01: Computer Parts and Tools: Baessa K

01 : Computer Parts and Tools
Baessa K.
Mettu University
Faculty of Engineering and Technology
Department of Information Technology
Target Group : B.Sc in Information Technology Students
April 14, 2021
Baessa K. (Mettu University) ITec3031 Computer Maintenance April 14, 2021 1 / 58

Lecture Topics : #
1 Introduction to the World of IT
2 Computer Cases
Form Factors
Drives, Their Cables, and Connectors
3 Safety Measure
Electrostatic discharge (ESD)
POST Diagnostic Cards
Power Supply Tester
Multimeter
Loopback Plugs

Introduction to the World of IT
Outline
2 Computer Cases
Form Factors
3 Safety Measure
Power Supply Tester
Multimeter
Loopback Plugs

IT roles

Technician Qualities

Computer Cases
Outline
2 Computer Cases
Form Factors
3 Safety Measure
Power Supply Tester
Multimeter
Loopback Plugs

Computer Cases
Types of Computers
• Computer devices come in many shapes and sizes.

• The PC, or personal computer,
• comes in desktop, tower, and all-in-one models, as well as mobile
models such as laptops, smartphones, and tablets.
• A PC typically consists of a case (chassis),
• . . . a keyboard that allows users to provide input into the computer,
• . . . a monitor that outputs or displays information
• . . . and a mouse that allows data input or is used to select menus and
options.

Computer Cases
Types of Computers
• Computer devices come in many shapes and sizes.

• The PC, or personal computer,
• comes in desktop, tower, and all-in-one models, as well as mobile
models such as laptops, smartphones, and tablets.
• A PC typically consists of a case (chassis),
• . . . a keyboard that allows users to provide input into the computer,
• . . . a monitor that outputs or displays information
• . . . and a mouse that allows data input or is used to select menus and
options.

Computer Cases
Types of Computers . . .

Computer Cases
Computer Cases
• Computer case is an enclosure that holds all the primary electronics of

the PC.
• It houses the power supply, motherboard, processor, memory modules,
expansion cards, hard drive, optical drive, and other drives.
• It is also called chassis.
• A computer case can be a tower case,
• . . . a desktop case that lies flat on a desk, an all-in-one case used with
an all-in-one computer, or
• . . . a mobile case used with laptops and tablets.

Computer Cases
Computer Cases
• Computer case is an enclosure that holds all the primary electronics of

the PC.
• It houses the power supply, motherboard, processor, memory modules,
expansion cards, hard drive, optical drive, and other drives.
• It is also called chassis.
• A computer case can be a tower case,
• . . . a desktop case that lies flat on a desk, an all-in-one case used with
an all-in-one computer, or
• . . . a mobile case used with laptops and tablets.

Computer Cases
Computer Cases . . .
• its upright and can be as high as

two feet and has room for
several drives.
• Often used for servers, this type
of case is also good for desktop
computer users who anticipate
upgrading,
• . . . because tower cases provide
maximum space for working
inside a computer and moving
components around.
Figure: Tower Case

Computer Cases
• Computer cases have the purpose of

• . . . house all the internal components
• . . . offers access to the external world through ports and connectors
• . . . prevent delicate circuits from damage and EMI
• . . . prevent EMI from pc from affecting surrounding devices such as
TV, telephone, etc

Computer Cases
• EMI-is a radio frequency that is emitted from electronic or electrical

device.
• It interferes with surrounding equipment.
• A computer interferes with radio, telephone, TV, etc when it
generates EMI.
• Running a computer without cases causes interference to surrounding
devices.
• It is not a good idea to run a computer for extended periods of time
with the case open or removed entirely.
• This not only produces EMI, but also results in improper airflow and
reduced cooling of the system components.

Computer Cases
• EMI-is a radio frequency that is emitted from electronic or electrical

device.
• It interferes with surrounding equipment.
• A computer interferes with radio, telephone, TV, etc when it
generates EMI.
• Running a computer without cases causes interference to surrounding
devices.
• It is not a good idea to run a computer for extended periods of time
with the case open or removed entirely.
• This not only produces EMI, but also results in improper airflow and
reduced cooling of the system components.

Computer Cases
What’s Inside a Desktop Case
Figure: Inside the computer case

Computer Cases
What’s Inside a Desktop Case . . .
The motherboard
• The motherboard, also called the main board
• → is the largest and most important circuit board in the computer
and contains the most electronics
• . . . contains a socket to hold the processor or CPU.
• It is normally located on the bottom of a desktop or laptop computer
and mounted on the side of a tower computer.
• The motherboard is the largest electronic circuit board in the
computer.
• External devices connect directly to the back of the motherboard or
ports on the front of the computer.

Computer Cases

Computer Cases
Central processing unit

• . . . does most of the processing of data and instructions for the entire
system.
• Because the CPU generates heat, a fan and heat sink might be
installed on top to keep it cool.
• A heat sink consists of metal fins that draw heat away from a
component.
• The fan and heat sink together are called the processor cooler.

Computer Cases

Computer Cases
Expansion cards
• A device may have a cable that connects the device to the
motherboard.
• Other devices require an adapter.
• An adapter is an electronic card that plugs into an expansion slot on
the motherboard.
• Adapters allow someone to add a functionality or enhancement that is
not provided through the ports on the motherboard.
• An example is someone who wants better sound or video graphics
• A motherboard has expansion slots to be used by expansion cards.
• An expansion card,
• . . . is a circuit board that provides more ports than those provided by
the motherboard.
Computer Cases

Computer Cases
Memory modules
• A desktop motherboard has memory slots, called DIMM (dual inline
memory module) slots, to hold memory modules.
• Memory, also called RAM (random access memory), is temporary
storage for data and instructions as they are being processed by the
CPU.
• Memory modules hold applications, part of the operating system, and
user documents.

Computer Cases

Computer Cases
Hard drives and other drives

• A hard drive, also called a hard disk drive (HDD), is permanent
storage used to hold data and programs.
• For example, the Windows 8 operating system and applications are
installed on the hard drive.
• All drives in a system are installed in a stack of drive bays at the front
of the case.
• Each drive has two connections for cables:
• The power cable connects to the power supply, and
• → another cable, used for data and instructions, connects to the
motherboard.

Computer Cases
A power supply
• . . . is a box installed in a corner of the computer case that receives and
• . . . converts the house current so that components inside the case can
use it.
• Most power supplies have a dual-voltage selector switch
• ⇒ to switch the input voltage to the power supply to 115 V used in
the United States or 220 V used in other countries.
• The power cables can connect to and supply power to the
motherboard, expansion cards, and drives.

Computer Cases

Computer Cases

Computer Cases
• Rules for opening computer

1 Turn off (shut down) the computer
2 Remove the power cable (unplug it)
3 Remove peripheral devices like mouse, printer, keyboard, etc
4 Open the case. Take care of ESD. Wear anti-static wristband or hold
the case to ground yourself.
5 Take care when you hold internal components of computer like RAM,
Cards, CPU, etc. Hold them on the sideways.

Computer Cases Form Factors
Outline
2 Computer Cases
Form Factors
3 Safety Measure

Form Factors
• The desktop computer case, power supply, and motherboard must all
be compatible
• . . . and fit together as an interconnecting system.
• The standards that describe the size, shape, screw hole positions, and
• . . . major features of these interconnected components are called form
factors.

Form Factors . . .
• Using a matching form factor for the motherboard, power supply, and
case assures you that:
• The motherboard fits in the case.
• The power supply cords to the motherboard provide the correct
voltage, and the connectors match the connections on the board.
• The holes in the motherboard align with the holes in the case for
anchoring the board to the case.
• The holes in the case align with ports coming off the motherboard.
• For some form factors, wires for switches and lights on the front of the
case match up with connections on the motherboard.
• The holes in the power supply align with holes in the case for anchoring
the power supply to the case.

Form Factors . . .

Form Factors . . .

Form Factors . . .

Form Factors . . .

Form Factors . . .

Form Factors . . .
• The two form factors used by most desktop and tower computer cases
and power supplies are:
1 ATX (Advanced Technology Extended)
2 microATX

ATX
• is the most commonly used form factor today.

• It is an open, nonproprietary industry specification originally developed
by Intel in 1995, and has undergone several revisions since then.
• The original ATX form factor for cases had case fans blowing air into
the case,
• . . . but early revisions to the form factor had fans blowing air out of
the case.
• Blowing air out of the case does a better job of keeping the system
cool.
• An ATX power supply has a variety of power connectors

ATX
• is the most commonly used form factor today.

• It is an open, nonproprietary industry specification originally developed
by Intel in 1995, and has undergone several revisions since then.
• The original ATX form factor for cases had case fans blowing air into
the case,
• . . . but early revisions to the form factor had fans blowing air out of
the case.
• Blowing air out of the case does a better job of keeping the system
cool.
• An ATX power supply has a variety of power connectors

MicroATX Form Factor
• is a major variation of ATX and addresses some technologies that

have emerged since the original development of ATX.
• MicroATX reduces the total cost of a system by reducing the number
of expansion slots on the motherboard,
• . . . reducing the power supplied to the board, and allowing for a
smaller case size.
• A microATX motherboard will fit into a case that follows the ATX 2.1
or higher standard.
• A microATX power supply uses a 24-pin P1 connector and
• . . . is not likely to have as many extra wires and connectors as those
on an ATX power supply.

Computer Cases Drives, Their Cables, and Connectors
Outline
2 Computer Cases
Form Factors
3 Safety Measure

• A computer might have one or more hard drives, an optical drive

(CD, DVD, or Blu-ray), tape drive, or some other type of drive.
• A drive receives power by a power cable from the power supply, and
• . . . communicates instructions and data through a cable attached to
the motherboard.
• Most hard drives, optical drives, and tape drives today use the serial
ATA (SATA) standard.

Drives, Their Cables, and Connectors . . .
• SATA and PATA standards are published by the American National

Standards Institute (ANSI, see www. ansi.org).
• SATA cables can only connect to a SATA connector on the
motherboard in one direction.
• SATA drives get their power from a power cable that connects to the
drive using a SATA power connector.

Drives, Their Cables, and Connectors . . .
Figure: A hard drive subsystem using the SATA data cable

Safety Measure
Outline
2 Computer Cases
Form Factors
3 Safety Measure
Power Supply Tester
Multimeter
Loopback Plugs

Safety Measure Electrostatic discharge (ESD)
Outline
2 Computer Cases
3 Safety Measure
Power Supply Tester
Multimeter
Loopback Plugs

• The human body has an electric field and under the right conditions
can generate a tremendous amount of voltage, often referred to as
static electricity.
• When we open a computer case, we need to make sure that Electro
Static Discharge(ESD) does not affect the computers’ internal
components.
• ESD occurs when an imbalance in the amounts of positive and
negative charges on the surface of an object is released.
• . . . the most dramatic example of ESD is lightning, which splits trees as
easily as it lights up the sky.
• The amount of energy released when you touch a metal object can be
quite large.

• The human body has an electric field and under the right conditions
can generate a tremendous amount of voltage, often referred to as
static electricity.
• When we open a computer case, we need to make sure that Electro
Static Discharge(ESD) does not affect the computers’ internal
components.
• ESD occurs when an imbalance in the amounts of positive and
negative charges on the surface of an object is released.
• . . . the most dramatic example of ESD is lightning, which splits trees as
easily as it lights up the sky.
• The amount of energy released when you touch a metal object can be
quite large.

Electrostatic discharge (ESD) . . .
• When imbalance between the number of electrons and protons in an

object is created, there is said to be static energy.
• This energy flows from one object to another object if the two objects
come into contact.
• This energy has the power that can do damage to internal
components of PC.
• Sources of ESD are
• The human body has an electric field and it can generate static
electricity.
• Another source of ESD is dust that build upon pc components.
• The dust can create charges that could damage internal components of
PC.
• To avoid this, we have to clean the PC regularly.
• Blower is the best tool for this.

• When imbalance between the number of electrons and protons in an

object is created, there is said to be static energy.
• This energy flows from one object to another object if the two objects
come into contact.
• This energy has the power that can do damage to internal
components of PC.
• Sources of ESD are
• The human body has an electric field and it can generate static
electricity.
• Another source of ESD is dust that build upon pc components.
• The dust can create charges that could damage internal components of
PC.
• To avoid this, we have to clean the PC regularly.
• Blower is the best tool for this.


• The amount of damage caused by ESD can be divided into three
categories
1 Catastrophic failure
• This damage causes a computer component to fail immediately.
• Heat and sometimes noise and smoke are generated during the process.
• This type of failure is easy to identify as the device fail completely.
• You can replace such components.
2 Upset failure (degradation failure)
• ESD causes erratic fault in a component.
• This problem is very difficult to detect and repair because the failure is
intermittent.
• The best way to solve this problem is replacing suspected parts until
the fault stops appearing.
3 Latent failure
• this type of failure weakens the actual transistor.
• The part will seem normal in most operations and will frequently pass
quality control and conformance tests.
• Like upset failure, it is difficult to identify.

categories
intermittent.
3 Latent failure

categories
intermittent.
3 Latent failure
Preventing ESD
• Every IT support technician who plans to repair desktop or laptop
computers or
• . . . mobile devices needs a handy toolbox with a few essential tools.
• Several hardware and software tools can help you maintain a
computer and diagnose and repair computer problems.

Preventing ESD . . . I
• There are also devices that enable us to protect ESD.
1 ESD strap(Anti-static wristband)
• have a strap that you wrap around your wrist or ankle on one end.
• The other end of the strap is attached computer case to keep ground
between the computer and you.
• protects against ESD when working inside the computer case.

Preventing ESD . . . II

Preventing ESD . . . III
2 Anti-static mats
• these are mats that you place on the work surface and on the floor in
front of work area.
• They make an excellent place to place your tools and components
when you work on a system.
3 Anti-static bags (pouches):

• they have special coating or filament that prevents ESD.
• They are used to store any sensitive electronic device like cards, RAM,
drives, etc when they are not installed in a computer.

Preventing ESD . . . IV

Preventing ESD . . . V
4 Anti-static pad
• It is an insulating foam pad in which individual chips with exposed pins
should be embedded when they are not installed in a computer.
5 Other essential tools
• Flathead screwdriver
• Phillips-head or crosshead screwdriver
• Torx screwdriver set, particularly size T15

Safety Measure POST Diagnostic Cards
Outline
2 Computer Cases
3 Safety Measure
Power Supply Tester
Multimeter
Loopback Plugs

Firmware
• Programs and data stored on the motherboard.

• Two types of firmware may be used on motherboards:
1 BIOS (basic input/output system) contains:
• system BIOS to manage essential devices (such as the keyboard,
mouse, hard drive, and monitor) before the OS is launched,
• startup BIOS to start the computer, and
• BIOS setup to change the motherboard configuration or settings.
2 Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)
• Firmware that is more robust and secure than BIOS.
• Just as with BIOS, UEFI is responsible for managing essential devices
before the OS is launched, starting the computer, and managing
motherboard settings.
• UEFI can also assure that the boot is secure and no rogue operating
system hijacks the system.

Firmware
• Programs and data stored on the motherboard.

• Two types of firmware may be used on motherboards:
1 BIOS (basic input/output system) contains:
• system BIOS to manage essential devices (such as the keyboard,
mouse, hard drive, and monitor) before the OS is launched,
• startup BIOS to start the computer, and
• BIOS setup to change the motherboard configuration or settings.
2 Unified Extensible Firmware Interface (UEFI)
• Firmware that is more robust and secure than BIOS.
• Just as with BIOS, UEFI is responsible for managing essential devices
before the OS is launched, starting the computer, and managing
motherboard settings.
• UEFI can also assure that the boot is secure and no rogue operating
system hijacks the system.

Firmware . . .

POST Card
• The POST (power-on self test) is a series of tests performed by the
startup UEFI/BIOS when you first turn on a computer.
• These tests determine if startup UEFI/BIOS can communicate
correctly with essential hardware components required for a successful
boot.
• If problem related to hardware that prevents the computer from
booting occurred ,
• . . . you can install the POST card in an expansion slot on the
motherboard.
• A motherboard test card, can be of great help to discover and report
computer errors and conflicts that occur
• . . . when you first turn on a computer and before the operating system
is launched.
• For laptops, some cards install in a USB port.
• Then attempt to boot and monitors the boot process and reports
errors, usually as coded numbers on a small LED panel on the card.
POST Card
• The POST (power-on self test) is a series of tests performed by the
startup UEFI/BIOS when you first turn on a computer.
• These tests determine if startup UEFI/BIOS can communicate
correctly with essential hardware components required for a successful
boot.
• If problem related to hardware that prevents the computer from
booting occurred ,
• . . . you can install the POST card in an expansion slot on the
motherboard.
• A motherboard test card, can be of great help to discover and report
computer errors and conflicts that occur
• . . . when you first turn on a computer and before the operating system
is launched.
• For laptops, some cards install in a USB port.
• Then attempt to boot and monitors the boot process and reports
errors, usually as coded numbers on a small LED panel on the card.
POST Card . . .

Safety Measure Power Supply Tester
Outline
2 Computer Cases
3 Safety Measure
Power Supply Tester
Multimeter
Loopback Plugs

Safety Measure Power Supply Tester
Power Supply Tester

• A power supply tester is used to measure the output of each
connector coming from the power supply.
• You can test the power supply when it is outside or inside the case.

Safety Measure Multimeter
Outline
2 Computer Cases
3 Safety Measure
Power Supply Tester
Multimeter
Loopback Plugs

Multimeter
• A multimeter is a more general-purpose tool that can measure several

characteristics of electricity in a variety of devices.
• Some multimeters can measure voltage,current, resistance, or
continuity.
• Continuity determines that two ends of a cable or fuse are connected
without interruption.

Multimeter . . .

Safety Measure Loopback Plugs
Outline
2 Computer Cases
3 Safety Measure
Power Supply Tester
Multimeter
Loopback Plugs

Safety Measure Loopback Plugs
Loopback Plugs
• . . . is used to test a port in a computer or other device to make sure
the port is working and might also test the throughput or speed of
the port.

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01 : Computer Parts and Tools

Target Group : B.Sc in Information Technology Students

April 14, 2021

Baessa K. (Mettu University) ITec3031 Computer Maintenance April 14, 2021 1 / 58

1 Introduction to the World of IT

Baessa K. (Mettu University) ITec3031 Computer Maintenance April 14, 2021 2 / 58

1 Introduction to the World of IT

Baessa K. (Mettu University) ITec3031 Computer Maintenance April 14, 2021 3 / 58

Baessa K. (Mettu University) ITec3031 Computer Maintenance April 14, 2021 4 / 58

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1 Introduction to the World of IT

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• Computer devices come in many shapes and sizes.

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• Computer devices come in many shapes and sizes.

Baessa K. (Mettu University) ITec3031 Computer Maintenance April 14, 2021 7 / 58

Baessa K. (Mettu University) ITec3031 Computer Maintenance April 14, 2021 8 / 58

• Computer case is an enclosure that holds all the primary electronics of

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• Computer case is an enclosure that holds all the primary electronics of

Baessa K. (Mettu University) ITec3031 Computer Maintenance April 14, 2021 9 / 58

• its upright and can be as high as

Baessa K. (Mettu University) ITec3031 Computer Maintenance April 14, 2021 10 / 58

• Computer cases have the purpose of

Baessa K. (Mettu University) ITec3031 Computer Maintenance April 14, 2021 11 / 58

• EMI-is a radio frequency that is emitted from electronic or electrical

Baessa K. (Mettu University) ITec3031 Computer Maintenance April 14, 2021 12 / 58

• EMI-is a radio frequency that is emitted from electronic or electrical

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What’s Inside a Desktop Case

Figure: Inside the computer case

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What’s Inside a Desktop Case . . .

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What’s Inside a Desktop Case . . .

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What’s Inside a Desktop Case . . .

Central processing unit

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What’s Inside a Desktop Case . . .

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What’s Inside a Desktop Case . . .

What’s Inside a Desktop Case . . .

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What’s Inside a Desktop Case . . .

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What’s Inside a Desktop Case . . .

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What’s Inside a Desktop Case . . .

Hard drives and other drives

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What’s Inside a Desktop Case . . .

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What’s Inside a Desktop Case . . .

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What’s Inside a Desktop Case . . .

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What’s Inside a Desktop Case . . .

• Rules for opening computer

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1 Introduction to the World of IT

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