DISASTER RISK REDUCTION

MODULE 5

In this module, the learner will be able to identify the Earthquake Hazards and Risk Reduction Methods,
Natural Signs of Impending Tsunami Effects of Different Earthquake Hazards.

After going through this module, you are expected to:

a. Identify the possible effects of an earthquake.

b. Appreciate the importance of being ready and resilient.

c. Create a plan for an earthquake awareness program in the community.
d. Identify the natural signs of impending tsunami.
e. Appreciate the topic by locating places for possible evacuation during tsunami.

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Analyze the picture below. Tell something about the signage and write your insight about the
picture and tell your possible preparation for this kind of disaster.

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Pretest
1. Which of the following is caused by a landslide or explosion under the
oceans?
A. Tsunami C. Liquefaction
B. Ground rupture D. Fire
2. At convergent plate boundaries, _________________
A. Two plates slip past horizontally each other
B. Two plates move in opposite directions away from each other
C. Two plates move in opposite directions toward each other
D. Two plates are moving vertically

3. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about reduction of earthquake risks?

A. Careful analysis and interpretation of ground shaking is unnecessary.
B. Strong and resilient buildings must be developed.
C. Hazards maps must be made.
D. Accurate data recording of earthquakes.
4. Which secondary effect of an earthquake is described as collapse of buildings
caused by earthquake vibrating water-saturated fill or unconsolidated soil?
A. Tsunami C. Landslide
B. Liquefaction D. Flood
5. Many divergent plate boundaries coincide with __________.
A. Volcano C. Edges of the continents
B. Mid-ocean ridge D. Transform faults

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Identify the following signages. Arrange the jumbled letters.

TUSIMAN

EDSIDLALN

AQUTHERAEK

WERA OUYR SAMK

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Earthquake Hazard

Earthquake hazard is anything associated with an earthquake that may affect the normal
activities of people. If earthquake is regarded as one of the most frightening natural disasters, that
is because seconds of its occurrence can be more destructive than days of a typhoon. Besides, an
earthquake comes with very little warning. An earthquake is a sudden movement of the ground as
a result of release of energy in the Earth& 39;s lithosphere that creates seismic waves. It may cause
many deaths, injuries and widespread damage to properties. For hundred millions of years, the
force of plate tectonics has shaped the earth resulting to formation of different landforms.

The effects of an earthquake can be classified as primary or secondary.

Primary Hazards

Primary hazards include ground shaking, landslides (a downward sliding of a dry mass of
the earth either from mountains or cliffs), liquefaction (when the soil is reduced to a liquid) and
surface rupture (breaking of the surface along a fault).

Secondary Hazards

During an earthquake, shaking is not all that happens. There are side effects that happen
after the primary hazard has taken place. Some are even more dangerous than the earthquake itself.
Secondary hazards can also affect neighbouring countries of the country that experienced the
earthquake.

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Effects of Earthquakes
1. Ground shaking
is the most familiar effect of earthquakes. It is a result of the
passage of seismic waves through the ground, and ranges from
quite gentle in small earthquakes to incredibly violent in large
earthquakes.

2. Ground rupture is another important effect of earthquakes

which occurs when the earthquake movement along a fault
actually breaks the Earth's surface.

3. Landslides
Seismic vibration is a common triggering mechanism for
landslides. Landslides can have particularly devastating
effects like floods, blocking of rivers, death, and damage to
land and natural resources. Landslides can be prevented by
reinforcing slope material, modifying the pathway for
surface and underwater and by putting piles and retaining
walls.

4. Tsunami
A tsunami is a huge sea wave triggered by a violent
displacement of the ocean floor. Underwater earthquakes,
volcanic eruptions or landslides can cause tsunami. As it
approaches a shallow coastline, its speed decreased, but the
eight of the tsunami increases drastically, bringing so much
damage to nearby communities. Tsunamis can also
overwhelm sewage systems, destroy structures and kill
people.

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5. Liquefaction
Earthquake motion can turn loosely packed, water-saturated
soil to liquid—liquefaction/ Liquefied soil becomes less
compact and ultimately lose the ability to support roads,
buried pipes, and, of course, houses. It is caused by vibration
or saturation with water which causes the soil to decrease in
density. This poses danger for it lead to unstable structures of
buildings due to ground
subsidence.

6. Fires
Earthquakes cause fires. Even moderate
ground shaking can break gas and electrical
lines, sever fuel lines, and overturn stoves. To
further complicate things, water pipes rupture, so it
would be impossible to extinguish the fire.

Most commonly used methods of reducing earthquake risks are as follows:

1. Effective recording and interpretation of ground

motion
This can be done by effective instrumentation in order to
determine the location, strength and frequency of
earthquakes. This assists in providing alerts and warnings
especially to high-risk or vulnerable areas for preparation
and emergency response.

2. Constructing seismic hazard maps

A seismic hazard map shows the potential hazards in a
given area. In many regions in our country, seismic
expectancy maps or hazard maps are now available for
planning purposes. It serves as basis for disaster
management information like locations for evacuation and
evacuation routes. The anticipated intensity of ground
shaking is represented by a number called the peak
acceleration or the peak velocity.

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3. Developing resistant structures

Resistant structures are able to withstand collapse by
redistributing forces caused by seismic waves through
shear walls. Developing engineered structural designs that
are able to resist the forces generated by seismic waves can
be achieved either by following building codes based on
hazard
maps or by appropriate methods of analysis.

Natural Signs Impending Tsunami

A tsunami is a series of ocean waves that sends surges of water, sometimes reaching heights of
over 100 feet (30.5 meters), onto land. These walls of water can cause widespread destruction
when they crash ashore

A tsunami is usually composed of a series of waves, called a wave train, so its destructive force
may be compounded as successive waves reach shore. People experiencing a tsunami should
remember that the danger may not have passed with the first wave and should await official word
that it is safe to return to vulnerable locations.

What to do before and During Tsunami

o Turn on your radio to learn if there is tsunami
warning if an earthquake occurs and you are in a
coastal area. Be alert for early warning.
o If you are in dangerous area, immediately turn all
the water gas and electricity and quickly move to a
higher ground.
o Remember once tsunami warning is issued, it could
be a matter of minutes, or even seconds, before the
wave’s hits.
o If tsunami warning is issued, never go down to the beach to watch the waves come in.
o Listen to the portable radio to learn when its safe to return home.
o Stay away from the beach.
o Learn to understand and notice the sea. If there is noticeable recession in water away from
the shore time become caution and move away immediately.
o Move inland to higher ground immediately and stay there.

What to do after Tsunami

o After the Tsunami has hit, all food and water should be tested for contamination before
they are eaten.
o All buildings should be checked for gas leaks and electricity shorts before anyone enters.

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o Administrator first old only if you know what to do.

o Stay away from flooded and damaged areas until official say it is safe to returns.
o Stay away from debris in the water, it may be safety hazards to boats and people.
o Save yourself not you’re passionate.

Activity 1. Make a graphic organizer about the effect of an earthquake specifically here in the
Philippines. Search an events, issues, news or article in the internet, and make a short discussion
on your work on how the Filipino people overcome that such things. Use separate sheet of bond
paper and attach it to your module.

EXAMPLE
ONLY

Activity 2: Make a poster which encourages people to appreciate the value of knowing
earthquake hazards and risk reduction. Any type of poster will do. (Collage, Illustrations, picture
digital editing or etch.) . Use separate sheet of bond paper and attach it to your module.

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What are the preparation you will do before, during and after A.Earthquake B. Tsunami.

A. Eartquake

B. Tsunami

How Can Filipinos Become More Resilient during the Crisis of

Pandemic (Covid-19)? Defend your answer.

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1. Which community will be least affected by an earthquake?

A. A community that is within 1km radius of the epicenter.
B. A community that experiences an earthquake with a depth of focus of 100km.
C. A densely populated community that has no earthquake preparedness measures in place.
D. A community that experiences an earthquake with a magnitude of 7.5.
2. Which of the following is caused by a landslide or explosion under the
oceans?
A. Tsunami C. Liquefaction
B. Ground rupture D. Fire
3. At convergent plate boundaries, _________________
A. Two plates slip past horizontally each other
B. Two plates move in opposite directions away from each other
C. Two plates move in opposite directions toward each other
D. Two plates are moving vertically

4. Which of the following is NOT TRUE about reduction of earthquake risks?

A. Careful analysis and interpretation of ground shaking is unnecessary.
B. Strong and resilient buildings must be developed.
C. Hazards maps must be made.
D. Accurate data recording of earthquakes.
5. Which secondary effect of an earthquake is described as collapse of buildings
caused by earthquake vibrating water-saturated fill or unconsolidated soil?
A. Tsunami C. Landslide
B. Liquefaction D. Flood
6. Many divergent plate boundaries coincide with __________.

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A. Volcano C. Edges of the continents

B. Mid-ocean ridge D. Transform faults
7. What might happen when ground shaking results to breakage of gas,
electrical lines and fuel lines, and overturning of stoves?
A. Liquefaction C. Fire
B. Subsidence D. Landslide
8. Which of the following should be done if a tsunami warning has been issued
while you are in school?
A. Follow the advice of teachers and other school personnel before
making any move.
B. Stay out of danger by doing the Duck, Cover, and Hold.
C. Run immediately out of school and go to higher ground.
D. Stay and observe what will happen next.

9. Which of the following is a common indicator of an impending tsunami?

A. Winds suddenly change direction.
B. The sky suddenly clears.
C. Seawater suddenly retreats from the shore.
D. All of the above

10. Which of the following is not a natural sign of an impending tsunami?

A. Drawback of ocean
B. A loud rumbling sound
C. A felt earthquake
D. Surge of cold winds.

11. Which of the following should be done if you experience any sign of tsunami?
A. Wait for an official evacuation orders from the authorities.

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B. Stay where you are and wait until you see a huge wave before running.
C. Go down to the beach to view the retreating ocean exposing the seafloor.
D. Immediately go to higher ground.

12. Which of the following should not be done if a tsunami warning has been
issued while you are at home?
A. Make sure your entire family is aware of the issue.
B. Follow the orders of the local authorities.
C. Move in an orderly, calm and safe manner to the evacuation site or to any safe place
outside your evacuation zone.
D. Wait for evacuation orders by the authority especially if you live near the coast.

13. If ground shaking is vibration or movement of the ground during an earthquake, how about
liquefaction?
A. Magma rises to the surface.
B. The soil behaves like liquid.
C. The ground behaves like liquid.
D. Buildings are damaged, crumbling like liquid.

14. What is a large ocean wave that result from an underwater earthquake, landslide or volcanic
eruption?
A. Aftershock C. Seismic Gap
B. Liquefaction D. Tsunami
15. What is the temporary state in which loose soil and rock materials take on the property of a
liquid?
A. Aftershock C. Seismic Gap
B. Liquefaction D. Tsunami

16. Waves created by earthquakes that travel through earth’s interior and along earth’s surface are
called_____.

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A. energy waves C. sound waves

B. light waves D. seismic waves
17. It is a potential hazard that can also triggered for other hazard such as liquefaction, landslide
and fires.
A. Ground Rupture C. Landslide
B. Ground Shaking D. Tsunami

18. What is the difference between vertical and horizontal displacement?

A. Vertical Displacement happens when one side of the ground goes up or down or both
sides while Horizontal Displacement happens when there is lateral movement from side to side.
B. Vertical Displacement happens when there is lateral movement nfrom side to side while
Horizontal Displacement occurs when one side of the ground goes up or down or both sides
C. Both A and B are correct
D. Both A and B are incorrect

19. The following are quick preparedness to do after an earthquake

except
A. Check you surrounding.
B. Obey public safety procedure.
C. Use elevators instead of stairs to escape a building.
D. If you’re inside a structure, take the fastest and safest way out.

20. What is a smaller earthquake that follows a larger earthquake?

A. Aftershock C. Seismic Gap
B. Liquefaction D. Tsunami

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Create a 12-box comic strip which encourages people to appreciate the value of knowing
earthquake hazards and risk reduction. Use separate sheet of bond paper and attach it to your
module.

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REFERENCES

E. Krausmann, S. Girgin, and A. Necci, Natural hazard impacts on industry and

critical infrastructure: Natech risk drivers and risk management performance
indicators. In International Journal of Disaster Risk Reduction (Vol. 40), 2019,
https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijdrr.2019.101163

Posco Newsroom, What It Takes To Build A Natural Disaster Proof House, Retrieved
June 2, 2020, https://newsroom.posco.com/en/takes-build-natural-disaster-proof-
house/

DHel Nazario, Impact-proof desk developed for pre-school students, Manilla Bulletin,
April 28, 2019

S. A. Nelson, Earthquake Vulnerability Reduction for Cities (EVRC-2). Notes, 1,

1–10, 2016, http://www.tulane.edu/~sanelson/Natural_Disasters/
eqhazards%26r. 1–7.

Rimando, R. E. Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction, First ed.

Quezon City: Rex Bookstore. 2015.
Quebral, Villamor S. Disaster Readiness and Risk Reduction. Quezon City:
Lorimar Publishing, Inc. 2016.

Burton, I. and Kates, R.W. The perception of natural hazards in resource

management, Natural Resources Journal 3.1964. pp. 412-441.

What Are the Natural Warning Signs for a Tsunami? American Geosciences
Institute, May 5, 2020. Accessed June 04, 2020. Retrieved at
https://www.americangeosciences.org/critical-issues/faq/what-are-natural-
warning-signs-tsunami.

Yulianto, Eko, Fauzi Kusmayanto, Nandang Supriyatna, and Mohammad

Dirhamsyah. Where the first wave arrives in minutes: Indonesian lessons on
surviving tsunamis near their sources. IOC Brochure 2010 4 (2010): 28

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