11 —19 PROGRESSION Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics Pure Mathematics Year 1/AS Series Editor: Harry Smith Authors: Greg Attwood, Jack Barraclough, Ian Bettison, Alistair Macpherson, Bronwen Moran, Su Nicholson, Diane Oliver, Joe Petran, Keith Pledger, Harry Smith, Geoff Staley, Robert Ward-Penny, Dave Wilkins OR onContents e@ Contents Overarching themes Extra online content 11 12 13 14 15 16 21 22 23 2.4 25 2.6 31 32 33 34 35 3.6 37 41 42 43 44 45 Algebraic expressions Index laws Expanding brackets Factorising Negative and fractional indices Surds Rationalising denominators Mixed exercise 1 Quadratics Solving quadratic equations Completing the square Functions Quadratic graphs The discriminant Modelling with quadratics Mixed exercise 2 Equations and inequalities Linear simultaneous equations Quadratic simultaneous equations Simultaneous equations on graphs Linear inequalities Quadratic inequalities Inequalities on graphs Regions Mixed exercise 3 Graphs and transformations Cubic graphs Quartic graphs Reciprocal graphs Points of intersection Translating graphs vi eaane 12 13 15 18 19 22 25 27 30 32 35 38 39 a 42 46 48 51 53 56 59 60 64 66 68 71 46 47 Stretching graphs Transforming functions Mixed exercise 4 Review exercise 1 51 52 53 54 55 62 63 6.4 65 Tl 12 13 1A 15 81 82 83 84 Straight line graphs yome+e Equations of straight lines Parallel and perpendicular lines Length and area Modelling with straight lines Mixed exercise 5 Circles Midpoints and perpendicular bisectors Equation of a circle Intersections of straight lines and circles Use tangent and chord properties Circles and triangles Mixed exercise 6 Algebraic methods Algebraic fractions Dividing polynomials The factor theorem Mathematical proof Methods of proof Mixed exercise 7 The binomial expansion Pascal's triangle Factorial notation The binomial expansion Solving binomial problems 15 79 82 85 89 90 93 97 100 103 108 113 114 117 11 123 128 132 137 138 139 143 146 150 154 158 159 161 163 1658.5 Binomial estimation Mixed exercise 8 9 Trigonometric ratios 9.1 The cosine rule 9.2 The sine rule 9.3 Areas of triangles 9.4 Solving triangle problems 9.5 Graphs of sine, cosine and tangent 9.6 Transforming trigonometric graphs Mixed exercise 9 10 Trigonometric identities and equations 10.1 Angles in all four quadrants 10.2 Exact values of trigonometrical ratios 10.3. Trigonometric identities 10.4 Simple trigonometric equations 10.5 Harder trigonometric equations 10.6 Equations and identities Mixed exercise 10 Review exercise 2 11 Vectors 11.1 Vectors 11.2 Representing vectors 11.3. Magnitude and direction 11.4 Position vectors 11.5. Solving geometric problems 11.6 Modelling with vectors Mixed exercise 11 12 _ Differentiation 12.1 Gradients of curves 12.2 Finding the derivative 12.3 Differentiating 2" 124 Differentiating quadratics 167 169 173 174 179 185 187 192 194 198 202 203 208 209 213 2i7 219 222 226 230 231 235 239 242 244 248 251 255 256 259 262 264 Contents 12.5. Differentiating functions with two ‘or more terms 12.6. Gradients, tangents and normal 12.7 Increasing and decreasing functions 12.8 Second order derivatives 12.9 Stationary points 12.10 Sketching gradient functions 12.11 Modelling with differentiation Mixed exercise 12 13. Integration 13.1. Integrating x" 13.2. Indefinite integrals 13.3. Finding functions 13.4 Definite integrals 13.5 Areas under curves 13.6 Areas under the x-axis 13.7 Areas between curves and lines Mixed exercise 13 14 — Exponentials and logarithms 14.1. Exponential functions 142 y=e 14,3 Exponential modelling 14.4 Logarithms 14.5. Laws of logarithms 14.6 Solving equations using logarithms 14.7 Working with natural logarithms 14.8. Logarithms and non-linear data Mixed exercise 14 Review exercise 3 Practice exam paper Answers Index 266 268 270 2m 273 2m7 279 282 287 288 290 293 295 297 300 302 306 a 312 314 317 319 321 324 326 328 334 338 342 345 399 iiiOverarching themes e@ Overarching themes The following three overarching themes have been fully integrated throughout the Pearson Edexcel AS and A level Mathematics series, so they can be applied alongside your learning and practice. 1. Mathematical argument, language and proof ‘* Rigorous and consistent approach throughout + Notation boxes explain key mathematical language and symbols * Dedicated sections on mathematical proof explain key principles and strategies © Opportunities to critique arguments and justify methods 2. Mathematical problem solving The Mathematical Problem-solving cycle * Hundreds of problem-solving questions, fully integrated r speify the problem 1 into the main exercises } * Problem-solving boxes provide tips and strategies interpret cesults i «collect information * Structured and unstructured questions to build confidence * Challenge boxes provide extra stretch processes represent information 3. Mathematical modelling * Dedicated modelling sections in relevant topics provide plenty of practice where you need it ‘+ Examples and exercises include qualitative questions that allow you to interpret answers in the context of the model + Dedicated chapter in Statistics & Mechanics Year 1/AS explains the principles of modelling in mechanics Finding your way around the book Access an online digital edition using the code at the Equations and front of the book. 3 inequalities Each chapter starts with alist of objectives The real world applications of the maths you are about to learn are highlighted at the start of the chapter with links to relevant questions in the chapter The Prior knowledge check helps make sure you are ready to start the chapterOverarching themes Exercise questions are = carefully graded so they increase in difficulty and Song gradually bring you up == to exam standard a Chang es = = give you a chance to 7 ee —— tackle some more © simon egpeine tenes retin difficult ifficult questions a Each section begins with explanation and key learning points Step-by-step worked examples focus on the key types of questions you'll need to tackle Exam-style questions are flagged with ©) Each chapter ends Problem-solving veh ahnedererese Exercises are packed questions areflagged ang summary of __withexam-style questions probiem-solving boxes provide Ee) key points to ensure you are ready hints, tips and strategies, and for the exams Watch out boxes highlight areas where students often lose marks in their exams Every few chapters a Review exercise helps you consolidate your learning with lots of exam-style questions [Pearson Edexcel Level: 36 Mathemati a | ies ene | 2 Review exercise 1 meen Afull AS level practice paper at the back of the book helps you prepare for the real thing,Extra online content e Extra online content Whenever you see an Online box, it means that there is extra online content available to support you. SolutionBank SolutionBank provides a full worked solution for every question in the book. EID iviessouicesoe SE available in SolutionBank. Download all the solutions {a8 a POF or quickly find the solution you need online viExtra online content GeoGebra interactives are iss Explore topics in more detail, visualise problems and consolidate your understanding with GeoGebre-powered interactives. \ Interact with the maths you are learning using GET sctore he gracient ofthe GeoGebra’s easy-to-use chord AP using GeoGebra. tools Casio. Finding the value of the first derivative twaccess the function press: Casio calculator support Our helpful tutorials will guide you through how to use your calculator in the exams. They cover both Casio's scientific and colour graphic calculators. aD . See exactly which Work out each coefficient buttons to press and quickly using the °C, and power what should appear on functions on your calculator. your calculator's screen Access all the extra online content for FREE at: www.pearsonschools.co.uk/p1maths You can also access the extra online content by scanning this QR Code: viiPublished by Pearson Education Limited, 80 Stand, London WC2R ORL. ‘ona peatsonschoclsandfacollages couk Copies of oficial specications foal Pearson quallficatlons may be found onthe website (qualicationspeatson.com Text © Pearson Education Limited 2017 Exlted by Tech-Set Lid, Gateshead “Typeset by Tech-Set Lid, Gateshead Crigina illustrations © Pearson Education Limited 2017 Cover illustration Marcus@hearists ‘The rights of Greg Attwood, Jack Barraclough an Bettson Alistair Macpherson, Bronwen Moran, Su Nholson, Diane Olver Joe Petra, Keith Pledger, Harty Smith, Geof Staley, Robert Wars-Penny and Dave Wilkins tobe identified as author of this work have been asserted by them in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, First published 2017 20191817 10987654321 British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data ‘catalogue record for this book i avalable from the British Library ISBN 978 1 292 185398 Copyright notice Aligts reserved. 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Examiners wll nt use endorsed resources as a source ef material for any assessment set by Pearson, Endorsement of a resource does not mean thatthe resource Is equirad vo achieve this Pearson ualifation, ror does mean that isthe only suitable material avallable to support the ‘Qualification, and any resource lists produced by the awarding body shall include this and other appropriate resources, viiiAfter completing this chapter you should be able to: © Multiply and divide integer powers ++ pages 2-3 © Expand a single term over brackets and collect like terms + pages 3-4 © Expand the product of two or three expressions + pages 4-6 © Factorise linear, quadratic and simple cubic expressions > pages 6-9 © Know and use the laws of indices > pages 9-11 © Simplify and use the rules of surds > pages 12-13 @ Rationalise denominators > pages 13-16 simplify; a 4m’n + Smn? - 2ne'n + mn? — 3mn® b 3x°-5x4+243x?-Tx-12 + GCSE Mathematics Write as a single power of 2: aex2 ob 2ez2 ¢ @ © GCSE Mathematics Expand: a3@+4) — b 52-32) € 6(2x-5y) + GCSE Mathematics Write down the highest common factor of a 24and 16 b 6xand 8x7 Computer scientists use indices to describe © 4xy’ and 3xy + GCSE Mathematics very large numbers. A quantum computer with 1000 qubits (quantum bits) can consider 20 values simultaneously. This is greater than a 10x ¢ 40x the number of particles in the observable 5 24 universe. € GCSE Mathematics Simplify;Chapter 1 @ Index laws ® You can use the laws of indices to simplify powers of the same base. ° am x@aant { Notation ) + (aby= arb" = This is the base. This is the index, power or ‘exponent. Simplify these expressions: if a xtxas bwex38 ee 2 déxSe388 ee @P xl f Bx ext bf a xxx axe tee | b 2rtx 382 2x 3x12 =G6xr2+3 265 o Babi 4 ape = 2 xx? = 2x? ° (a3f. x 2a? = a® x 2a? = 2x a® xa? = 2a° . — a A minus sign outside Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: Cee ei a -3x(7x-4) b 3-2) every term inside the brackets. © 4xGx-2a2+ 5x4) d 2x(Sy #3) -SQv+3)[a -3x(7x— 4) =-21x? + 12x b ye - 299) = 3y? - ay? © Ax(3x- 2x? + 5x) = 12x2 — 8x? + 20x4 ine ony ee — ieee = 10x? + 6x-10x- 15 = 10x? - 4-15 5x2 BAxT 72 4 3x57? = Axo + By eer 1. Simplify these expressions: m 9x? x 3(x2)3 p (yf = 28 20x7 + 15x3 Sx? b 2x x 3x2 ee ax h (p's pt k 2a x 3a° 3x2 x 2x? x 4x® 4 2a = 3a? x 605 Algebraic expressions oy ays 2a 21a'o? Tab Tat x (Ba? Bat x 2a x aChapter 1 2. Expand and simplify if possible: a %x-2) b x49) © -3y(4-3y) d x45) © -x(3x +5) f -Sx(4v-+ 1) g x4 5)x h -3y(5 - 29) i -20(5x-4) i Gr-5)x2 k 3042)400-7) 1 Sx-6-@x-2) m4(c43d?)-3Qc+a2) nm (P43 +9)- (2 + 37-4) 0 x(3x? = 2x + 5) p 72-54 3°) q -29°5 = Ty +3) br Tx-2)4 34 4)-6(x-2) $s Sx- 34-23) +6 t 3x? xG- 4x) +7 uw 4x(x + 3) = 2x(3x 7) 3x%(2x + 1) - Sx°(3x - 4) 3 Simplify these fractions: Gxt + 10x6 2x4 — dy? 2x © ae g Slt Sx Tx74 5x? fp oeizset 2e 3x By @® Expanding brackets To find the product of two expressions you muttiply each term in one expression by each term in the other expression, Multiplying each of the 2 terms in the first expression by each of the Bs 3 terms in the second expression gives 2 x 3 = 6 terms. S™~ (x 5) dx —2y +3) = xGGx—2y +3) + 5x27 43) NAA 2 xt = 2xy + 3x 4+ 20x = 10y +15 5x sy? 2xy + 23x 1Oy +15 implify your answer by collecting like terms. Example @) Expand these expressions and simplify iff possible: a (x4 5\x+2) b (x 2y)2 +1) fe (xy 4 (x+3)x- 2p 4) 2x4 7x +10 bw -2)a?+)——4Algebraic expressions d (x + yBx - 2y - 4) chee a ee x2 = 2xy — 4x + Sxy - 2y? - Ay = 3x? + xy - Ax - 29? - 4p Expand these expressions and simplify if possible: a x2v+3v-7) b x(Sx- 3yX2x-y 44) © (x= 4)(rt r+ 1) x8 14x? + Bx? - Bie = 2x? - thx? - 2x b x(Sx- 3yM2x- y +4) x2(2x = y + 4) - Bxyl2x 1x? - Sx2y + 20x? - Gx2y + 3xy? = 1axy = 10x? — tHx2y + 20x? + Bxy? - 12xp © (x= Ax + ix +1) Pax 12x +1) xix +t) 120+ 1 [Scorer 1 Expand and simplify if possible: a (xt 4\x+7) b (x-3)r+2) © (x- 2? d (x y)2x43) © (x4 3y)(4x-9) f Qx-4y)3x+y) g Qx-3)v-4) h Gx +2yP i Qx+8y)2r+3) fj @+5)Qx+3p-5) k (r= Gx-4y-5) 1 (e-4)Qe ty + 3) m (x4 2y = Ile +3) n (Qx+2y43)v+6) 0 (4-y)4y—x +3) p Gy +5S)3x-y+2) q Gy-2x+3)x-4) b (Ap=x-2)(5-y)Chapter 1 2 Expand and simplify if possible: a Six + 1-4) b Tx-2)2x+5) © Xx-3)(x-3) @ x= yor y) € x(2x + y)(Gx +4) f yor S)rt 1) 8 yr —2y4x +2) h (7-2-5) i xQx+y)6x-2) j xv +2043y-4) k yQv+y-Dov+5) 1 yGx42y-3)Qv+1) m xQx + 3)(x+y-5) nm 2x(3x—1)4x—y-3) 0 3x(v—2p)2v + 3p 45) P(x 3) Het 1) 4 (For 4ox 3) (x + 3)W= Der- 5) S (x= S)(x-4\(a- 3) t Qx+ r-rel) uw Qx+3)Gx-DO+2) ¥ Gx=2Qx+Gx=2) w (xt ye=yOr= 1 x Ox = 39) © 3 The diagram shows a rectangle with a square cut oul. Se eWETETER The rectangle has length 3x - y +4 and width x +7. Tiered eegtie <2, Use the same strategy as you would use Find an expanded and simplified expression ie OU ee eas UTD) for the shaded area. Gem: v7 Toon xpd @® 4 A cuboid has dimensions x + 2m, 2x ~ lem and 2x + 3m. Show that the volume of the cuboid is 4x3 + 12x? + Sx - 6 em’, @ 5 Given that 2x + 5y3x- Y2x+y) = art + hye + cxy? + dy’, where a, b, cand dare constants, find the values of a, b, ¢ and d. (2 marks) fac ; Expand and simplify (x + )% expressions like (x +) quickly. ~ Section 8.3 @® Factorising You can write expressions as a product of their factors. “Beanie = Factorising is the opposite of expanding brackets. 34 15x? + 75x + 125 2—3xy— 10)?Algebraic expressions Factorise these expressions completely: a 3ve9 b e-5x © 82 +20 d 92y4 15x? e 3x2 -9xy ———__ iia —_ a 3x49 =3(x+ 3) b x2 -Sx=xv- 5) © Bx? + 20x= 4x(2x + 5) | d Oxy + 15xy? = Bxy(Bx + 5y) © 3x? - Oxy = 3x(x - 3y) | ™ Aquadratic expression has the form Real numbers are all the positive and ax? + by + cwhere a, b and c are real negative numbers, or zero, including fractions numbers and a0. and surds. To factorise a quadratic expression: + Find two factors of ac that add up to + Rewrite the b term as a sum of these two factors + Factorise each pair of terms. = x(@x-1) + 3x1) + Take out the common factor v + 3)(2x-1) wpa (vt y)e-y) An expression in the form x?- y2is called the difference of two squares. Factorise: a x -5x-6 b x24 6x48 © 6x7- 11-10 d 2-25 e 4x2- 9)? For the expression 2x? + 5-3, ac=-6=-1x 6 and-1+6 2x2 + 6x3 a x?-5x-6 ae Sox? -5x-G =x? +x-Gx-6 a(x + )- G(x + 1) = (xt Dv 6)Chapter 1 bx +er+6 Salt 2x4 4x46 a(x + 2) + A(x + 2) = (x + 2\ix+ 4) ! © 6x2 tx = 10 = 6x? = 15x + 40-10 = 3x(2x - 5) + 2(2x - 5) = (2x ~ 53x + 2) | 4 x2-25 ax? se = (x4 Siw - 5) 1 € 4x? - oy’ = 22x? ~ 32y2 = (2x + 32x - 39) Factorise completely: ax-2x? 0b x= 25y ¢ x3 43x72 10K a x8- 2x? = 2°" - 2) | b x9 - 2505 x0 — 25) | = x(x? - 52) = x(x + Six 5) © x8 + 3x? - 10x xo? + 3x ~ 10) = xtv+ 5) - 2) is 1 Factorise these expressions completely: a dy+8 b 6x-24 © 20v+15 dont e dx? +20 f 6x?—18y g Ix hoox+4y i ar-x j 6x*- 26 k loy"=5y 1 35x°= 28x m x24 2x n 3242p 0 Ax + dy p 5y°-20y q 9x + 122y bah — 2ab? 8 Sx 25xy" t 12x2p + Sup uw 15y—20y2? vy 12x*- 30 wxysatp x 12)? -4px2 Factorise: a vty b 2x? + 6x d e+ 8x412 ee +3r-40 g P4546 h xe-2x-24 k 2x? + 5x42 n 6x°-8x-8 0 I+ Ix= 15 p 2x4 lax? + 24 qxe-4 r e-49 s 4x?-25 t 9x? = 25y? v dx?-50 W 6x°= 10x 4 3 Factorise completely: ase 2r b d 3-9y e g 8-72 + 6x h jo 2nd + 13x? + 15x k G@) 4 Factorise completely x4 — y*. 1 Algebraic expressions wet diy +24 w= 8x $12 w= 3x-10 3x? + 10x -8 LID) For part n, take 2 out as a common factor first. For part p, let y =x2, u 36x= 4 15x24 42-9 x= Sx 28+ 11x? + 30x 2x3 = Sx? = 3x 3x3 + 2747 + 60x Watch out for terms that can be written as a function of a function: x4 = (x?)? ©) 5 Factorise completely 6x? + 7x? - 51 Challenge Write 4x4 - 13x? + 9 as the product of four linear factors. @ Negative and fractional indices Indices can be negative numbers or fractions. whe x similarly whet... x vba glee terms ® You can use the laws of indices with any rational power. (2 marks) CENDD rrtionat numbers are those that ‘can be written as. B where and b are integers. CRED i= saisthe positive square root of a. For example 9! = but 93+ 3.ee Gam Simplify: 3 ‘oa eno Evaluate: sed ED vemcnswwne “53 125 negative and fractional powers. 10Algebraic expressions Given that y = zhx? express each of the following in the form kx", where k and n are constants. ayt b dy Laren 1 Simplify: a ext b xSsa7 dy © 4 a Find the value of 81*, b Simplify x(2x-4 ow (z= cea Check that your answers are in the correct form. If kand n ate constants they could be positive or negative, and they could be integers, fractions or surds. © xixxt £ 3xlSx arts i 3xtx 20-9 O3y WE © 27 £5 © 5 Given that y = 44° express each of the following in the form kx", where k and 7 are constants, ay? bay? (2 marks) (2 marks) cvChapter 1 @® Surds If nis an integer that is not a square number, then any multiple of 7 is called a surd. Examples of surds are v2, 19 and 5y2. P = Irrational numbers cannot be written Surds are examples of irrational numbers. inthe Form where w and b are integers. The decimal expansion ofa surd is never-ending surde are examples of rational numbers. and never repeats, for example /2 = 1.414213562... You can use surds to write exact answers to calculations. You can manipulate surds using these rules: + ab =Vaxvb Simplify: a 12 ie al © 56 — 224 +294 © SVG - 2/24 + (294 = SVG - EVA + VE x 49 VG -2x247) = vee) =e 12Algebraic expressions Expand and simplify if possible: a (5-3) b (2-V3)5 403) a V2(5 - v3) = 5v2 —V2V3 = 5/2 -VG (5 + V3) - V3(5 + V3) 1 Do not use your calculator for this exercise. Simplify: ! a (28 b 72 © 50 = wo fie aD © tS oF ew a 8 h 20 +80 i 200 + /18 - 72 j V17S +63 +228 k 28 - 2/63 +7, 1 80-220 +345 m 3V80 - 2/20 + Sv45_ a 0 12 + 3/48 +75 VIL 2. Expand and simplify if possible: a (3(24V3) b V58-\3) © V2(4-v5) d (2-¥2)3+V5) e (2-¥3)3-v7) £ (445)(2 45) g (5-31 -V3) h (443)(2-V3) i (7-VID2+VvN) ® 3 Simplify v75 -\T2 giving your answer in the form av'3, where a is an integer. (2 marks) @® Rationalising denominators Ifa fraction has a surd in the denominator, it is sometimes useful to rearrange it so that the denominator is a rational number. This is called rationalising the denominator. © The rules to rationalise denominators are: + For fractions in the form a multiply the numerator and denominator by Va. a + For fractions in the form —1_, multiply the numerator and denominator by a - Vb. aad + For fractions in the form ae multiply the numerator and denominator by a +b. a=ee B42 B+i218-V2) 2 3212 Ee sie esas) |; -v2 5-125 +2) “4-28 = 14 + 28) © (4 = 2)3)4 + 2/3) 4 _ 4a 28 “16 + 6/3 - 8/3 — 12 ———] 44S _ 243 = 4 = a 14Algebraic expressions [Soran 1 Simplify: 1 1 1 3 at b et ae 5 v1 v2 vIS eB pik v2 nie a8 780 8 ise 63 2. Rationalise the denominators and simplify: 1 1 4 1 7 a "1G ‘Te 35 5-3 ; 34/11, 3 Rationalise the denominators and simplify: 1 1 —1_ »—_ * Gm Q+5p © Grp «— e —_—_ _ 1. ———_ (64122 (54V2)3-V2) (5-V3)2 +3) @®a4 Simplify 3=24> = ® sivng your answer in the You can check that your answer is in the correct fe 3, is id q are rational form p +45 where pane gare (eink) form by writing down the values of p and q and checking that they are rational numbers. PE Crary 1 Simplify: ayxys bx 2x) € (4x2) = 2x5 4B? x 308 x bt 2 Expand and simplify if possible: a (x43)(x-5) b Qx-7)3x+ 1) © Qx+5)Gx-y+2) 3. Expand and simplify if possible: a x(x + 4)r—1) b (+ 2v- 37) € Ax +3)(x-2)Gx-1) 4 Expand the brackets: a MSy +4) b Sx43-Sx 2x2) © SxQx43)— 21 —3x) ed 30° 43x) —2x(3x-2) 15Chapter 1 10 i 12 13, 14 Factorise these expressions completely: a 324dy b 4y? + 10y ¢ @4aytay? d 8x)? 4 10x2y Factorise: a xe43x42 b 3x2 + 6x © 2-35 d 2xe-y-3 e Sx?- 13x-6 f 6-Sx-x Factorise: a 2x34 6x b x3 - 36x © 2x34 7x? 15x Simplify: a 9x8 + © 3x? x 2x4 d 3xiz6x ca ba) Evaluate: ; «(z) > (355), Simplify: a b +0 -\0 a Find the value of 35x? + 2x - 48 when x = 25. b By factorising the expression, show that your answer to part a can be written as the product of two prime factors. Expand and simplify if possible: a (2345) b (2-V5)(5+V3) © (6-V2\(4-V7) Rationalise the denominator and simplify: at »— 3 @ Ba e— r—! a 2-1 v3-2 V33-4 357 Q4V3P (4-\77 a Given that x3 - x2 - 17x — 15 = (x + 3)(x2 + bx + 0), where b and c are constants, work out the values of b and c. b Hence, fully factorise x4 = x? - 17x - 15. Given that y = dx? express each of the following in the form kx", where k and n are constants, ay (1 mark) b 4y-! (1 mark) Show that =" ra; can be written in the form Ya +VB, where a and b are integers. (S marks) Expand and simplify (vTI - 5)(5 - 11). (2 marks) Factorise completely x — 64°, (3 marks) Express 272+! in the form 3, stating y in terms of x, (2:marks)Algebraic expressions 20. Solve the equation 8 + x/T2 =** Give your answer in the form av where a and b are integers. (4 marks) @® 21 A rectangle has a length of (1 + V3)em and area of /T2em*. Calculate the width of the rectangle in cm. Express your answer in the form a + bV3, where a and b are integers to be found. (2 marks) (3 marks) vx and the value of 6. (2 marks) a Simplify (Va + Vb) (a - J). b Hence show that co y y 1 = We asa Gtk ae Summary of key points 1. You can use the laws of indices to simplify powers of the same base. @atxat=anen eunsa=an-" ° y= am © (aby"= 0b" 2. Factorising is the opposite of expanding brackets. 3 Aquadratic expression has the form ax + bx + c where a, b and c are real numbers and a # 0. 4 v-ya(xty)r-y) 5 You can use the laws of indices with any rational power. eam 7 The rules to rationalise denominators are: @ Fractions in the form B multiply the numerator and denominator by va. a 1 @ Fractions in the form a+vb -, multiply the numerator and denominator by a— vb. @ Fractions in the form 1 7 ultply the numerator and denominator bya +B. av 7After completing this chapter you should be able to: Solve quadratic equations using factorisation, the quadratic formula and completing the square > pages 19 - 24 © Read and use f(x) notation when working with functions > pages 25-27 © Sketch the graph and find the turning point of a quadratic function “> pages 27-30 © Find and interpret the discriminant of a quadratic expression > pages 30-32 @ Use and apply models that involve quadratic functions > pages 32-35 Solve the following equations: a 3x+6=x-4 b 5(x+3)=6(2x- 1) © 4x?= 100 d (x-8)=64 © GCSE Mathematics 2. Factorise the following expressions: a x 4+8r415 b x2+3x-10 © 3x2-1ax-5 d x2 - 400 © Section 1.3 3. Sketch the graphs of the following equations, labelling the points where each graph crosses the axes: a a y=3x-6 b y=10-2x Sey | C x+2y=18 2 + GCSE Mathematics 4 Solve the following inequalities: pi 3a 6 Quadratic functions are used to model projectile motion. Whenever an object > axt+8<1l bex-5 is thrown or launched, its path will € 4x-752(x-1) d4-x<11 [& approximately follow the shape of a + GCSE Mathematics “" parabola. + Mixed exercise Q11 i@ Solving quadratic equations A quadratic equation can be written in the form a: Quadratics bx +¢=0, where a, b and care real constants, and a 0. Quadratic equations can have one, two, or no real solutions. ® To solve a quadratic equation by factorising: CEE the cottons to an + Write the equation in the form ax? + bx +c=0 arto eau cole + Factorise the left-hand side the roots of the equation + Set each factor equal to zero and solve to find the value(s) of x Solve the following equations: a x°-2y-15=0 € 6x24 13y-5=0 0d at@—Syt18=2 43x (x + 3)r-5)=0 [— Factorise the quadratic. € Section 1.3 If the product of the factors is zero, one of the factors must be zero. CEE the symbol + means implies that. This statement says ‘ifx-+3 =0, then.x=—3' Then either x+3=O>x or x-5=04x So x= ~3 and x = 5 are the two solutions of the equation. ___ Aquadratic equation with two distinct factors has two distinct solutions. — CEEEERD the signs of the solutions are ‘opposite to the signs of the constant terms in each factor. b x? = Ox x -9x=0 x(r- 9) =O Then either x= 0 o = x-9=05x The solutions are x= O and a Be careful not to divide both sides by x, since x {may have the value 0. Instead, rearrange into the form ax? + bx +¢=0. e 6x? +13x-5= | Factorise. (Gx - N2x + 5) Then either 3x-1=O > x= 5 | Factorise. or 2x+5=0> The solutions are x = 5 and x = do x Sy 418 =2 + 3x Solutions to quadratic equations do not have to be integers. The quadratic equation (px + g)(rx +s) = Owill x? - Bx +16 =O (x - 4) 4) = 0 Then either x- 4 =O = x or x-4=0>K xsd 4 — | have solutions x=—4 and.x= s ? r Rearrange into the form ax? + bx +¢=0. ‘— Factorise. CEE wen a quadratic equation has exactly one root it is called a repeated root. You can also say that the equation has two equal roots. 19Chapter 2 In some cases it may be more straightforward to solve a quadratic equation without factorising, Solve the following equations a (Qx-3f=25 b (x-37 (2x - 3} 25 = [sc 1 Solve the following equations using factorisation: b v4 5r44=0 f °-9x+20=0 a x43x42=0 e x7- 8+ 15=0 2 Solve the following equations using factorisation: ¢ P4Ix410=0 g x -Sx-6=0 CREED the symbol «lets you write two statements in one line of working. You say ‘plus or minus’, Take the square root of both sides. Remember 5? = (5)? = 25. ‘add 3 to both sides. Take square roots of both sides. You can leave your answer in surd form. d -x-6=0 h x-4x-12=0 b x°=25x © 3x°= 6x 5x2 = 30x €2xt+7x+3=0 f 6x2-Iw-3=0 — g 6x7 -Sy-6=0 h 4x? - 16x + 15 =0 3 Solve the following equations: a 3x? Sx=2 b Qx-3) € (x- 78 =36 d 2x7=8 f (v-3P513 g Gr-1) 2 i 6x?-7= 11x jo 4x2 + 17x = 6x - 2x7 4 This shape has an area of 44m*, Find the value of x. 2m) @® 5 Solve the equation 5x +3=V3x+7. 20Quadratics Some equations cannot be easily factorised. You can also solve quadratic equations using the quadratic formula ™ The solutions of the equation CEEEDD Vou need to rearrange the equation ax? + bx + c= 0 are given by the formula: into the form ax? + bx + ¢ = 0 before reading off ba (Brhae the coefficients. yah hae 2a Solve 3x2 - 7x = 0 by using the formula. =-Tande= — 453, + VE7F = 4k Put brackets around any negative values. -4x3x (1) =412 1 Solve the following equations using the quadratic formula Give your answers exactly, leaving them in surd form where necessary. =0 bxt-3x-220 ee +ON+6=0 — d xP-Sx- f 4x2-4y-1=0 g 4x?-Tx=2 bh Llx? +2x- a tt3yt e 32+ 10x = 2 Solve the following equations using the quadratie formula. Give your answers to three significant figures. a t44x+2=0 b xe-8x+1=0 extlly-950 0 d 8-7-1720 @ Sx249x-150 — f 2x?-3y- 1850 g 37+ 8= lox h 2x? + Lv = 5x? 18 3 For each of the equations below, choose a suitable method and find all of the solutions. Where necessary, give your answers to three significant figures, a x74+8x+12=0 b x?+9x-11=0 wy qoweaetee (int you are confident with to solve 246212 00 f 6x°+6= 12x these equations, © 8-9r- © Qx +8} g 2-11 21Chapter 2 4 This trapezium has an area of 50m2. Show that the height of the trapezium is equal to S(/5 ~ I)m. ae Height must be positive. You will have to discard the negative solution of your quadratic equation. <— (+ 10)m—> { challenge ) GBD site the equation in the form ‘ax? + bx + c= 0 before using the quadratic Given that is positive, solve the equation ommineeandena pee aN x X+2. 195 @ Completing the square Itis frequently useful to rewrite quadratic expressions by completing the square: be (by . s erbr=(x+3)'-(3) . ji You can draw a diagram of this process when x and b i are positive: x — ab The original rectangle has been rearranged into the shape of a square with a smaller square missing. The two areas shaded blue are the same. CEEED i siscieic preion te form p(x+ 4)? +r where p, q and r are real constants is in completed square form. xe + bx = Complete the square for the expressions: aee8r bear © We 12x > Begin by halving the coefficient of x. Using the eee aes a cinn lae! tule given above, b= 8 so = 4, =F 4P 16 2 2_ py 2 b xe—3x= (x - 3)" - (3) (— Be careful itis a fraction. Here (3) = =2. 32 _ 9 2 2) Bw 2(e-3-4 im ¢ 2x2 — 12x= lx? — Ga) Here the coefficient of xis 2, 5o take out a factor LL of 2. The other factor ‘the form (x2 + bx) so = 2(x - 3F - 3°) ‘you can use the rule to complete the square. = 2v - 3F- 9) = 2x - 3)? = 18 ————__Expand the outer bracket by multiplying 2 by 9 to get your answer in this form, 22Quadratics . axtebree=a(s+2)' «(0 2a. Write 3x? + 6x + 1 in the form p(x + q)? +r, where p, q and r are integers to be found. Be rexel Thisisan expression, :o ou cant divide every term by 3 without changing its value. “al oe Instead, you need to take a factor of 3 out of = Bie + 1 - 7) 44 3x2 + 6x, = Birt? -3 41 = Bix 412-2 ae os Hieehen So p= 3,q=1andr= aaa ORE La Trety =) QD inciesionss write the expression as —4x2— 16x + 10 then take a factor of ~4 out of the first two terms toget ~4(x2 + 4x) + 10. 1 Complete the square for the expressions: a x 4dy b x? - 6x e e-l6x d etx er-14 2. Complete the square for the expressions: a 2?+16x b 3x7- 24x ¢ Sx7+20x d 2x?-Sx e@ Bx-2x? 3. Write each of these expressions in the form p(x + q)? + r, where p, q and r are constants to be found: a We8vel — b Sx? 1Sr43 © 3x2 42x- @ 10-16x-4x? @ 2v-8x2 +10 © 4 Given that © 5 Write 2 + 0.8x — 0.04x? in the form 4 - B(x + C, where A, Band Care constants to be determined. (marks) Solve the equation x? + 8x + 10 =0 by completing the square. Give your answers in surd form. 3x46 = (x4 a)’ +, find the values of the constants a and b, (marks) x2 48x + 10=0 x? + Bx =-10 (e+ 4F 4? = 10 (+ 4F 5-10 416 (we4P =e +4 =v xe-44V6 So the solutions are x= 7446 and x =-4-V6 23