Army Vision: By 2028, a World-Class Army that is a source of National Pride

HEADQUARTERS
ARESCOM TRAINING SCHOOL
ARMY RESERVE COMMAND, PHILIPPINE ARMY
Camp Riego De Dios, Tanza, Cavite

ATS/3 Date Updated: 01 August 2020

STUDENT HANDOUTS References: Special Text

INRODUCTION TO LOGISTICS/UNIT SUPPLY PROCEDURES

I. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS:

1. Supplies – includes all kinds of property except real estate which may
be needed in the transaction of official business or for public use in the nature of
furniture, stationery, construction materials, livestock's and such other properties of
similar nature of equipment for issue to troops, units and installations.

2. Supply Economy – is the practice of supplies and materials,

developed through training and practice until it becomes a habit. It includes
maintenance, safeguarding, recovery, repair and salvage of food supply,
transportation, and effort.

II. CLASSIFICATION OF SUPPLIES AS TO NATURE:

1. Expendable Supplies – are those which are consumable in nature or

perishable in nature, and those which lose their identities when placed in or attached
to a major item or property.
2. Non–Expendable Supplies – are those which are durable in nature
and which in use do not suffer any material change or substantial change or
alteration in their sizes or forms. Generally, all equipment falls under this category.

3. Semi–Expendable Supplies – tangible assets with serviceable life of

more than one year but small enough to be considered PPE. (Equipment valued
below ₽10,000)

III. CLASSIFICATION OF SUPPLIES AS TO SOURCE:

1. Republic supplies – acquired from appropriated funds of the AFP.

2. Non–Republic supplies – Acquired by means of other than purchase
from appropriated fund of the AFP:

a) MAP – Grant aid or purchase under the Mutual Security Military

Sales Program.
b) Found–in–Station – unaccounted property found–in–station
regardless of source.
c) Captured Enemy Property – supplies captured from the
enemy.
d) Reclaimed Property – property which are unserviceable.

IV. CLASSIFICATION OF SUPPLIES AS TO TECHNICAL SERVICES:

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1. Quartermaster – supplies intended for office (except telephones)

janitorial supplies and individual clothing and equipment.
2. Ordnance – includes all kinds of ammunitions, explosives of all types,
vehicles and chemicals.
3. Signal – includes all types of radios to include its accessories,
telephones, cameras and BA–30 batteries.
4. Engineer – construction materials and equipment, to include dump
trucks and fire trucks.
5. Medical – all items used for medical services.
6. Dental – all items used for dental services.

V. GENERAL CLASSIFICATION OF SUPPLIES:

1. Class I – Food and subsistence including gratuitous, health and

welfare items.
2. Class II – Clothing, individual equipment, tentage, organizational tool
sets and tool kits, hand tools, admin and housekeeping supplies and equipment.
3. Class III – POL products (petroleum and solid fuels, hydraulic and
insulating anti–freeze components), lubricating oils and lubricants.
4. Class IV – Construction Materials to include installed equipment and
all fortification/barrier materials.
5. Class V – All types of ammunition including chemical, radiological,
bombs, explosives, propellants, and other associated items.
6. Class VI – Personal Demand Items such as wines and liquor etc.
(nonmilitary sales items).
7. Class VII – Major End Items: A final combination of end products which
is ready for its intended use (vehicles, tanks, launchers, mobile shops).
8. Class VIII – Medical and Dental Items including peculiar repair parts.
9. Class IX – Repair Parts and components to include kits, assemblies
and repairable or non–repairable required for maintenance support of all equipment.
10. Class X – Material to support non–military programs such as
agricultural and economic development supplies not included in classes I to IX.

VI. ACCOUNTABILITY FOR GOVERNMENT PROPERTY:

It is the obligation of the individual who are officially designated to account for
public property or government property.

Accountability – The obligation imposed by law, order or regulation of higher

authority on Commanding Officer of all units of the AFP officially designated and
delegated Supply Officers.

VII. KINDS OF ACCOUNTABILITY:

1. Primary Accountability – obligation of Commanding Officer of all

units of the AFP.
2. Secondary Accountability – obligation imposed by the Commanding
Officer to designated supply officers.
3. Formal Records of Accountability – are stock records account.
4. Informal Records of Accountability – are the property book of
accounts Property book of accounts are subjected to inspection.
5. Levels of Accountability

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a. At Depot level – Depot Supply Officers of GHQ and Depot

Supply Officers of Major Services for supply peculiar to their services.
b. At Installation Level – Supply Officers of Posts, Camps or
Stations and on supply Officers of Supply Points.
c. At Consuming Level – at this level the CO is accountable for
all property issued to his unit.

6. Accounting of Supply

a. At consuming level – at this level the CO is accountable for all

property issued to his unit.
b. Issue of supplies – Property Acknowledgement Receipt (PAR)
for Non–expendable items and For Expendable items any record of consumption is
acceptable.

7. Turn–in of Supplies

a. Between Supply Officers – non–expendable turned–in by a

supply officer to another.
b. Between Supply Officer and User – accomplished by the
return of the Property Acknowledgement Receipt.
c. Excess Equipment – returned by the supply officer to another
supply officer on Property Turn–In–Slip.

8. Responsibility for Government Property – Obligation of all

personnel of the AFP.

9. Kinds of Responsibility

a. Personal Responsibility – obligation of each and civilian

individual assigned to/attached to/employed by the AFP to ensure that any and all
government property entrusted to their care and custody and for their personal use
of consumption is properly protected, preserved, maintained and utilized.
b. Direct Responsibility – obligation acquired by an officer,
enlisted personnel or individual of the AFP who is designated and delegated by a
Commanding Officer.
c. Indirect Responsibility – obligation which is acquired by any
Commanding Officer.

VIII. BASIC DOCUMENTS OF SUPPLY AT CONSUMING LEVEL:

1. Property Acknowledgement Receipt – Separate files shall be

maintained for equipment received for supply officers and equipment issued to
individual personnel.
2. Requisition Issue Slip – Supplies turn–in to higher level from lower
level. Account is terminated by turning in the supply.
3. Property Turn–in Slip – Expendable supplies issued by depot to lower
level is made through this voucher.

**** End ****

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HEADQUARTERS
ARESCOM TRAINING SCHOOL
ARMY RESERVE COMMAND, PHILIPPINE ARMY
Camp Riego De Dios, Tanza, Cavite

ATS/3 Date Updated: 01 Aug 2020

STUDENT HANDOUTS References: Special Text

PERSONNAL HYGIENE AND SANITATION

I. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS:

1. Hygiene – the science that deals with health and its prevention and
maintenance.
2. Personal Hygiene – measure taken by individual to preserve his own
health.
3. Health – state of individual who enjoys physical, mental and social
well– being. Healthy minds react naturally and facing reality.
4. Sanitation – the science of using measures that prevent diseases and
to promote individual health.

5. Military Sanitation – an effort employed, and all measures designed to

protect and improve the health of the whole AFP thus reducing lessening due to
disease and non– battle casualties.

6. Field Sanitation – the prevention of diseases by eliminating or

controlling factors which may form links in disease transmission.

7. Food Sanitation – is a practice or measure of proper handling and

preparation of food. Maintaining and preserving its nutritive value, safeguarding food
so as not to be positive source of diseases transmission.

8. Objective – ensure the primary consumption of safe wholesome food

so as not to be positive source of disease transmission.

9. Cultivation of Healthy Mind – preserve and stablish a healthy mental

attitude and emotional reaction.

10. Wastes – a general term covering all types of refuse resulting from the
living activities of human or animals.

II. IMPORTANCE OF PERSONNAL HYGIENE:

1. It protects individual or group against diseases and the possible

reduction in incidence of spreading in the environment.

2. It promotes sound and positive total health.

3. It improves of even best one’s morale.

III. RULES OF PERSONAL HYGIENE:

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1. Always keep your body clean. Take a bath once a day. If possible,
change your underwear and socks after bathing. When water is scarce, you may
bath at least twice a week, if water availability is worst, scrub your body regularly
with clean and wet cloth.
2. Check your underclothing daily if possible, if not at least twice a week
inspect them for lice, fleas or other bugs that may keep you itchy.
3. Change clothing, shoes, socks immediately after they get wet to avoid
getting colds, athlete foot and other illnesses.
4. Brush your teeth at least twice a day, preferably after waking–up and
before going to bed.
5. Always wash your hands after doing fatigue duty, before eating and
after eating and after coming out of the comfort room.
6. Use only your own eating and drinking utensils if possible. You may
contact diseases from infected mess gear or personal articles of others.
7. Never drink water from nitrated source until it has been declared safe
for drinking by your medical officer. Use purification tablets such as puritabs to treat
your drinking water. If there are none, you may consider boiling your water at least
15 minutes to kill the harmful bacteria and germs that maybe present.
8. Relieve yourself on an area which is designated as the relieve area of
your unit.
9. Exercise your muscles and joints regularly. Inactivity may do equal
damage to your health as extreme exertion or fatigue.
10. Avoid venereal diseases. Do not associate with infected person who
maybe a carrier of disease. If you think you have caught any of these sexually
transmitted diseases, report to your medical officer at once for treatment.
11. As a leader, you must set an example of personal cleanliness and
sanitary discipline to your men. Require your men to do likewise.
12. When mosquito and other flying insects are present in your area, be
sure to use your mosquito net. Take your anti–malaria tablets regularly, many
soldiers become fatal casualties due to their indifference to this tiny but effective
anti–malaria tablets.

IV. RULES IN CAMP SANITATION:

1. When putting up camps and bivouacs, make provisions for sanitary

requirements such as the location of the galley, the head and the billeting area of
men.
2. Control your supply. Purity drinking water in the manner prescribed by
the medical officer. When water source is a stream, or a river mark a separate water
point for washing, cooking and human consumption.

3. Locate and construct heads and urinals away from the galley, mess
hall and water supply but not too far from the living areas.

4. Garbage leftovers and other refuse must be disposed of at designated

areas or garbage pit.

5. Carry out a continuous campaign against insect, rodents and other

pests.

V. FACTORS AFFECTING HEALTH SANITATION:

1. Water

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a. Prime necessity and one of our basic needs for existence of life.
b. No man can lasts more than 4 or 5 days without drinking water.
c. Water is utilized as bathing, cooking, washing chemical agents
used in the TX of water impurities.

2. Source of Water

a. Surface of water– almost dirty contaminated except those

running and stream and spring in which there are residents.
b. Rainwater– as directly collected from roof.
c. Underground water– wells, springs.
d. Public water supplies– government supply or private
corporation.

3. Treatment for Impurities of Water

a. Chlorine– powerful germicide

b. 8–10 drops of iodine per one (1) gallon of water
c. Boiling to 30–45 minutes at boiling point

4. Food Supplies
5. Wastes
6. Insects
7. Housing

VI. DISEASE ACQUIRED:

1. Respiratory Diseases – transmitted from man to man through oral

and nasal discharge of infected individual (TB, Cough and Cold).

2. Intestinal Diseases – transmitted by food and water that has become

contaminated with feces and urine an affected person.

3. Factors in the transmission of Intestinal Disease – (Food, Fingers,

Flies, Fluid, Feces).

4. Insect Bite Diseases – transmitted to man through insect bites

(Malaria, Dengue, Typhoid fever).

5. VD or STD – Sexually transmitted diseases

6. Other Acquired Diseases – Dermatophytosis or athlete foot.

VII. CONTROL MEASURES AGAINST DISEASES:

1. Avoidance of overcrowding and close physical contact to identified disease

carrier.
2. Proper ventilation of quarters.
3. Water purification
4. Careful selection and preparation of food
5. Proper waste disposal
6. Proper control of disease bearing insects and animals

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7 Personal hygiene.

VIII. SYSTEM OF WASTE DISPOSAL:

1. Straddle Trench Latrine – short bivouac and FTX, approximately 4x6

trenches per square meters.

2. Deep Pit Latrine – longer period of time in build–up areas.

3. Pail Latrine – ground is too hard for digging, water table is too high.

4. Bored Hole or Cat Pit Latrine – march and patrol, covered immediately
with dirt after used.

5. Urine Soakage – prevent accumulation of liquid waste.

IX. OBJECTIVES OF EXCRETA AND SEWAGE DISPOSAL:

1. To avoid gross contamination of the soil to prevent the spread of

certain gastro–intestinal infection parasitism.

2. Prevent contamination of water resources and water drinking supply.

3. To prevent breeding places for flies and other insects and rodents as a
vehicle of disease transmission.

X. TIPS TO MAKE FIELD LIFE COMFORTABLE:

1. Keep clean – wash and shave regularly. Use a wet face towel and rub
your body to clean and freshened you up.

2. Keep dry – dig a ditch around your tent to prevent being flooded.

3. Keep warm – if the weather is cold and damp, put additional insulation
between your sleeping mat and the ground.

4. Sleep soft – select a level spot, free from rock or roots a lying area.

5. Beat the insects – use a mosquito net or rub your skin with insect
repellant.

6. Take care of your feet – wear a properly fitted shoes and socks. Wash
and trim your nail regularly.

7. Keep safe – when in tactical camp, dug foxholes and camouflage your
position. Be watchful.

8. Entertain Yourself – during rest and recreation adapt past time to keep
yourself busy.

9. Make your own galley – put up a mini galley (kalan) near your foxhole
to heat some coffee during chilly nights or other purposes.

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XI. CONTROL MEASURES AGAINST DISEASES:

1. Avoidance of overcrowding and close physical contact to identified

disease carrier.
2. Proper ventilation of quarters.
3. Water purification.
4. Careful selection and preparation of food.
5. Proper waste disposal.
6. Proper control of disease bearing insects and animals.
7. Personal hygiene.

***** End *****

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HEADQUARTERS
ARESCOM TRAINING SCHOOL
ARMY RESERVE COMMAND, PHILIPPINE ARMY
Camp Riego De Dios, Tanza, Cavite

ATS/3 Date Updated: 01 August 2020

STUDENT HANDOUTS References: Special Text

THREATS TO NATIONAL SECURITY

I. DEFINITIONS OF TERMS:

1. Threats to National Security – is an expression of intuition to inflict

evil, injury or damage to the national security.
2. Subversion – it is a group of conspiracy seeking to alter an existing
system of government through deceit and other unlawful means or it is an act of an
individual or group who seek to alter an existing system through deceitful means.
3. Communism – it is a theory which advocates elimination of private
ownership. It tends to make the world stateless and the society classless.
4. Agitation – it is a subversive technique to arouse hatred and anger
among the people.
5. Propaganda – it is a line of persuasion to influence the belief, emotion,
behavior, attitude, and opinion of the target audience.
6. Infiltration – it is a deceptive use legal activity which is used to exert
influence and if possible, seize control of a target group.
7. Politics – it is an art or science concerning the winning and control
over a government.

II. TYPES OF THREATS:

1. General Threats.

a. Political – caused person/group of persons who aspires for

power and or position into the government.
b. Economic – caused by businessmen who amass large amounts
but do not pay due taxes, hoarders, dollar syndicates, dollar salters, smugglers, and
big-time criminals. These groups tend to drain our national fund and thus results into
economic chaos.
c. Psycho–social – caused by activities that could under–mine the
morale of the populace such as: indulgence to vices, drug addiction, prostitution, and
other criminal acts.
d. These activities tend to undermine the morale of the populace
thus, they become easy to insurgent’s exploitation.

2. External Threats – is posed primarily by conflict from other countries

that may affect a certain country politically, socially and even militarily. (Ex: Iran–Iraq
conflict, Arm race among superpowers, Indo–China War).

3. Types of External Threats.

a. The Red China threats.

b. Selected Asian countries.

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c. Nationalist China and the local Chinese problem.

d. Japan and their increasing economic power.
e. Spratlys group of Island as claimed by the Philippine and other
countries.

4. Internal Threats – posed primarily by the different group who oppose

our present system such as:

a. Southern Philippines Secessionist Movement

b. Local Communist Movement
c. Religious Radicals
d. Rightist Group
e. Other Peace and Order Factors

III. THREAT GROUPS:

1. The Southern Philippines Secessionist Movement

Aim – To establish an independent Muslim state through armed

struggle.
Organization Involved

a. Muslim Independent Movement

b. Founded by Datu Udtog Matalam
c. Later renamed Mindanao Independence Movement
d. Never give anything by mouth to unconscious person
e. Aimed to establish an Islamic Republic in Mindanao and Sulu

MNLF

a. The emergence of the MNLF as a vanguard secessionist

organization was a gradual and tedious process.
b. The MNLF then became the Youth arm of the MIM. Its members
were trained on guerrilla warfare and political orientation in, Pulao, Pangkor Island in
Sabah in 1968.
c. Nur Misuari formed the MNLF Committee in 1969 and focused
in organizational expansion, personnel, and logistical build up from 1969 to 1972.
d. The MNLF then emerged as a potent secessionist group in
1972– In 1975, a rift developed between MNLF Chairman Nur Misuari and Vice
Chairman Hashim Salamat.
e. The MILF – The Moro Islamic Liberation Front was formed by
former MNLF Chairman Hashim Salamat in 1979. It views the secessionist
movement as impractical in the light of the political situation of the country and opted
for wider Muslim participation in the local government.
f. The MNLF Reformist Group – In late 1980, MNLF Vice
Chairman Dimasangkay Pundato became discontented with Misuari's leadership and
finally set the MNLF Reformist Group. This group prefers regional autonomy rather
than secession.
g. SOCDEM (NPDSP/SPALA) – Organized in the early part of
1973 with the aim to seize state power, dissolve the government, and replace it with
socialist democratic form of government. Its activities were manifested by its
involvement in the bombing of urban areas through the "Light a Fire Movement" and
the April 6 Liberation Movement.

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h. Political Warlords – These are politicians who maintain their

private armies to secure their vested interest. They show defiance to an existing
system.

Other Organizations

a. Green Guards (1968)

b. Ansar El Islam (1969)
c. Kalimatu Sahadat (1969)
d. Lam Alip (1970)
e. Black Shirt (1970)

2. Local Communist Movement

Aim: To overthrow the government and restructure the society.

Activities: Insurgency, Organizational Expansion, Arms Build–up and
Party Building.
Organization Involved: Maoist Faction (CPP/NPA), Marxist–Leninist
Faction (CPP/BHMB) and Party less Hukbong Magpapalaya ng Bayan.

History

a. PKP/HMB(BHB) – It was officially organized on Nov 7, 1950

after labor organization leaders arrived from Moscow. These labor ladders studied
on the techniques of Karl Marx and Lenin. Its objective before was independence
from the claws of the American rulers. Its military arm, the HMB, emanated from the
then HUKBALAHAP which was a guerrilla force served to fight the Japanese
invaders. After the war, the PKP/HMB continued its armed resistance against our
government with the objective of toppling down the government.

b. CPP/NPA – it was organized on 26 Dec 68 by Jose Ma Sison

with sixty-seven (67) student activities after they drifted away from the PKP/HMB. Its
military arm, the NPA, was organized by Bernabe Buscayno, another which drifted
from the PKP/HMB. It adheres to the teaching of Mao Tse Tung's protracted armed
struggle which is done by the peasantry from the countryside’s. It aims to wrest state
power and completely dissolve the existing government.

IV. DIFFERENCES BETWEEN ORGANIZATIONS INVOLVED IN THE LCM:

1. Maoist Faction

Aim: To overthrow the govt through armed struggle

Military Arm: New People’s Army (NPA)

The CPP assumes its center task which is to seize political power
taking the road to armed revolution. The people's army is the principal weapon of the
party and armed struggle is the main form of struggle. Peaceful political participation
is doctrinally unacceptable.

In March 1969, the NPA was formally established in Central Luzon by

the PKP breakaway group of sixty (60) men, with thirty-five (35) rifles, led by
Bernabe Buscayno.

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The spread of guerrilla warfare as guerrilla zone were established in

the different areas of the country in the 70's.

1972 – Tarlac, Pampanga, Zambales; Isabela, Quirino; Camarines;

Samar; Leyte; Bohol, Cebu; Panay; Misamis Oriental; Zamboanga del Norte; and
Davao

1973 – Bontoc, Abra, Pangasinan, Aurora, Nueva Ecija, Laguna,

Cavite, Quezon, Camarines Norte, and Sorsogon.

1974 – Kalinga–Apayao, Northeastern Pangasinan, and Eastern

Bulacan.

In 1982, the Front Committees were established in Cebu, Bohol, and in

Northeastern Mindanao and the formation of combat company in Mindanao. In 1983,
the partisan units in major urban centers in Mindanao were organized.

In 1986, a skeletal battalion surfaced in Northeastern Luzon. In 1987,

the Military Commission and the General Command was created. From 1988 to
1989, 33 NPA companies were formed; 14 in Luzon, 6 in Visayas, and 13 in
Mindanao.

Nationwide, the CPP/NPA has organized guerrilla fronts with 12

MRGUs, 63 SRGUs, and 105 platoon–size DCs. Their strength roused to 23,060 in
1988 and 11,700 assorted firearms.

At present, the LCM is exerting all its efforts to recover the areas which
were liberated by the government through SOT.

2. Marxist–Leninist Faction

Aim: To overthrow the government through legal and parliamentary

struggle.
Military Arm: Army ng Bayan and Masaka Armed Group.

3. PARTYLESS HUKBONG MAGPAPALAYA NG BAYAN (HMB)

Aim: Conduct small scale harassment/terrorism.

Military Arm: None/Small groups engage more on subversion.

V. OTHER GROUPS:

1. Rightist Group – These are the disgruntled politicians, businessmen,

oligarchs, intellectuals, military men, and big-time criminals who work hand in hand
to restore the old order to pave their way into power and position in the government.
It also includes groups, organizations and temporary alliances not ideologically
identified with the LCM but are also concerned with the overthrow of the government.

Organizations Involved

a. Marcos Loyalist Organizations

b. RAM/SFP/YOU

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2. Religious Radicals – All religious and religious–influenced individuals

and organizations advocating changes and reforms through legal means. These are
members of the religious sectors who find fault into our system. They claim to be
spokesmen of the oppressed. The fact is that they became radical when a number of
legitimate religious organizations were used to undermine our government and
denounce the abuses of the military to be real or fictitious.

Organizations Involved

a. Christians for National Liberation

b. Students Christian Movements of the Philippines
c. Kilusang Kristiyano ng Kabataang Pilpino

3. Southern Ecumenical Council for People's Power:

Activities

a. Teach–ins and discussion group

b. Dissemination of subversive publication
c. Monetary aid to subversive elements

VI. EXTERNAL THREATS:

The major threats to the National Security of our country posed by the
International Communist Movement spearheaded by China.

Aim: To establish global communist hegemony.

***** End *****

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HEADQUARTERS
ARESCOM TRAINING SCHOOL
ARMY RESERVE COMMAND, PHILIPPINE ARMY
Camp Riego De Dios, Tanza, Cavite

ATS/3 Date Updated: 01 Aug 2020

STUDENT HANDOUTS References: Special Text

PEACE PROCESS

I. DEFINITION OF TERMS:

1. Peace describes a society or a relationship that is operating

harmoniously and without violent conflict. Peace is commonly understood as the
absence of hostility, or the existence of healthy or newly healed interpersonal or
international relationships, safety in matters of social or economic welfare, the
acknowledgment of equality, and fairness in political relationships. In international
relations, peacetime is the absence of any war or conflict.

2. Process sequence of interdependent and linked procedures which, at

every stage, consume one or more resources (employee time, energy, machines,
money) to convert inputs (data, material, parts, etc.) into outputs. These outputs then
serve as inputs for the next stage until a known goal or end result is reached.

“Peace process" defines as a political process in which conflicts are resolved

by peaceful means. They are a "mixture of politics, diplomacy, changing
relationships, negotiation, mediation, and dialogue in both official and unofficial
arenas.

II. PHASES IN PEACE PROCESS:

1. Pre-negotiation, often held secretly, deals with setting the agenda for
the negotiation.
2. The second phase usually involves a cease-fire and perhaps other acts
of good will, such as prisoner exchange or a return of forces to a status-quo-ante
position.
3. The third phase is the negotiation phase, which, ideally, ends in a
formal peace accord.
4. In the last phase, the parties to the agreement are required to
implement their share.

Although this schedule is useful for analytical purposes, the reality, of course,
is much more complicated. Phases are often mixed or overlap.

Time is a crucial factor in a peace process, as the gradual pace of the process
allows for construction of “confidence building measures” in order to increase mutual
trust. It also allows both parties to climb down from their war-inciting rhetoric and
start educating their people about the possible dividends of peace. In practice,
however, the record of success of peace processes is not too encouraging: At least
as many processes fail as succeed, and it is hard to distinguish a success from a
temporary truce.

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In a sense, this relatively poor success rate for peace processes is to be

expected. Most of the cases in which a peace process is tried are very protracted
and complex conflicts that are, by definition, hard to solve. There are also reasons
intrinsic to the idea of the peace process that makes it vulnerable to failure. First, the
mere term peace process raises expectations in the protagonists’ populations, and
when progress is slow (e.g., if violence continues or the economic dividends of
peace are not forthcoming), it can be difficult to secure the support of a frustrated
population. Second, in order to gain approval for the process in their respective
communities, leaders often exaggerate the benefits and gloss over the pitfalls of the
process. Finally, another major reason for the failure of peace processes is the role
of “spoilers,” those actors in the two opposing camps who see peace as a threat to
their positions or their interests. Spoilers are able to sour the peace process by
playing on the public’s frustrations. Moreover, the structure of negotiations,
especially in cases that postpone the final accord to the end of the process, is such
that the leaders often have strategic incentives to cooperate with their own spoilers
as a way of pressuring their opponents to give up more concessions.

III. OFFICE OF THE PRESIDENTIAL ADVISER ON PEACE PROCESS:

Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process (OPAPP) is the

lead agency charged with the task of managing and supervising the comprehensive
peace process in continuance of the work initiated by the National Unification
Commission (NUC).

The Office of the Presidential Adviser on the Peace Process (OPAPP) was
created by virtue of Executive Order (EO) No.125, signed on September 15, 1993 by
former President Fidel V. Ramos. On February 28, 2001, President Gloria
Macapagal-Arroyo issued EO No. 3 defining the government policy framework for
peace including the systematic approach and administrative structure for carrying out
the comprehensive peace process. The same EO integrated the operations of the
two special projects under the Office of the President, namely: the National Peace
for Unification and Development Council (NPUD) and the National Peace Forum
(NPF); and established two (2) Government Negotiating Panels (GPNP) for different
rebel groups.

The Arroyo Administration's peace process agenda maintains the principles

and components of the comprehensive agenda defined by the National Unification
Commission (NUC) during the administration of then President Ramos. In its report
to the President in 1993, the NUC, under then Chairperson Haydee Yorac and after
conducting consultations in 71 provinces to determine from the people themselves
and their communities how a just and lasting peace in the country ought to be
pursued, proposed a comprehensive peace process agenda anchored on three
principles and six components.

IV. SIX (6) PATHS TO PEACE:

1. Pursuit of Social, Economic and Political Reforms. This component

involves the vigorous implementation of various policies, reforms, programs and
projects aimed at addressing the root causes of internal armed conflicts and social
unrest. This may require administrative action, new legislation, or even constitutional
amendments.

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2. Consensus-Building and Empowerment for Peace. This component

includes continuing consultations on both national and local levels to build
consensus for a peace agenda and process, and the mobilization and facilitation of
people's participation in the peace process.

3. Peaceful, Negotiated Settlement with the Different Rebel Groups. This

component involves the conduct of face-to-face negotiations to reach peaceful
settlement implementation of peace agreements.

4. Programs for Reconciliation, Reintegration Into Mainstream Society

and Rehabilitation. This component includes programs to address the legal status
and security of former rebels, as well as community-based assistance programs to
address the economic, social and psychological rehabilitation needs of former
rebels, demobilized combatants and civilian victims of the internal armed conflicts.

5. Addressing Concerns Arising from Continuing Armed Hostilities. This

component involves the strict implementation of laws and policy guidelines, and the
institution of programs to ensure the protection of non-combatants and reduce the
impact of the armed conflict on communities found in conflict areas.

6. Building and Nurturing A Climate Conducive To Peace. This

component includes peace advocacy and peace education programs and the
implementation of various confidence-building measures.

Under the Aquino administration, OPAPP pursues the four-pronged

National Security Policy: governance; delivery of basic services; economic
reconstruction and sustainable development; and security sector reform.

V. NATIONAL SECURITY POLICY:

1. Governance

Good governance entails being present and accountable to the citizens

especially those living in the poorest and remotest areas. This means putting an end
to the long history of patronage politics and ensuring that our next leaders are freely
elected by the people. As we help the people realize their power to vote, we
strengthen their faith in the democratic processes and the rule of law. Likewise, we
enable them to hold their elected leaders accountable to the public trust.

2. Delivery of Basic Services

Conflict resolution must be done along with delivery of basic services,

particularly health and education, to depressed and vulnerable barangays in conflict
areas, putting in place effective and transparent mechanisms to ensure that aid will
reach those in need. Government programs that build access roads and school
buildings for basic and adult education; provide potable water and sanitation
facilities, basic health care, electricity; assist in shelter reconstruction, and provide
temporary livelihood interventions must be renewed.

3. Economic Reconstruction and Sustainable Development

No conflict area will be left behind. The economic reconstruction of

conflict-affected areas, particularly the Autonomous Region in Muslim Mindanao

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(ARMM), should be fully-integrated in all national development plans to bring the

blessings of peace to its people and set it on its way to sustainable development as
a valuable contributor to our national movement towards progress.

4. Security Sector Reform

Enhancing the Security Sector must begin with restoring the pride and
honor of our uniformed services. This requires strong, capable and disciplined
security forces serving under firm democratic civilian control to achieve and sustain
peace and security in the country.

VI. PEACE AND DEVELOPMENT TRACKS:

To operationalize its mandate, the Office of the Presidential Adviser on the

Peace Process will pursue peace and development tracks in convergent effort with
national government agencies, as well as civil society organizations.

TRACK 1: Negotiated political settlement of all armed conflicts

1. Restart and complete negotiations with:

a. Moro Islamic Liberation Front (MILF); and

b. Communist Party of the Philippines (CPP) / New People’s Army
(NPA) / National Democratic Front (NDF).

2. Complete implementation of signed Final Peace Agreements with:

a. Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) [1996]; and

b. Cordillera People’s Liberation Army (CPLA) [1986].

3. Put closure to peace tracks with breakaway groups, such as:

a. Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawa – Pilipinas (RPM-

P);
b. Revolutionary Proletarian Army (RPA) / Alex Boncayao Brigade
(ABB); and
c. Rebolusyonaryong Partido ng Manggagawa – Mindanao (RPM-
M)

TRACK 2: Complementary tracks to address the roots of armed conflict

and other issues which affect the peace process

1. Targeted delivery of social services to conflict areas.

2. Setting the foundation for good governance in the Autonomous Region
in Muslim Mindanao (ARMM) and other conflict areas.
3. Implementation of the reform agenda for our Indigenous Peoples,
including the Lumad in Mindanao.
4. Ending impunity on Human Rights Violations and Extra-Judicial
Executions.
5. Resolution of the situation of internal displacement due to armed
conflict.
6. Review towards the reform and enhancement of existing reintegration
programs for former rebels.

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VII. GOVERNMENT PEACE NEGOTIATING PANELS:

1. Government Peace Negotiating Panel for Talks with the

CPP/NPA/NDF (GPNP-CNN)

Acts as the official emissary of the President in the conduct of

negotiations, dialogues, and face-to-face discussions with the CNN. It is primarily
tasked with the continuation of the peace talks and conclusion of the final peace
agreement with the CNN.

2. Government Peace Negotiating Panel for Talks with the Moro

Islamic Liberation Front (GPNP-MILF)

Acts as the official emissary of the President in the conduct of

negotiations, dialogues, and face-to-face discussions with the MILF. It is primarily
tasked with the continuation of the peace talks and conclusion of the final peace
agreement with the MILF.

***** End *****

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