EXAMINATION QUESTIONS (2020-2021)

1. Hygiene as a branch of preventive medicine. Objectives. History of hygiene.

2. Prevention is the main principle of health protection. Primary, secondary, and tertiary
prevention.
3. The concept of health: physical, mental and social health of a person.
4. Medical problems of ecology. Human health is the integrated criterion of the
environment.
5. The concept of ecological risk. Classification of factors in the system “health –
environment”.
6. Ecological problems of biosphere and humanity. The global ecological crisis.
7. Hygienic standardization. Types of standards: MPC, MPL, MPD.
8. Outdoor air quality criteria. Air pollution-related human health effects. Prevention.
9. Dioxins are highly toxic polychlorinated biphenyls. Human health effects. Prevention.
10.Human diseases due to toxic metals: lead, cadmium, methylmercury, arsenic.
11.The natural chemical structure of atmospheric air. Global changes in the atmospheric air
quality.
12.Indoor air quality: chemical and biological hazards.
13.Organoleptic properties of drinking water, hygienic standards.
14.Chemical properties of drinking water, hygienic standards.
15.Microbiological properties of drinking water, hygienic standards.
16.Methods of treatment and improvement of the drinking water quality.
17.The hygienic requirements for the decentralized water supply.
18.Microelements and health. Preventive measures of endemic diseases.
19.The sources of the soil pollution. Pesticides.
20.Basic methods of utilization and neutralization of the hard industrial and domestic
wastes.
21.Health-care wastes, major sources, health risks, environmental impact.
22.Urbanization and health.
23.Climate and health. Hygienic problems of acclimatization.
24.Physical parameters of air (temperature, humidity, air speed movement): methods of
estimation, devices, hygienic requirements.

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25.The system of air-thermal regime maintenance (heating, ventilation), types and hygienic
requirements. Air exchange parameters in premises.
26.Complex estimation of microclimate: Methods: EET, research on the physiological
human body response to the meteorological factors action.
27.Hygienic requirements and estimation of natural and artificial illumination of premises.
28.Solar radiation. Biological importance of ultraviolet radiation.
29.Noise as an adverse environmental factor.
30.Electromagnetic radiation and fields, sources. Health effects and prevention.
31.Hospital hygiene. Maintenance of the medical-protective regimen.
32.Prevention of healthcare-associated infections.
33.Hygienic requirements for the hospital ground area.
34.Hygienic requirements for the hospital buildings.
35.Hygienic requirements for hospital departments, reception office, wards, infectious
hospitals, children's hospitals, maternity houses.
36.Hygienic requirements for indoor hospital environment: microclimate standards, air
cleanliness standards, illumination standards.
37. Nutrition hygiene. Principles of healthy nutrition.
38.Macronutrients, micronutrients: chemical structure, functions, food sources, symptoms
of deficiency and toxicity.
39.Nutritional status: definition, forms, assessment (clinical examination, anthropometry,
biochemical tests, functional indicators)
40.Nutritional status: assessment of dietary intakes (methods, measurements of energy,
nutritional requirements)
41.Malnutrition: direct, indirect effects, ecology of malnutrition, preventive and social
measures
42.Hygienic requirements for a hospital kitchen.
43.Food poisoning: definition, characteristics. Prevention of food poisoning.
44.Control on food poisoning. HACCP is a preventive approach to quality control.
45.Food safety. Hazards in food, types and examples. Safety standards and regulatory
Authorities (WHO, FAO, Codex Alimentarius Commission).
46.Hygienic assessment of food. Categories of products according to the quality. Food
authenticity and types of misdescription.
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47.Safety of the agricultural technologies. Protection of environment and food from
chemical pollution.
48.Pollution of food by definite chemical substances (acrylamide, aluminum, phthalate,
plastics, re-using packaging).
49.Children and teenagers hygiene. Objectives.
50.Physical development of children. Methods of research and estimation of their physical
development.
51.Secular trend: acceleration and deceleration.
52.Biological age of children and teenagers.
53.Complex evaluation of children's health.
54.Hygienic principles of school design and construction.
55.Hygienic requirements for the ground area of a school. Types of school buildings.
56.Hygienic requirements for school premises.
57.Hygienic requirements for air-thermal and light regimen in children’s institutions.
58.Hygienic requirements for a daily regimen in children’s institutions.
59.Hygienic requirements for an educational process in children’s institutions.
60.Hygienic estimation of school furniture.
61.Medical ensuring of health protection of children and teenagers in children’s
institutions.
62.Occupational health as a medical and social problem. Occupational health service in
different countries.
63.The assessment of occupational hazards. Hardness and intensity of work.
64.Hygienic standards of occupational environment and working load.
65.Classification of occupational diseases.
66.Prevention of occupational diseases.
67.Industrial dust as an occupational risk factor. Health effects on employees, prevention.
68.Noise as an occupational risk factor. Health effects on employees, prevention.
69.Vibration as an occupational risk factor. Health effects on employees, prevention.
70.Low and increased atmospheric pressure as an occupational risk factor. Prevention
steps.
71.Hygienic requirements for video display units and personal computers, organization of
work with them.
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72.Work physiology. Aims and methods. Work capacity. Fatigue, prevention.
73.Medicine is a demanding occupation. Work-related exhaustion and fatigue. Harmful
factors in medicine.
74.Differences between the staff working in different specialties.
75.Work-related diseases in hospital workers. Prevention.
76.Ionizing radiation in the environment. Sources and levels of radiation, effects on human
health.
77.Radiation safety of population: the concepts of occupational radiation protection,
medical radiation protection and public radiation protection. Public radiation protection
against natural ionizing sources.
78.Quantities and dose units of ionizing radiation. Correlation between units.
79.Biological effects of ionizing radiation, stages of changes in the human body. Types of
radiation injury: deterministic and stochastic effects.
80.Radiation protection: the goal of hygienic regulation of ionizing radiation. Basic dose
limits in working conditions. ALARA principles.
81.Radiation protection: principles and methods of protection during work with enclosed
and open radioactive sources.