modulation for MIMO Systems”, IEEE
2005, University of Hawaii at Manoa, Honolulu, USA, 2005

[2] A. Svensson, “An Introduction to Adaptive QAM Modulation Schemes for Known and Predicted
Channels”, Proceedings of the IEEE | Vol. 95, No. 12, December 2007

[3] T. S. Rappaport, “Wireless Communications: Principles and Practice” Second Edition, Prentice Hall,
2003

[4] S. Haykin, “Communication Systems”, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., 2001.