TAIPEI 101 TOWER, TAIWAN

B007 - Aayushi Dahanukar

B009 - Aditi Danwar
B010 - Kamya Jeswani
B012 - Rhea Kothary
B018 - Riya Mohe
B026 - Vidhi Shah
GENERAL INFORMATION

● Architect – C.Y.Lee & Partners

● Structural Engineer – Shaw Shieh
● Structural Consultant – Thornton-Tomasetti
Engineers, New York City
● Year Started – June 1998 (Mall already open)
● Total Height – 508m
● No. of Floors – 101
● Plan Area – 50m X 50m
● Cost – $ 700 million
● Building Use – Office Complex + Mall
● Parking – 83,000 m2, 1800 cars
● Retail – Taipei 101 Mall (77,033 m2)
● Offices – Taiwan Stock Exchange (198,347 m2)
ARCHITECTURAL STYLE

Structure depicts a bamboo stalk

● Youth and Longevity

● Everlasting Strength
● Pagoda Style
● Eight prominent sections
● Chinese lucky number “8”
● In China, 8 is a homonym for prosperity
● Even number = “rhythm and symmetry”
CHALLENGES FACED

Taipei being a coastal city the problems present are:

● Weak soil conditions (The structures tend to sink).

● Typhoon winds (High lateral displacement tends to topple structures).
● Large potential earthquakes (Generates shear forces).
BUILDING FRAME

● Materials
○ 60 ksi Steel
○ 10,000 psi Concrete
● Systems
○ Outrigger Trusses
○ Moment Frames
○ Belt Trusses
● Lateral Load Resistance
○ Braced Moment Frames in the building’s
core
○ Outrigger from core to perimeter
○ Perimeter Moment Frames
○ Shear walls
 Lateral Load Resisting Systems Considered

For skyscrapers, the full building floor plan width and depth is
used to provide economical overturning resistance and
lateral stiffness.
A central braced core improves its strength and stiffness by
connections to several perimeter columns on each building
face through ‘outrigger trusses’ with top and bottom chords
incorporated within the framing of two adjacent floors and
diagonals through occupied space, preferably mechanical or
storage rooms.
In this frame, outrigger trusses and outrigger columns help
stabilize the narrower core.
Belt trusses just above each module setback gather and
transfer perimeter weight to two outrigger ‘super columns’ on
each face, so the member sizes needed for gravity loads
provide axial stiffness as well.
Outrigger System
Outriggers are interior lateral structural systems provided to improve the overturning stiffness and
strength of high-rise buildings. It is a lateral load resisting system that is located within the building.

The whole system consists of a core structure connected to the perimeter columns of the building
by means of structural members called outriggers. The outriggers can be in the form of horizontal
beams, truss, or walls.

Advantages:
1. Reduction in overturning moment

2. Reduction in lateral drift

3. Safe reduction and transfer of core

structure forces to the foundation

Principle of Outrigger system
An outrigger structure functions in a high-rise building
by tying together two systems-
1. Core system 2. Perimeter system
The core structure is the most critical unit of a high-rise
building. It is a combination of units like lifts, staircases,
ducts, etc. Whereas the perimeter system is a
combination of mega columns. The core system and
mega columns located in the perimeter are connected
using outriggers.
High-rise buildings are subjected to large lateral
deformation. The core structure of a high-rise building is
subjected to cantilever deformation, while the frame
structures surrounding the core are subjected to portal
type deformation. This causes high drift and overturning
effects on the structure. Outrigger efficiently controls the
excessive drift due to lateral loads. It prevents structural
and non-structural damage in the structure.
 Belt Trusses
The use of belt trusses as virtual outriggers avoids many of the
problems associated with the use of conventional outriggers.
The principle is the same as when belt trusses are used as
virtual outriggers. Some fraction of the moment in the core is
converted into a horizontal couple in the floors at the top and
the bottom of the basement.
Outriggers connect the core structure of the building to the
perimeter columns, while belt truss tie up the perimeter
columns around the core structure.
In a virtual outrigger system, the overturning moment is
transferred from the core structure to the columns without a
direct connection between the core and the peripheral
columns. This is achieved using floor diaphragms, which
transfer the overturning moment from the core to the outboard
using a horizontal couple. Outrigger System and Belt Trusses
Advantages
1.There are no truss diagonals extending from the core to
the exterior

2.There is no need to locate outrigger columns where they

can be conveniently engaged by trusses extending from
the core

3.The complicated truss-to-core connection is eliminated

4.Differential shortening or settlement between the core

and the outboard columns does not affect the virtual
outrigger system since the floor diaphragms, though stiff in
their own plane, are very flexible in the vertical,
out-of-plane direction.

Belt Truss Connection

Moment Frames

Moment-resisting frame is a rectilinear assemblage of beams

and columns, with the beams rigidly connected to the
columns.

Moment frames are designed to carry vertical and horizontal

loads in the same plane but may also be drawn on to provide
resistance to horizontal loads out of the plane of the frame.

The massive supporting pillars are made of boxes of 80 mm

thick steel-plate, filled with concrete for stiffness. However, only
steel is used above the 62nd floor. There are 16 of these giant
columns to support the gravity-load.
 Types of Moment Frames
There are three different types of moment frames:

1. Ordinary moment frame (OMF). These provide the least resistance to

lateral motion and so are only recommended for zero/low seismic
regions.
2. Intermediate moment frame (IMF). IMFs are the next level up, designed to
resist limited inelastic deformations as the result of lateral forces.
3. Special moment frame (SMF). SMF connections are the strongest
available. They are designed to withstand dramatic inelastic
deformation in both members and connections when assaulted by
lateral forces.

The balance of perimeter framing in Taipei 101 is a sloping Special

Moment Resisting Frame (SMRF), a rigidly connected grid of stiff beams
and H shape columns which follows the towers exterior wall slope down
each 8 story module.
COLUMN SYSTEM

● Within the core, sixteen columns are located at

the crossing points of four lines of bracing in
each direction.
● The columns are box sections constructed of
steel plates, filled with concrete for added
strength as well as stiffness till the 62nd floor.
● On the perimeter, up to the 26th floor, each of
the four building faces has two ‘supercolumns,’
two ‘sub-super-columns,’ and two corner
columns.
● The ‘super-columns’ and ‘sub-super-columns’
are steel box sections, filled with 10,000 psi (M70)
high performance concrete on lower floors for
strength and stiffness up to the 62nd floor.
CONSTRUCTION PROCESS

● 380 piles with 3 inch concrete

slab.
● Mega columns- 8 cm thick
steel & 10,000 psi concrete
infill to provide for overturning.
● Walls – 5 & 7 degree slope.
● 106,000 tons of steel, grade
60- 25% stronger.
● 6 cranes on site – steel
placement.
● Electrical & Mechanical.
● Curtain wall placement
STRUCTURAL SYSTEM

● Central core
● Trusses and Bracing
● Truncated Pyramid Base
● Flexible but Sturdy Materials
○ 10,000 psi concrete
○ 60 ksi steel
● Tuned Mass Damper
FACADE SYSTEM

● Taipei 101's characteristic blue-green glass curtain

walls are double paned and glazed, offer heat and
UV protection sufficient to block external heat by 50
percent, and can sustain impacts of 7 metric tons (8
short tons)
● The facade system of glass and aluminum panels
installed into an inclined movement-resisting lattice
contributes to overall lateral rigidity by tying back to
the mega-columns with one-story high trusses at
every eighth floor.
● This facade system is, therefore, able to withstand
up to 95 mm (4 in) of seismic lateral displacements
without damage. The facade system is also known
as a Damper.
 FOUNDATION
● Soft rock occurs beneath 40 to 60 m of clay and stiff
colluvial soil. The design required a 21 m deep
basement, while groundwater is usually 2 m below
grade and potentially at grade.
● Five major components were used to create two
different foundation systems.
● One slurry wall 1.2 m thick surrounds both tower and
podium; its 47 m depth cuts off ground water and
provides toe embedment well below the 21.8 to 23.5 m
excavation depth.
● A second slurry wall, enclosing just the tower footprint,
was supported by steel cross-lot bracing as
excavation proceeded to full depth.
● Using steel framing minimized building weight, helping
to reduce foundation costs.
LOADING SYSTEM

● Core adds Stiffness

● Carries Gravity Loads
● Outrigger Trusses add Lateral Stability
● Super Columns along Perimeter for Strength
● Carries Wind Loads

FLOOR SLAB (STRUCTURAL DIAPHRAGMS)

● Slabs are composite in nature and are typically 13.5 cms thick.

CORE
● Within the core, sixteen columns are located at the crossing
points of four lines of bracing in each direction.
DAMPING SYSTEMS

● The main objective of such a system is to

supplement the structures damping to
dissipate energy and to control undesired
structural vibrations.
● A common approach is to add friction to
the joints of the buildings to stabilize the
structural vibration.
● A large number of dampers may be
needed in order to achieve effective
damping when the movements of the joints
are not sufficient to contribute to energy
absorption.
TUNED MASS DAMPING

● A TMD is a passive damping system, which

consists of a spring, a viscous damping device,
and a secondary mass attached to the
vibrating structure.
● The Taipei 101 uses a 800 ton TMD which
occupy 5 of its upper floors (87 – 91).
● The ball is assembled on site in layers of
12.5-cm-thick steel plate.
● Eight primary hydraulic pistons, each about 2
m long, grip the cradle to dissipate dynamic
energy as heat.
 Wind Load Resistance

It can damage a skyscraper with crosswind

forces much greater than those normally
used for design. A square tower with sharp
corners creates large crosswind excitation.
Rounded and chamfered corners reduced
lateral response, but a ‘saw tooth’ or ‘double
notch’ corner with 2.5 m (8.2 ft) notches
achieved a dramatic reduction.

There is a setback at each level which helps

to reduce wind load.
A close-up of the tower corner clearly
shows the ‘sawtooth’ treatment above
Floor 25 for wind vortex reduction.
Seismic Design Issues

Earthquake resistance must be considered

due to Taiwan’s geology
The solution here was to design for
stiffness and then check for seismic
ductility and seismic strength.
Where flexure was inherent in the design
and large rotations were anticipated during
seismic events, ductility was provided by a
Reduced Beam Section or ‘dogbone’ detail
In addition, a dual system was applied:steel
moment frames along each sloping face of
the building work in parallel with the braced
core and outriggers.
 CONCLUSION

CHALLENGES FACED STRUCTURAL STRATEGIES

Wind Central core

Trusses and bracings

Height Truncated Pyramid Base

Seismic Loads Flexible but Sturdy Materials

Mass Damper

Foundation (Soil condition) 2 Slurry wall system

Drilled piers