LEARNING OBJECTIVES

INTRODUCTION

A
re you new to computers? Do you wonder what they capable of and why you would
tempt to use one? This information gives an overview of computers: What they are, the
different types of computers, and their parts.
In an office, many people use computers to keep records, analyze data, do research,
and manage projects. At home, you can use computers to find information, save
pictures and music, track finances, play games, and communicate with others—and
those are just a few of the possibilities.
You can also use your computer to connect to the Internet, a network that links devices
around the world. With Internet access, you can easily communicate with people and
find a massive amount of information.
If you use a computer, you might already know that there's no single part can be called
a "computer." A computer is a system of many parts working together. The physical
components, which you can feel and touch, are systematically called hardware. 

THE COMPUTER
A computer is a device that manipulates information or "data." It can store, retrieve,
and process data. You can use a computer to play games, send an email, and browse
the Internet. It can also be used to perform worksheets, accounting, database
management, presentations, sharing of videos, and more.

Computers Simplified
For new users, the computer at an electronics store can be quite a mystery. However,
computers aren't that mysterious. All types of computers consist of two essential parts:

Hardware is any part of your computer with a physical structure like a computer monitor
or keyboard.

 
Image 1: From left to right, monitor, and printer are examples of hardware

Software is any set of instructions that tells the hardware or another software what to
do. Examples of software are Microsoft Edge, Mobile Legends, and presentation
applications, such as Microsoft PowerPoint.
  
Image 2: Microsoft 365 (PowerPoint) Screenshot

DIFFERENT TYPES OF COMPUTERS

When you hear the word "computer," you may think of a personal computer such as a
desktop or laptop. However, computer machines come in several shapes and sizes, and
they perform many different functions in our daily lives. When you watch Netflix using
your smart TV, tap your card in a grocery store, or use a calculator application, you're
using a type of computer. 
Desktop computers are intended for use at a desk or table. They are usually more
substantial and more powerful than other types of personal computers. Desktop
computers are made up of detachable components. The main element is called the
system unit. It is typically a rectangular case that sits on or beneath a desk. Other
components, such as the keyboard, monitor, and mouse, attach to the system unit.
 Image 3: Typical Desktop Computer
Laptop
It is a battery or AC-powered computer that is more portable than desktop computers,
allowing you to use them almost anywhere.

Image 4: A Laptop running with Windows 10

Since a laptop is smaller than a standard PC in size, it's more challenging to replace
the system components. However, several types of a laptop are possible to add
more memory or a bigger storage capacity.

Server
 It is a computer that provides information to other computers on a network.

Image 5: A system engineer conducting server system check

Source: (https://www.freepik.com/premium-vector/data-center-isometric-landing-page-it-engineer-servicing-server-equipment-data-center-situation-hosting-platform-hardware-
software-data-storage-administration-perspective-flat-design_8370332.htm) 

Servers also play a vital role in making the internet work: they are where web pages
are stored. When you use your browser to visit a site, a web server delivers the page
you requested.

OTHER TYPES OF COMPUTERS

Today, there are different types of devices. Some of them are specialized computers,
even though we don't always think of them as computers. Here are a few common
examples:
 Tablet Computers: These use a touch screen for inputting data and navigation.
Since they don't need a mouse or keyboard, tablet computers are more portable
than any computer device. An iPad is an example of a tablet computer.

Image 6: iPad Pro Tablet

Source: https://www.apple.com/shop/buy-ipad/ipad-pro

Mobile Phones: In some ways, mobile phones can do many things like a computer,
including browsing the Internet or playing games. These phones are often called
smartphones. A smartphone is smaller and lighter than a desktop and laptop. It is
considered the most used device compared to others.  

Image 7: Samsung Galaxy S20 Smartphone

Source (https://9to5google.com/2020/02/27/galaxy-s20-camera-issues/)

Game Consoles: A gaming computer (console) is a dedicated kind of computer that is

intended to play games. Although they are not designed as a usual computer, many
newer consoles, such as the Sony PlayStation 5 (an upcoming Sony's PlayStation 4
successor), allow you to do non-gaming tasks like internet browsing.
          
 Image 8: Sony PlayStation 4

Smart TV: Currently, modern TV now includes applications (apps) that allow you to
access various types of online content. For example, you can view your Instagram news
feed or watch streaming movies on Netflix.

Image 9: Netflix app launched on Smart TV.

Wearable Devices
Smart Watches - is a wearable computer in the form of a traditional wristwatch.
 Image 10: Apple Watch
Source (https://www.apple.com/ph/watch/)

VR headset - is a head-mounted device that provides virtual reality for the user. Virtual
reality (VR) is an artificial world generated by VR devices.

Image 11: A woman using a virtual reality device

https://image.freepik.com/free-photo/cheerful-businesswoman-with-laptop-watching-virtual-presentation_74855-1514.jpg

TWO MAIN STYLE OF PERSONAL COMPUTER 

Personal computers originate in two "styles": PC and Mac. Both styles are fully efficient,
but they do have a different look and feel, and many people favour one or the other.
 PC.
 This type of computer started with the original IBM PC that was presented in
1981. Other companies began to create similar computing devices, which were
called IBM PC (often shortened to PC). These days, this is the most common
type of personal computer, and it typically includes the Microsoft Windows
operating system.

Image 12: PC
 Mac
The Macintosh was bought to market in 1984, and it was the first widely sold
personal computer with a Graphical User Interface. All Mac devices are made by
one company, Apple Inc., and they used the Mac OS X operating system.

Image 13: Mac Desktop

Source (https://www.apple.com/ph/imac/)
BASIC COMPONENT OF A DESKTOP COMPUTER

System Unit
It is the core of a computer system. Usually, it's a rectangular box under your desk.
Inside this box are many system components. The most essential part of this
component is the processor, which acts as the "brain" of your computer. Another critical
element is memory, which temporarily stores information that while the computer is on. 
 Image 14: System Unit
Almost every part of your computer connects to the system unit using cables. The
cables plug into specific ports, typically on the back of the system unit. 
Mouse
It is an input device used to interact with items on your computer screen. It allows us to
move objects, open, change, and perform other actions, all by pointing and clicking with
your mouse.

Image 15: Mouse

Monitor 
It is an output device that displays video images and text.
 Image 16: Monitor

Monitors come in different types, each described below.

 CRT (cathode ray tube) - By comparison, old school CRT monitors seem
dull and bulky. CRT (Cathode Ray Tube) monitors resemble small TV sets.
They're not flat panel monitors.
 LCD (liquid crystal display) - LCD monitors look slim and hip on any
desktop. The most used monitor today, LCD (Liquid Crystal Display) monitors
look much like large laptop screens mounted on a stand. 
 Quantum dot LED - A display technology that uses quantum dots to emit
light. QLED is expected to be more power-efficient than OLED and less costly
to manufacture. QLED is also ultra-thin, transparent, and flexible.
 OLED (organic light-emitting diode) - A display technology that offers
bright, colourful images with a wide viewing angle, low power, high contrast
ratio, and fast response time for sports and action movies. The OLED
technology differs significantly from the screens in plasma and LC D/LED
Monitors/Display.
 LED (light-emitting diode) - An LED display is a flat panel display, which
uses an array of light-emitting diodes as a display.

Keyboard
It is an input device that use to enter information into your computer. 
 Image 17: Keyboard 
Speaker
Speaker is an output device used to play sound. It can be built into the system unit or
connected with cable connectors. It lets you listen to music and hear sound from your
device.

Image 18: Speaker 

Printer
It is an output device that takes the data stored on a computer or other device and
generates a printed copy of it.
Different types of printer
 3D Printer - is a device that creates a physical object from a digital model by
layering materials. It uses materials such as metal alloys, polymers, plastics, or
even food ingredients. It was invented by Chuck Hull in 1984.
 All-in-One Printer – it is also called as MFP (multifunction printer). It is a type of
device with the functions of a printer, fax, and scanner all in one device.
 Dot-Matrix – it also refers to a pin printer; dot matrix printers were first
introduced by IBM in 1957. However, the first dot-matrix impact printer was
created by Centronics in 1970.
 Inkjet-printer - The most popular printer for every user that prints by spraying
streams of quick-drying ink on paper. 
 Laser printer - The laser printer was first developed at Xerox PARC by Gary
Starkweather and released in 1971. It uses laser technology to print images on
the paper. It often used for medium-size business environments that require print
jobs to be completed quickly and in large quantities
THE INTERNAL HARDWARE
MOTHERBOARD
It is the main printed circuit board within a desktop computer, laptop or server. Its
essential functions are the following:
 To play as a central backbone to which all other parts, such as processor,
memory, and storage devices, can be attached as required to create a computer.
 To receive (on many motherboards) different components (in particular CPU and
expansion cards) for customization.
 To allocate power to system components.
 To electronically talk and interface the operation of the components.

The form factor is the actual shape of a motherboard – the sizes, location of mounting
holes, power supply type, number of ports on the back panel,  and dimensions.

Form Size Basic Characteristics

Factor
ATX. 12-inch x 9.6- The most popular form factor for desktop computer
inch
MicroATX 9.6-inch x 9.6- Slightly smaller than ATX. It can be used in most
inch ATX. cases.
Mini-ITX 6.75-inch x 6.75- Design for small devices such as set-top boxes.
inch
Nano-ITX 4.7-inch x 4.7- Designed for small entertainment devices
inch
Pico-ITX 3.9-inch x 2.8- Designed for tiny devices
inch

Table 1: Form Factors and its attributes

 Image 19: Motherboard form factors

CENTRAL PROCESSING UNIT (CPU)

The processor or central processing unit is the hardware component within a
computer that transmits out the instructions of a computer program by processing the
basic arithmetical, logical, and input/output operations of the system. 

 32-bit (x86) CPU vs 64-bit (x64)

 There are two architectures of CPU, a 32-bit and a 64-bit type. The difference
between these two processors is the build, and the 32-bit processor has a
structure that can process instructions less capably than a 64-bit processor.
 Clock speed is an operating speed of a CPU, defined as the rate at which it
performs internal operations and expressed in cycles per second (megahertz).
 FSB Front Side Bus serves as the processor's connection to the system
memory. FSB transfer speed allows better processor performance.
 Multicore Processor allows the computer to process more than a thread at a
time by swapping the threads between the core to provide quicker data
processing. 
 Software is like a cord made up of separate threads. It routinely uses one thread
at a time, and others use many threads called multi-thread. 

A multicore processor is like having more

people to work in a project as a team. Every
member has a specific job designation to
perform their tasks quickly.

Overclocking is the term used in forcibly pushing a CPU capacity to operate higher
than what is officially rated by its manufacturer. It enables the system to extend its
abilities by nearly or more than 25%, a significant boost to computer performance.
APU Accelerated Processing Unit is a processing system that comprises additional
processing ability intended to accelerate one or more kinds of computations outside of a
processor. It is a term AMD gave their CPU that also has a graphics core inside the
 CPU chip. It is merely a processor that combines CPU and GPU elements into a single
architecture

RANDOM ACCESS MEMORY (RAM)

It is a hardware device that allows information to be stored and retrieved on a computer. It is a
volatile memory and needs the power to keep the data available. If the machine is switched off,
all data contained in RAM is lost.

 The Main Types of Memory

1. SIMMs come in two different sizes, as shown in the figure below, so both
sizes require a different-size socket. Early, pre-Pentium computers use the
tinier size (31⁄2 inches long), which has 30 pins and typically holds fewer than
20MB of RAM capacity. 

Pentium computers used a bigger size (4 1⁄4 inches long), which has 72 pins
and typically holds no more than 64MB of memory capacity. Both modules
simply push into a socket, held in place by friction.

Image 20: 30 pin SIMM(Above), 72 pins SIMM(Below)

2. SDRAM DIMM (Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory Dual In-line

Memory Modules) is short for SDRAM, is a type of memory that matches itself
with the computer's system clock. Being synchronized allows the RAM to run at
 higher speeds than previous memory types and asynchronous DRAM and
supports up to 133 MHz system bus cycling.
To meet the increased memory demands of the latest and more powerful
Pentium and AMD CPUs, engineers developed the faster SDRAM DIMMs.,
the 5 1⁄4-inch with 168 pins DIMMs (as shown below) look much like longer
SIMMs. They slide into newly designed slots with tiny clips holding them in
place.

Image 21: 168 pins SDRAM DIMM

3. RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic Random-Access Memory) 

It was developed by Rambus initially released in 1999. It is a memory technology
that offers a 1.6 GB/s of theoretical memory bandwidth and offers better memory
access at a little higher cost when compared to SDRAM.

Image 22: RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic Random-Access Memory)

4. DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM) 

It was the first version of this technology and achieved its speed increase by
transferring data twice per cycle, i.e., on both the increasing and then the
dropping edge of the clock signal.

.  
Image 23: DDR SDRAM
5. DDR2 SDRAM (Double Data Rate 2 SDRAM)
Short for double data rate two, It is the 2   generation of DDR memory that was
nd

released in September 2003. It can operate at higher speeds than DDR, offers
higher speed, operates on less power, and generates less heat. Due to
architectural variances, DDR2 memory modules are incompatible with
predecessor (D.D.R.) slots. It transfers 64 bits of data twice every clock cycle.
DDR2-SDRAM memory is not compatible with the current DDR-SDRAM memory
slot.

Image 24: DDR2 SDRAM

6. DDR3 SDRAM (Double Data Rate 3 SDRAM)
It is a type of SDRAM released in June 2007 as the replacement to DDR2. DDR3
chips have a clock speed of 400 MHz up to 1066 MHz; it consumes nearly 30%
less power than its predecessor.

Image 25: DDR3 (Double Data Rate 3)

7. DDR4 SDRAM (Double Data Rate 4 SDRAM)

It is a kind of system memory known as SDRAM and was launched in

September. It has a bus clock speed that starts from 800 to 1600 MHz and
storage capacity from 4 to 128 GB (theoretical maximum size per module) per
DIMM. 
 Image 26: DDR 4

Comparison of DDR SDRAM

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DDR_SDRAM

HARD DISK (HDD) is a non-volatile data storage device. Non-volatile memory is a term
used to store data regardless if the computer has power. Internal HDD in a drive
bay(space provided for HDD drive) connected to the motherboard using an ATA, SCSI,
or SATA cable.
 Image 27: Hard Disk Drive

POWER SUPPLY UNIT (PSU)

It is a hardware component of a computer that provides the power needed by the
computer and its components.

Image 28: Power Supply Unit

Power Supply Form Factors 

Power supply form factors adapt motherboard form factors. ATX Power supply is
typical, and they fit into all sizes of BTX and ATX motherboards. You can use smaller
power supplies that suit in microATX, FlexATX, and microBTX motherboards as well. 

GRAPHICS CARD is also called a video adapter, display card, graphics card, display
adapter or graphics adapter) is an add-on card which generates a feed of output images
to a display monitor. 

Types of Graphics Card

 Peripheral Component Interconnect (PCI)
It was introduced by Intel in 1992. The PCI bus came in both 32-bit and 64-bit
versions and was used to attach hardware to a computer. It is commonly used in
computers from the late 1990s to the early 2000s; PCI has since been
substituted with PCI Express.
 In the late 1990s, most computers sold before came with a graphics card in one
of their PCI slots. But nowadays, this type of slot is not used for graphics cards;
however, it is used for several add on cards such as sound cards, LAN cards,
and other types of PCI cards. 

Image 29: PCI Video Card

https://graphicscardhub.com/wp-content/uploads/2017/01/Generic-ATI-Rage-XL-8MB-PCI-VGA-Video-Card.jpg

 Accelerated Graphics Port (AGP)

It is an advanced port intended for video cards. Designed by Intel and announced
in August of 1997, AGP introduces a dedicated point-to-point channel that
permits the graphics controller direct access to the system memory. 

AGP slot The AGP channel is 32-bits full and runs at 66 MHz, which is a total
bandwidth of 266 MBps and much higher than the PCI bandwidth of up to 133
MBps.

It is available in three different versions, the original AGP version mentioned

above, AGP 2.0 that was introduced in May of 1998, and AGP 3.0 (AGP 8x) that
was made available in November of 2000. AGP 2.0 added 4x signalling and was
capable of operating at 1.5V, and AGP 3.0 was capable of double the transfer
speeds.

By mid-2009, PCIe cards dominated the industry; AGP cards and motherboards
were still produced, but OEM driver support was minimal.
 Image 30: AGP Graphic card

 Peripheral Component Interconnect Express (PCI-E)

Formerly known as 3rd Generation I/O (3GIO), PCI Express, or PCIe, 

abbreviated as PCIe, is a faster computer expansion bus standard intended to
substitute the older PCI, PCI-X, and AGP bus standards. It was approved as a
standard in July 2002. 

Image 31: PCI-E Video Card

What's on the card?

DisplayPort 
It is a digital display interface developed by the Video
Electronics Standards Association (VESA). The interface is
mainly used to connect a video source to a display device
such as a computer monitor, though it can also be used to Image 1.34
transmit audio, USB, and other forms of data. DisplayPort

High Definition Multimedia Interface (HDMI) is a digital

interface capable of transmitting audio and visual data
through the same cable. 
Image 1.35 HDMI
Port

Digital Visual Interface (DVI) Digital-based standard

interface designed for displays such as flat-panel displays
(LCDs, plasma screens, wide high-definition television
displays) and video projectors.
Image 1.36 DVI
Port

Analog D-Sub is a standard interface for an analog

monitor. It was intended for CRT displays.

Image 1.37 15 pin

Analog D-Sub

IO PORTS
PS/2 Keyboard and Mouse 
Keyboard and Mice Connectors - Old Style 5 Pin DIN Keyboard connector. The 5 pin
DIN connectors are rarely used anymore. Most computers use the mini-DIN PS/2
connector, but an increasing number of new systems are dropping PS/2 connectors in
favor of USB. Adapters are available to convert 5 pin din to PS/2.

Image 32: Mouse and keyboard ports

Serial Port
Serial or COM-1 port Used for External Modems and old Mice. Being phased out on
newer computers. Replaced by USB.

Image 33: Serial Port

Parallel / Printer Port

Also called as Line Printer Terminal (LPT Port), used for old printers. It is not b found on
newer computers. 

Image 34: Parallel Port

Universal Serial Bus (USB) Ports

Use the USB ports to connect USB devices. (Universal Serial Bus) Used for just about
everything attached to a computer.
 Image 35: USB standard ports and symbol

Firewire
Firewire connectors should not be confused with USB connectors, and they look almost
the same. FireWire is used to connect external devices like hard drives. Sometimes
FireWire is called IEEE1394a or i-link.

Image 36:  Firewire

Audio and Game Ports

SPDIF is a standard for transmitting high-quality digital audio without going through an
analog conversion process. The SPDIF interface can be implemented in two different
ways, Coaxial and Optical.

Image 37: Audio Ports, (Green) Line Out, (Pink) Mic In, (Blue) Line 

Ethernet Port
Connects an RJ-45 jack to the LAN port to connect your computer to the Network.

Image 38: (Left) Ethernet cable (Right) Ethernet port

SELF CHECK 1.1-1

MULTIPLE CHOICE: Choose the letter of the correct answer that referred to the
statement below.
1. An electronic device that manipulates information or "data."
A. Operating System
B. Hardware 
C. Software
D. Computer

2. The first electronic computer and was developed in 1946. It took up 1,800
square feet and weighed 30 tons.
A. Electric Numerical Integrator and Computer
B. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
C. Electronically Numerical Integrator and Computer
D. Electronic Number Integrator and Computer

3. __________ is  any set of instructions that tells the hardware what to do.
It is what guides the hardware and tells it how to accomplish each task.
A. Server
B. Software
C. Computer
D. Hardware

4. Designed for use at a desk or table and made up of separate

components.
A. Laptop Computers
B. Tablet
C. Desktop Computer
D. Server

5. It was introduced in 1984, and it was the first widely sold personal
computer with a Graphical User Interface or GUI.
A. Windows
B. MAC.
C. Linux
D. PC.

6. It is a battery or AC-powered personal computer that is more portable

than desktop computers, allowing you to use them almost anywhere.

A. Laptop
B. Desktop
C. PC.
D. Server
 7. This type of computer began with the original IBM PC that was
introduced in 1981.

A. Desktop
B. Laptop
C. Personal Computer
D. Server

8. It is any part of your computer that has a physical structure, such as the
computer monitor or keyboard.
A. Software
B. Microsoft Word
C. Hardware 
D. Operating System

9. It is the hardware within a computer that carries out the instructions of a

computer program by performing the basic arithmetical, logical, and
input/output operations of the system.
A. Hardware
B. CPU.
C. Computer
D. Laptop
10. A computer that "serves up" information to other computers on a
network.
A. PC.
B. Server
C. Mac
C. Desktop
11. These use a touch screen for inputting data and navigation.   

a. Tablet Computers
b. Mobile Phones
c. Game Consoles
d. Smart TVs

12. The most essentials component is the __________, which acts as the
"brain" of your computer.
a. System Unit
b. Memory
c. Processor
d. Computer
 13.  It is a device that creates a physical object from a digital model by
layering materials.
a. Dot-Matrix
b. 3D Printer
c. All-in-One Printer
d. Laser printer

14.  It is the main printed circuit board within a desktop computer, laptop or
server.
a. Motherboard
b. Printer
c. Speaker
d. Keyboard

15. It was developed by Rambus initially released in 1999.

a. DDR SDRAM (Double Data Rate SDRAM)

b. DDR2 SDRAM (Double Data Rate 2 SDRAM)
c. RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic Random Access Memory) 
d. SDRAM DIMM (Synchronous Dynamic Random-Access Memory Dual In-line
Memory Modules) 

16.  It is a hardware component of a computer that provides the power

needed by the computer and its components.
a. Power supply unit (PSU)
b. Power supply form factors 
c. Graphics card
d. Hard disk

17.  It pertains to a piece of software that lets Windows talk to your hardware,
in this case, your video card.
a. Port
b. Driver
c. DirectX
d. Fill Rate 
 18.  It is a dedicated kind of computer that is intended to play games.
a. Mobile phone
b. Tablet computer
c. Smart tv
d. Game console
 
19. The Macintosh was announced in year _______.
a. 1999
b. 1894
c. 1984
d. 1899

20.   It pertains to forcibly pushing a CPU capacity to operate higher than
what is officially rated by its manufacturer.
a. Overclocking
b. Multicore Processor
c. Clock Speed
d. APU Accelerated Processing Unit

ENUMERATION: Provide what is asked by the given statement and/or questions. Write
your answers in your activity notebook.

1. Other types of computer

2. Two main styles of personal computer

ANSWER KEY 1.1-1

Multiple Choice

1. D. Computer
2. B. Electronic Numerical Integrator and Computer
3. B. Software
4. C. Desktop computer
5.  B. MAC
6. A. Laptop
7. C. Personal Computer
8. C. Hardware
9.  B. CPU.
10.  B. Server
 11. A.  Tablet Computer
12.  C. Processor
13. B. 3D Printer
14. A. Motherboard 
15. C. RDRAM (Rambus Dynamic Random-Access Memory) 
16. A. POWER SUPPLY UNIT (PSU)
17. B. Driver
18. D. Game Consoles 
19. C. 1984
20. A. Overclocking 

Enumeration

 Other types of computer

Tablet, TV, Game Console, and Smartphones/Mobile Phones/Wearable devices

 Two main styles of personal computer

PC and Mac

TASK SHEET 1.1-1 (FACE-TO-FACE, IF AVAILABLE)

Title: Identifying Computer Parts and its peripherals

Performance Objective: Given are the following materials, you should be able to
identify and explain the function of different parts of the computer—allotted time 30
minutes.
Supplies/Materials: Whiteboard 

Equipment: Computer hardware 

Prerequisites:
A trainer/teacher prepares his/her selected hardware components for you to identify
each purpose and function by showing each item, such as input/output ports,
computer parts, and peripherals.
 Steps/Procedure: 
1. Study and remember all computer parts and its function.
2. When you are ready to identify the parts, present yourself to your
Teacher and start identifying the given parts of the computer.

Assessment Method: 
Demonstration, Observation

PERFORMANCE CRITERIA CHECKLIST 1.1-1 

Learner’s Name: ____________________ Date: _________________

During the performance of the task, did you consider the following criteria?
Grade Point
Equivalent NO
Highest Possible
CRITERIA YES
Score = 5
Lowest Possible
Score = 0
Did the learner…
1. Properly explained and identified the given
computer's parts and its peripherals?
2. Applied and performed occupational health
safety procedures?
3. Performed and followed the given tasks
thoroughly?
 Total Points

Total Items

Signature of the
Trainee/Learner

Signature of the
Trainer/Teacher

Grade Point Equivalent 

The table below shows the equivalent points that are used and show how they are
calculated to determine the grade point average (GPA), or index.
The highest equivalent points that a trainer can give are 5 points per criterion, and the
lowest is 0. If the trainee/learner accumulates scores with below two (2) grade-point
equivalent, she/he needs to retake the whole given task.

Grade Point Explanation

Equivalent

5 Excellent

4 Very Good

3 Good

2 Average

1 Poor

0 Failure
REFERENCES 

https://www.usa.philips.com/c-f/XC000010053/i-have-hdmi-connectivity-on-my-philips-
tv-is-it-hdmi-13-compliant
Connectors - Bills Computer Pot.
http://billscomputerpot.com/menus/hardware/ComputerConnectors.htm
Computer Basics: What is a Computer? - GCFLearnFree.org.
https://edu.gcfglobal.org/en/computerbasics/what-is-a-computer/1/   
Lesson 1: What is a Computer? - KS3 ICT. 
https://sites.google.com/site/mrhaltonsictwebsite/year-7-ict/lesson-1-what-is-a-computer