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Why COVID-19 is an opportunity to close

the connectivity gap for refugees

School children in Kakuma refugee camp, Kenya. Image: UNESCO

19 Jun 2020

Adil Nyambasha
Specialist, Sustainable Development Impact Summit, World Economic Forum Geneva

Prior to the COVID-19 pandemic, refugees were already among some of the world’s most
vulnerable populations. Although access to ‘quality education’ has long been recognized as a
basic human right, as many as 3.7 million school-age refugees were not enrolled in school before
the arrival of the coronavirus.

By forcing refugee children into lockdown with limited access to robust formal learning
opportunities, COVID-19 risks widening the educational inequality that exists between refugees
and non-refugees. As such, the current crisis ought to be used as a catalyst for bridging the
connectivity gap within refugee camps.
According to the UNHCR report, Stepping Up: Refugee Education in Crisis, refugees are
disproportionately less likely to be enrolled in formal education compared to their non-refugee
peers. Whereas global enrollment rates for primary, secondary, and higher education stood at
91%, 84% and 31% respectively in 2017, corresponding statistics for refugees stood at 63%,
24% and 3%.

Image: UNHCR

These figures are more pronounced when one hones-in on individual camps. For instance,
Kenya’s Kakuma Camp and Kalobeyei Integrated Settlement, which is home to over 196,000
people, has 7 secondary schools with a capacity to enroll only 9.5% of eligible students. This
structural bottleneck means that most of the students in the community’s 26 primary schools
have limited opportunities to attain secondary education.

While UNHCR had done a commendable job of improving education outcomes in Kakuma, the
ongoing pandemic risks reversing the significant gains it has made over the last several years.
Specifically, the precautionary lockdown measures that have been implemented in the camp have
severely limited the ability of its school-going residents to continue with their education. Whereas
online learning has proven to be a viable solution for millions of students globally, Kakuma – like
most refugee camps, lacks the backbone infrastructure needed to support and sustain dynamic
online learning.

A study of Kakuma’s connectivity landscape found that although the camp has a high level of
mobile device ownership, roughly 40% of its mobile phone signal coverage can provide 3G
internet access. Coupled with the high cost of mobile data and the camp’s extremely limited
access to WIFI networks, online learning has been – and continues to be – an elusive option for
most of the camp’s residents.

Despite the implementation of solutions such as radio lessons to allow for some degree of
distance learning during the pandemic, many Kakuma residents recognise that the best-case
scenario for their education is for the camp’s lockdown to be lifted so that in-person classes can
resume. It is this realisation, among others, that inspired youth-led community groups like the
Kakuma Hub of the Global Shapers Community to join the UNHCR’s COVID-19 response efforts.

An aerial view of the Kakuma refugee camp in Kenya. Image: REUTERS/Thomas Mukoya

While there have not been any confirmed cases of coronavirus in Kakuma, the Global Shapers
observed a rise in COVID-19 related misinformation that “risked perpetuating attitudes and
behaviours that increase the community’s vulnerability to the pandemic”. In consultation with
UNHCR Sub-Office Kakuma, the Kakuma Hub launched a trusted communication channel that
cascades verified and accurate COVID-19 related updates with the broader Kakuma community.
In addition to augmenting the UNHCR’s communication tree, the Kakuma Hub is using this
channel to collect constructive feedback on the UNHCR’s community outreach initiatives.

This Hub project is just one of several refugee-led initiatives that are seeking to expedite the
process of returning Kakuma back to ‘normal’. However, if in-person classes were to resume,
only a fraction of Kakuma’s school age population would be able to receive a formal education
due to the camp’s limited capacity to enrol more students within its schools. As such, it is only
through deliberate action aimed at bridging Kakuma’s connectivity gap that more of the camp’s
92,000-strong student-age population can feasibly gain access to quality education through
online learning.

Since 2018, the World Economic Forum has mobilized constituents from the Global Shapers
Community and the Forum of Young Global Leaders (YGL) with the aim of narrowing the
achievement gap of Kakuma refugees. Under the auspices of its Kakuma Refugee Settlement
Project, the Forum is committed to addressing impact opportunities across three pillars:
education and skills, internet infrastructure, and decent work. In March of 2020, YGL-led
iamtheCODE launched a landmark partnership with Coursera that will provide over 4,000 free
online courses to women and girls in Kakuma.

Given that COVID-19 is driving a long-overdue revolution in education that will see an increase in
the adoption of online education, it is imperative that refugees are not left behind. The current
crisis ought to be used as a way to bridge the connectivity gap within refugee camps to ensure
that post-pandemic, more refugees can be afforded access to quality education – a basic human
right that has been elusive for far too many.

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Written by

Adil Nyambasha, Specialist, Sustainable Development Impact Summit, World Economic Forum Geneva

The views expressed in this article are those of the author alone and not the World Economic Forum.

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