Indogermanische Gesellschaft / Society for Indo-European Studies / Société des études indo-européennes

Arbeitstagung “100 Years of Comparative IE Linguistics at the University of Ljubljana – A Ljubilee”

University of Ljubljana (4-7/6/2019)

Shining through the Millennia:

Old Norse Baldr, Celtic Belinos, Slovenian Belin, Old Irish Balar,
and PIE *bhelH- ‘be white, shine’
Riccardo Ginevra
University of Cologne

A1. Current views

1. Old Norse (ON) Baldr
Name of god associated with light. Currently analysed as reflex of *-tró- derivative of PIE *bhelH- ‘be
white, shine’ or *bhelH- ‘swell, bloom’ (Schaffner 1999:167–9).
BUT vocalism problematic, forms with -e- or -Ø- grade (Casaretto 2004:543–4; 548) expected:
ON †Bjaldr (PGmc *beldra- < PIE *bhelH-tró-) or †Boldr (PGmc *buldra- < PIE *bhl̥H-tró-).

2. Celtic Belinos (Celtic †Belenos not attested, only Latinized Belenus; Prósper 2017)
Name of god identified with Apollo (associated with light in Gaul) and patron of Aquileia. Generally
connected with *bhelH- ‘be white, shine’ (cf. overview in Schrijver 1999:24; Olmsted 1994:386–7).
BUT other proposals possible (Schrijver 1999; de Bernardo Stempel 2013:78–9; Prósper 2017)
Cult of Belinos in Roman province of Noricum continued by that of mythical Saint Belin, protector
against blindness, who was still worshipped in 19th century Slovenia (Šašel Kos 2001).

3. Lusitanian MN Balarus, Gaulish *Balaro-, and Old Irish Balar

Lusitanian Balarus and Gaul. *Balaro- currently analyzed as outcomes of PIE *bhelH-ro-,
a -ró- adjective of *bhelH- ‘be white, shine’ (Zair 2012:194).1
But zero grade of the root expected: PIE *bhl̥H-ró- > PCelt. †blāro- NOT *balaro-.
OIr. Balar name of mythical character compared with the Norse god Baldr (Rooth 1961:114ss).

A2. Proposal
ON Baldr, Celtic Belinos, and OIr. Balar may all be reflexes of the same -r-/-n- heteroclite derivative
of PIE *bhelH- ‘be white, shine’, namely *bhól(H)-r-/bhélH-n- ‘light, splendor’.
• Formal and semantic parallels in Old English, Slavic, Vedic Sanskrit, and Ancient Greek.
• Structural and onomastic correspondences between Norse and Irish mythical narratives.

1
By JOSEPH’S RULE: PCelt. *-aRa- < *-eRa-. Gaul. *Balaro- exclusively attested by French place-names (Delamarre 2003:65).
 ON Baldr, Celt. Belinos, OIr. Balar, PIE *bhelH- ‘be white, shine’ “IG Arbeitstagung – A Ljubilee”
Riccardo Ginevra (Cologne) Ljubljana (4-7/6/2019)

B1. ON Baldr, OE *Bældæg, PSl. *Bělъbogъ, and some IE flower-names

1. ON Baldr
Phonology: reflex of *baldra-, outcome with epenthesis of PGmc *balra- and PIE *bhol(H)ró-.
Cf. Norw. galder ‘swelling in the foot of horses’ (if from ON *galdr < *galdra- with epenth.),
reflex of PGmc *galra- and PIE *ǵholH-r-(o-) ‘sickness’ (cf. Kroonen 2013, s.v.; cf. infra).2
Epenthesis -ldr- < PGmc (and PIE) *-lr-:
• Typologically frequent: cf. Sp. saldrá (: salir); Old French valdra (: valier).
• Well attested in NWGmc: cf. ON allra : OSw. aldra ‘of all’; OE alre ‘of all’ > ME alder.3
• Close match for NWGmc epenthesis -mbr- < PGmc *-mr-:
cf. ON timbra, OE timbran, OHG zimbarōn < PGmc *timr(ō)ja- ‘build’ : Goth. timrjan.

Formation: PIE *bhol(H)r-ó- possessive derivative of *bhól(H)-r-/bhélH-n- ‘light’,4 heteroclite type

*CóC-r-/CéC-n- (Schindler 1975:4ss) of the root *bhelH- ‘be white, shine’.
Cf. e.g. PIE *pót-r-/pét-n- ‘wing, feather’ : Hitt. pattar/pattan- ‘wing, feather’, Ved.
pátra- ‘wing’, Lat. penna, ON fjǫðr ‘feather’).5
PIE *bhelH- ‘be white, shine’: Gk φαλός ‘white’ and Arm. bal ‘cloud; white spot’ (*bhl̥H-ó-); OCS bělъ ‘white’
(: *bhēlH-o-), Lith. bãlas ‘white’ (: *bholH-o-), báltas ‘id.’ (: *bholH-to-)
In Germanic: Gk.-Goth. βάλα- ‘horse with white spots’ (Proc. Goth. 1.18.6), OHG bal ‘shining,
sparkling’ (: *bhol(H)-ó-); ON bál ‘flame, fire’, OE bæl ‘id.’ (: *bhēlH-o-)

Semantics: ‘provided with light, shining’ (-ó- derivatives: possessive meaning)

Cf. Gk. ἐχυρός ‘strong’ < PIE *seǵhur-ó- ‘provided with strength’ ⟵ *seǵh-ur̥ /-u̯ en- ‘strength’
Exactly matches Baldr’s association with [LIGHT] in ON texts:
[1] Gylf. 22: […] Hann er svá fagr álitum ok bjartr svá at lýsir af honum […]
“He (Baldr) is so fair in appearance and so bright that light shines from him”

2. OE *Bældæg
Name of a son of OE Woden (= ON Óðinn)) identified with Baldr by Snorri (Formáli 10).6
Synchronic perspective: compound of bæl° ‘fire, flame’ and °dæg ‘day’; semantics unclear.
Rather: PGmc *bēla-daga- (a) ‘(who has/controls the) light(-filled) day’7 or (b) ‘(… the) shining day’.
Archaic formation: *bēla°(PIE *bhēlH-o-) either (a) subst. ‘light’ : OE bæl fire, flame’
or (b) adj. ‘shining, white’ : OCS bělъ ‘white’.

2
Theoretically Norw. galder could reflect an unattested ON *galr (cf. Norw. older ‘alder’ < ON ǫlr < PGmc *aluz-), as well.
3
On d-epenthesis in all these languages, cf. e.g. Page 1996:177; Ohala-Solè 2008:338; Żygis 2010:123–4.
4
Analysis as -ró- adjective not probable: zero-grade root expected, i.e. *bhl̥H-ró-. Maybe -o- root grade substantivation (S. Höfler, p.c.).
5
Cf. Zair 2012:18527 with literature; aliter Kloekhorst 2008, s.v.
6
Attested as Beldegg in Snorri’s Edda, whose sources were OE genealogies (Faulkes 1978–9:9–10).
7
If double possessive compound (Schindler 1986:395–6).

2
 ON Baldr, Celt. Belinos, OIr. Balar, PIE *bhelH- ‘be white, shine’ “IG Arbeitstagung – A Ljubilee”
Riccardo Ginevra (Cologne) Ljubljana (4-7/6/2019)

3. Proto-Slavic *Bělъ bogъ ‘white god’

Name of a Slavic deity (cf. Mikhailov 1994; Šašel Kos 2001:13–5 with lit.), still attested by toponyms,
e.g. Russian Belye bogi (near Moscow) and Sorbian Beli bog (oronym).
PSl. *bogъ (: OCS bogъ ‘god’) + *bělъ (: OCS bělъ ‘white’) : PGmc *bēla° in *Bældæg (both : *bhēlH-o-)
Refers to [SUN] or [SKY] in Slavic idioms (Kulišić et al. 1970, s.v. beli bog):
• BCMS ne vidi beloga boga ‘not see the white god’
• Bulg. vika do beloga boga ‘scream at the white god’.
Corrispondence with PSl. *Bělъ bogъ ‘white god’ supports interpretation of OE *Bældæg as reflex of
PGmc *bēla-daga- ‘(who has/controls the) shining day’ and as god associated with [SUN] or [SKY].8

́ ikā
4. Flower-names: ON Baldrs brá, OE dæges eāge, Ved. divyásya suparṇásya kanīn
(1) ON flower-name Baldrs brá ‘Baldr’s brow’ (Gylf. 22), cf. Modern Scandinavian flower-names:

Modern Icelandic Baldursbrá Norw. Balderbrå and Sw. Baldersbrå

(Tripleurospermum maritimum) (Tripleurospermum inodorum)
(2) OE flower-name dæges eāge ‘day’s eye’ (e.g. ÆGl. B1.9.2), ME dayesye, cf. Modern English daisy:9

Daisies (Bellis perennis)

́ ikā ‘eye-pupil of the Sun (= heavenly eagle)’10 (AVŚ 4.20.3ab) =
(3) Ved. divyásya suparṇásya kanīn
probably sun-flower (Bloomfield 1896:399–408), Asteracea plant like daisies and Tripleurosperma.

Sun-flowers (Helianthus)

(1-3) IE kenning [EYE11 – of the LIGHT/DAY/SUN-GOD] for [FLOWER] (of the Asteraceae family).

8
Cf. the antonymic PSl. theonym *Čьrnъ bogъ ‘black god’, attested e.g. by the Sorbian oronym Černi bog and Helmold’s Chronica
Slavorum 1.52 (XII c.): […] Zcerneboch, id est nigrum deum […].
9
Cf. also G. Chaucer, Legend of Good Women F 184–5: the ‘dayesye’, or elles the ‘ye of day’, / the empertice and flour of floures alle.
10
On divyá- suparṇá- ‘heavenly eagle’ as a kenning for [SUN], cf. Massetti 2016.
11
[BROW] metonymy for [EYE], cf. kennings brá-regn ‘rain of the brows’ and augna-regn ‘r. of the eyes’ for [TEARS] (Meissner 1921:131–2)

3
 ON Baldr, Celt. Belinos, OIr. Balar, PIE *bhelH- ‘be white, shine’ “IG Arbeitstagung – A Ljubilee”
Riccardo Ginevra (Cologne) Ljubljana (4-7/6/2019)

To (briefly) sum up:

the correspondence between (1) ON Baldrs brá ‘Baldr’s brow’,
(2) OE dæges eāge ‘day’s eye’, and
(3) ́ ikā ‘eye-pupil of the Sun’
Ved. divyásya suparṇásya kanīn
parallels that between §B1.1 ON Baldr,
§B1.2 OE *Bældæg ‘(who has control of the) shining day’ and
§B1.3 PSl. *Bělъ bogъ ‘white god (= [SUN] or [SKY])’,
supporting analysis of Baldr as reflex of *bhelH- ‘white, shine’ and cognate of OE bæl and PSl. *bělъ.

B2. PCelt. *Belīnos and Slovenian Belin

Phonology: long /-ī-/ Gaulish Βελεινο- and Friulan Bilìgna (< -īnia; fraction of Aquileia)12
• Compatible with OW Belin (mythical king in Annales Cambriae: maybe euhemerized deity)
• NOT compatible with compounds of the type MW (Cyn)°felyn < *(kuno)°belĭno-.
Different origin: British names not demonstrably theophoric and existence of a Brittonic god
named Belin impossible to proove (Prósper 2017:262).
Thus, original scansion most probably *belīno-: expected outcome of PIE *bhelHēn-ó-.13

Formation: thematic derivative of a delocatival formation of *bhól(H)-r-/bhélH-n- ‘light’ (: ON Baldr).

Either (a) possessive -ó- derivative of *bhelH-ḗn ‘(in the) light’:14
Loc. sg. *bhelH-én- (Nussbaum 1986:190;289ff) ⟶ *bhelH-ḗn ⟶ *bhelHēn-ó-.
or (b) pertinentive vr̥ ddhi formation of *bhl̥H-ḗn ‘(in the) light’:
Loc. sg. *bhl̥H-én- (Schindler 1994) ⟶ *bhl̥H-ḗn ⟶ *bhelHēn-ó-.15

Semantics: (a) ‘provided with light’ or (b) ‘pertaining to light, of the light’.
Both closely matching Saint Belin’s association with [SIGHT] in Slovenian folklore:
[2] Rutar 1882:21 […] Tega ima ljudstvo za velikega zdravitelja in daje mu pridevek „sveti“. Z njegovim
„ključem“ se bajé lahko ozdravlja slepota. […]
“People consider him to be a great healer and bestow on him the epithet "holy". With
his "key", so it is said, one can cure blindness” (tr. L. Repanšek).

12
Dat.sg. Βελεινο in RIG I G-28 (Calissane, Saint-Chamas, Bouches-du-Rhône); cf. also CIL V, 745. Cf. Prósper 2017:260; 269 fn.33.
13
An -īno- suffix unlikely: usually “denominative genitival adjectives mainly from o-stems and ii̯o-stems”, e.g. in Lat. (Weiss 2009:288).
14
For a similar derivational process, cf. Lat. seuērus ‘steadfast’ < *seǵhu̯ ēr-ó- ⟵ *seǵh-u̯ ḗr ‘steadfast-ness’ (Nussbaum 1998:536).
15
The Latinized variant Belenus (on which, however, cf. Prósper 2017) and the variant Βέλεν (Hrdn. Hist. 8.3.8) may indeed support a
derivation from PIE *bhelH-ḗn ‘light’ (option [a]), as its expected Proto-Celtic outcome would have been precisely *bél-en.

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 ON Baldr, Celt. Belinos, OIr. Balar, PIE *bhelH- ‘be white, shine’ “IG Arbeitstagung – A Ljubilee”
Riccardo Ginevra (Cologne) Ljubljana (4-7/6/2019)

B3. Lusitanian MN Balarus, Gaulish *Balaro-, and Old Irish Balar (/Balor/Bolar) 16

Phonology: all three reflexes of PCelt. *balar-o- or PIE *bhelHr-o-.

Formation: thematic derivative of strong stem of reflex of PIE *bhól(H)-r-/bhélH-n- ‘light, splendor’
PCelt. *balar-o- < * bhelH-r-ó- ⟵ *bhélH-r̥ -/bhélH-n- (analogy) ⟵ *bhól(H)-r̥ -/bhélH-n-

or ´´ ⟵ *balar-/balan- < *bhélH-r̥ -/bhélH-n- (analogy) ⟵ ´´

or ´´ ⟵ *balar-/balan- (analogy) ⟵ *bolar-/balan- < ´´

Last option may be supported by Old Irish variant Bolar, outcome of *bolar-o- (⟵ PCelt. *bolar-).

ON Baldr, PCelt. *belīno- and *balaro-: reflexes of same -r-/-n- heteroclite by paradigm splits, cf.
(a) *fatar-V- ⟵ PCelt. *fatar-/fatan- : PIE *pót-r̥ -/pét-n- ‘wing, feather’
(: OW atar, MW adar (cf. MW hadein (: Hitt. pattar/pattan- ‘id.’; cf. Ved. pátra- ‘wing’ : *po/et-r-o-;
‘pl. birds [*with feathers]’) ‘wing’) ON fjǫðr ‘id.’ : *pet-r-eh2-; Lat. penna ‘id.’ : *pet-n-eh2-)17

(b) *galar-o- ⟵ PCelt. *galar-/galan- : PIE *ǵhól(H)-r̥ -/ǵhélH-n- ‘distress’

(Proposal) (: OIr. galar (cf. MIr. galann (cf. Hitt. kallar(a)- ‘evil’ : *ǵhe/olH-r-(o-);
‘sickness, distress’) ‘warlike deeds’)18 Norw. galder ‘horse disease’ : *ǵholH-r-(o-); ON galli ‘flaw’,
OE gealla ‘skin lesion’, MLG galle ‘damage’ : *ǵhólH-on-/-n-´ )19

Semantics: either (a) ‘provided with light, with splendor’ (if possessive derivative like OW atar)
or (b) simply ‘light, splendor’ (if functionless thematization like OIr. galar).
Both match OIr. Balar’s probable role as [SUN]-god (O’Rahilly 1946:58-60). Cf. also section C infra.

B4. Hom. (κύµατα) φαληριόωντα ‘(waves) shining/white [with foam]’ (Il. 13.799)
Verb φαληριάο/ε- denominative from *φαληριo- (‘(the) shining, white (one)’?)
Cf. Att. place-name Φάληρον (Hdt.), Dor. adj. φάλαρος ‘white’ (Theoc., hyperdorism?).

Phonology: may all be traced back to *φαλήρ, expected outcome of *bhl̥H-ḗr ‘(in the) light’.

Formation: hysterokinetic derivative of *bhól(H)-r-/bhélH-n- (delocatival from loc. sg. *bhl̥H-ér-?)

Cf. τεκµηριόο/ε- ‘to prove’ (Thuc.), denominative from τεκµήριον ‘proof’ (Hdt.), presupposing
*τεκµήρ (*ku̯ (e)ḱ-mḗr), hysterokinetic derivative of τέκµαρ (*ku̯ éḱ-mr̥ /-mén- ‘sign’).20

16
For the alternation OIr. -ar/-or, cf. olar/olor ‘fat’, galar/galur (above). Thanks to Jan-Niklas Linnemeier for useful discussion.
17
Zair 2012:185 and fn. 27 with literature; cf. also the analysis of Matasović 2009, s.v. fatar. Aliter Kloekhorst 2008, s.v.
18
Meaning not very clear, but may be reconstructed from -astu derivatives MIr. galannas ‘slaughter’ and MW galanas ‘id., hate, enmity’.
19
On the Hittite reflexes ,cf. Kloekhorst 2008, s.v. On the Germanic reflexes, cf. Kroonen 2013, s.v. *galra-. On the root, Driessen 2003.
20
As per Nussbaum 1998:536; aliter Nussbaum 2014:229–30.

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 ON Baldr, Celt. Belinos, OIr. Balar, PIE *bhelH- ‘be white, shine’ “IG Arbeitstagung – A Ljubilee”
Riccardo Ginevra (Cologne) Ljubljana (4-7/6/2019)

To sum up: ON Baldr reflex of *bhol(H)-r-ó- ‘provided with light’, derivative of

*bhól(H)-r-/bhélH-n- ‘light, splendor’ supported by Celtic theonymy and Gk lexicon.
Reflexes of *bhól(H)-r-/bhélH-n- (§B2), PIE *bhelH- (§B1), poetically marked archaisms.

C. The myths of Baldr’s killing by Loki and Balar’s killing by Lug

1. The Norse myth of Baldr’s killing by Loki (Gylfaginning 49 et al.)
[3] Gylf. 49: […] Hǫðr tók mistiltein ok skaut at Baldri at tilvísun Loka. Flaug skotit í gǫgnum
hann ok fell hann dauðr til jarðar […]
“Hǫðr took the mistletoe and shot at Baldr at Loki’s direction. The missile flew
through him and he fell dead to the ground”

(a) Baldr’s name is a reflex of PIE *bhól(H)-r-. God associated with light (e.g. text [1] supra).

(b) Loki’s name reflects PGmc *luk-an- : PIE *lu(ǵ)-on-. Trickster god (de Vries 1933).

(c) Baldr is slain with a misteltoe shot by (Hǫðr at the direction of)21 Loki.

2. The Irish myth of Balar’s killing by Lug (Cath Maige Tuired II 619ff et al.)
[4] CMT. 619-45: imma-comairnic de Luc & di Bolur Birugderc esin cath […]
Fucaird Luc íer sin líic talma dó, co ndechaid an súil triena cend.
“Lug and Balor of the piercing eye met in the battle […]
Then Lug cast a sling stone at him which carried the eye through his head.”

(a) Balar’s name is a reflex of PIE *bhól(H)-r-. Probably sun or sky god (O’Rahilly 1946:58-60).

(b) Lug’s name reflects PCelt. *lug-u- (Gaul. Celtib. Lugus) : PIE *lu(ǵ)-u-. May be a trickster.

(c) Balar is slain with a slingshot by Lug.

3. IE myths of a light-god’s (*bhól[H]-r-/bhélH-n-) killing by a trickster-god (*lu(ǵ)-).

(a) The victim is a god of light whose name is a reflex of *bhól(H)-r-/bhélH-n- ‘light’.

(b) The killer is a (trickster-)god whose name is a reflex of a root *lu(ǵ)-.22

(c) The *bhól(H)r- god is slain with a projectile weapon by the *lu(ǵ)- god.

21
Hǫðr blind, only a puppet in the hands of Loki, the real ráðbani Baldrs “killer of Baldr by plan” (Skáld. 16).
22
On a common etymology for ON Loki and OIr. Lug, cf. Ginevra 2018:337-375.

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 ON Baldr, Celt. Belinos, OIr. Balar, PIE *bhelH- ‘be white, shine’ “IG Arbeitstagung – A Ljubilee”
Riccardo Ginevra (Cologne) Ljubljana (4-7/6/2019)

D. To sum up
(1) ON Baldr (*baldra-) reflex (with d-epenthesis) of PIE *bhol(H)-r-ó- ‘provided with light, splendor’,
possessive derivative of PIE *bhól(H)-r-/bhélH-n- ‘light’, matching his association with light (Gylf. 22).

PIE *bhelH- ‘be white, shine’ (ON bál ‘flame, fire’, OE bæl ‘id.’, OCS bělъ ‘white’): parallels in
Old English (*Bæl-dæg ‘[who has control over the] shining day’) and Slavic (*Bělъ bogъ
‘white god’, kenning for [SUN] or [SKY]); correspondence between flower names Baldrs brá
́ ikā ‘pupil of the Sun’.
‘B.’s brow’, OE dæges eāge ‘day’s eye’, Ved. divyásya suparṇásya kanīn

(2) PCelt. *Belīno- (cf. Gaul. Βελεινο-) reflex of *bhelH-ēn-ó- ‘provided with light’ (possessive) or
‘pertaining to light’ (pertinentive), to be traced back to delocatival *bh(e)lH-ḗn ‘(in the) light’ (PIE
*bhól(H)-r-/bhélH-n-), matching Saint Belin’s association with sight in Slovenian folklore.

(3) PCelt. *Balaro- (Lusit., Gaul.; OIr. Balar / Bolar / Balor) originally ‘provided with light’ (possessive)
or ‘light, splendor’ (functionless thematization), to be traced back to analogical *bhelH-r- (PIE
*bhól(H)-r-/bhélH-n-; expected outcome *bolar-/balan- maybe attested by OIr. Bolar).

Possible parallel: Hom. Gk φαληριάω*, denominative from *φαληριo- (‘(the) shining, white
(one)’?), if from hysterokinetic *φαλήρ (*bhl̥H-ḗr from loc. sg. *bhl̥H-ér- of *bhól(H)-r-?).

(4) Parallels in narrative structure and onomastics of Norse myth of Baldr’s killing by Loki (*lu(ǵ)-on-)
and Irish myth of Balar’s killing by Lug (*lu(ǵ)-u-): direct connection between all these characters.

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Riccardo Ginevra (Cologne) Ljubljana (4-7/6/2019)

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