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Arborist Manual 3rd Edition Final2
Arborist Manual 3rd Edition Final2
I NDUSTRY
SAFE W ORK
PRACTICES
Third Edition
The Arborist Industry Safe Work Practices guide is a product of the
Arborist Safe Work Practices Committee* and has been developed through a partnership
arrangement amongst industry leaders including the following:
Farm Safety Association) manages the copyright of the Arborist Industry Safe Work Practices.
Through an agreement of the partners, the Workplace Safety & Prevention Services (formerly the
The Arborist Safe Work Practices Committee would like to acknowledge the support and contribution of:
Arborist Industry Safe Work Practices and we encourage other organizations to become involved.
The following logos represent a number of active participants in the creation and/or support of the
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Arborist Safe Work Practices Disclaimer ........................................................................................................... 4
Forward .............................................................................................................................................................. 5
Arborist Safe Work Practices Defined ............................................................................................................... 8
How to Use the ASWP's .................................................................................................................................... 9
INTRODUCTION
Using the Arborist Safe Work Practices within a 5 Step Health and Safety Management System ................... 13
GENERAL LEGISLATION
General Legislation ............................................................................................................................................ 17
JOB PLANNING
Work In A Safe Environment ............................................................................................................................. 21
Protect Self and Others .................................................................................................................................... 23
Arborist Job Planning ........................................................................................................................................ 25
WORK PRACTICES
Climbing Trees ................................................................................................................................................... 29
Work At Heights ................................................................................................................................................. 49
Tree Felling ........................................................................................................................................................ 55
Arborist Hand and Power Tools ......................................................................................................................... 61
Fertilizing and Aerating Soils for Woody Plants ................................................................................................. 65
Installation of Hardware in Woody Plants .......................................................................................................... 70
Transplanting Woody Plants ................................................................................................................................ 73
Aerial Device Operation ..................................................................................................................................... 75
Chain Saw Operation ......................................................................................................................................... 78
Brush Chipper Operation ................................................................................................................................... 81
Stumper Operation ............................................................................................................................................. 84
Clearing Saw Operation .................................................................................................................................... 87
Mobile Cranes to Remove Trees ....................................................................................................................... 90
The contents of the Arborist Safe Work Practices (ASWP), including all advice, recommendations, and
procedures are provided as a service by Workplace Safety & Prevention Services (formerly known as the Farm
Safety Association of Ontario). No representation of any kind is made to any person whatsoever with regard to
accuracy, completeness or sufficiency of the material. Any and all use of these practices, or anything found herein,
is solely and entirely at the user’s risk.
Workplace Safety & Prevention Services wishes to express its appreciation to those who have assisted in the
preparation of the Arborist Safe Work Practices guide.
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Arborist Safe Work Practices
FOREWORD
The arborist safe work practices committee has evolved since its inception in 1999 to a well defined working
committee that looks after various safety related issues in the arborist industry. A mile stone was reached on
January 1, 2011 when the committee put in place a terms of reference to help with committee structure and to
ensure its future continuance.
Below you will find some excerpts from the terms of reference as well as the committee members as of the time
of this printing.
1.0 Purpose
The Arborist Industry Safe Work Practices (ASWP) committee is a volunteer committee for the arborist trade in
Ontario whose purpose is to assist government agencies, WSIB, and Safe Workplace Associations to improve the
health and safety of the arboricultural industry.
Membership on the Committee is open to anyone employed or employs workers directly within the arboriculture
sector.
Consideration for membership to the Committee will require an application to the Chair. The Chair will present the
credentials of the new member to the Committee for consideration. Committee members will vote on all applicants
to the Committee with a Majority Rule decision.
Committee make-up will attempt to have an equal representation of employers and employees. Committee
make-up will be limited to twelve (12) members, including the Chair and Co-Chair positions, and will include all
facets of the industry:
• Commercial (4 members)
• Municipal (4 members)
• Utility (4 members)
Vacant Labour
Vacant Labour
Commercial (4 Members) Municipal (4 Members) Utility (4 Members)
Landscape Ontario
Sally Harvey
Workplace Safety & Insurance Board
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Arborist Safe Work Practices
FOREWORD
In an effort to further the safety of the worker in Ontario, this revised third edition of the ASWP has an added
work practice for the use of Crane in arborist work. It cannot be stressed enough that this is a living document, a
work in progress. Through further research and development, new techniques will appear in the industry, with
the use of this document we endeavor to set a guideline for safety in the workplace by which new techniques
can be judged for safe use in the workplace.
The following individuals were instrumental in editing this third edition of the ASWP:
Suggestions for improvement or changes should be in writing, faxed or emailed to Workplace Safety & Prevention Services at 877-494-
9777 or customercare@wsps.ca
SCOPE
The Arborist Safe Work Practices (ASWP) contain arboricultural safety requirements for planting, pruning,
repairing, maintaining and removing woody plants, cutting brush and for using equipment in such operations,
outside of the Construction or Industrial Legislated Limits of Approach to energized electrical apparatus.
For work within the Construction or Industrial legislated Limits of Approach the user should contact the
Electrical and Utility Safety Association.
PURPOSE
The work practices provide safety criteria for arborists and other workers involved in arboricultural work.
They are to act as a guide to Provincial, Municipal and other local authorities in drafting regulations and may be
adopted in whole or in part.
APPLICATION
The ASWP is intended to apply to all employees engaged in the business or trade of arboriculture including:
planting, pruning, repairing, maintaining, removing woody plants, or cutting brush. They are not intended for use
by nursery personnel, who are growing and planting trees for wholesale. The ASWP serves as a reference for
safety requirements for those engaged in the practice of arboriculture. The safe work practices may require
situational modifications in response to personnel emergencies and is not intended to limit the options available to
emergency responders.
DETAIL OF ASWP'S
The Arborist Safe Work Practices contains several pieces of information to be used to create a safe work
environment. The user should follow the document and all supporting information.
Legislation
Legislation that is applicable to the practice and the supporting Arborist Safe Work Practices document.
Mandatory Information
Required information to be followed when performing the specific work practice.
Work Practice
Practices that should be used as a guideline for performing the work.
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Arborist Safe Work Practices
The development of the ASWP included a review of legislative requirements found under the OHSA,
Construction and Industrial Regulations. The Safe Work Practices do not supercede legislative requirements but
enhance what is found there. The ASWP do not supersede what is found in the manufacturers’ instructions.
Electrical hazards must be identified prior to performing any work and readers are directed to the Electrical Safety
Rule Book for further information.
In developing the ASWP each task was broken down to its most basic components and from those, a safe work
practice was developed. There are no procedures in the ASWP but a series of suggested practices to follow.
Any task may be performed utilizing one or more practices, but the basic safety steps will always be the same no
matter how the task is performed.
Within the ASWP, words that have been bolded and/or are in italics are defined in the Glossary of Terms.
INTRODUCTION
The Arborist Safe Work Practices (ASWP) are safe work guidelines, written by the industry, for the industry.
They are recognized and supported by the organizations identified on the acknowledgement pages of this guide.
ASWP do not, on their own, ensure that there will be safety on the job. To effectively implement the ASWP, there
has to be a systematic approach to managing these within a health and safety program. “The 5 Steps to Managing
Health & Safety” provides a management system approach. The graphic below depicts the Health & Safety
management model. A systematic approach is critical to a successful health and safety program.
The ASWP fall under the program element of Control Activities in the 5 Step model. Each safe work practice is
managed by using the 5 steps. Management’s role is to establish the safe work practice as a guideline in the
company, communicate their expectations with respect to their use, ensure training on the practice is done and
evaluate by checking that the practice is actually followed. Based on the evaluation, recognition of success is
given and improvements made when needed. This is the continuous improvement loop.
The 5 Step model is incorporated in the WSIB Safe Workplace Awareness Program (SWAP) which has formed the
basis for the Safe Communities Incentive Program (SCIP) and Safety Groups. For purposes of the ASWP, this
Guide provides an introduction to the 5 Step model. For further information on the 5 Step model and the full
Safe Workplace Awareness Program, contact the WSIB at 1-800-663-6639.
1. SET STANDARDS
Setting standards means that management identifies their expectations and policies regarding health and
safety. A management decision to use ASWP, which have been created and supported by the industry, is an
example of setting standards for the company. Another example is setting company standards around doing
accident investigation or ensuring Health & Safety Representative training.
2. COMMUNICATE
Communicating standards and expectations means that the employer ensures all people in the workplace
understand the company rules, what is expected of them and what they can expect from others.
This can happen through formal training programs, notices, meetings etc. Communications also happens if
management is lax when standards are not met. This communicates that standards are not important.
3. TRAIN
Training means that the manager, supervisor, and workers all receive health and safety training relevant
to company standards. This can include training on use of equipment, including company standards
for that equipment or other information appropriate for their role and responsibility, such as the
Joint Health and Safety Committee. Job and workplace orientation is an example of training that everyone
should receive when they are first hired, change locations or after a long absence from the workplace.
Training in ASWP should be ongoing.
4. EVALUATE
Evaluation means that management reviews compliance to its own expectations. Actual health and safety
activity and use of Arborist Safe Work Practices is compared against company expectations, to ensure they
are being met. Evaluation techniques include supervision, interview and observation. The standard itself
should be assessed to ensure that it still meets legal minimums and is valid and appropriate for the workplace.
The 5 Steps for Managing Health & Safety are applied to each element
of a Health and Safety program.
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Arborist Safe Work Practices
GENERAL
LEGISLATION
General Legislation
GENERAL LEGISLATION
INTRODUCTION
The following sections of the Occupational Health and Safety Act (OHSA) apply to the trade of arboriculture and
form the foundation for all of the Arborist Safe Work Practices. It should be noted that the applicable legislation
sets minimum standards for the trade. Specific legislation relating to a work practice will be indicated in each
individual work practice section.
LEGISLATION
Note: Not all sections of the OHSA and Regulations have been indicated here or in other Arborist Safe
Work Practices. It is the responsibility of individuals to know and understand applicable legislation and apply
them as required. The most current edition of the OHSA is accessible through e-laws.
OHSA 25 (1) (a) Duties of Employer: ensure that the equipment, materials and protective devices
as prescribed are provided.
OHSA 25 (1) (b) Duties of Employer: ensure that the equipment, materials and protective devices
provided by the employer are maintained in good condition.
OHSA 25 (1) (d) Duties of Employer: ensure that the equipment, materials and protective devices
provided by the employer are used as prescribed.
OHSA 25 (2) (a) Duties of Employer: provide information, instruction and supervision to a worker to
protect the health or safety of the worker.
OHSA 25 (2) (h) Reasonable Precautions: take every precaution reasonable in the circumstances for
the protection of a worker.
OHSA 26 (1) (k) Additional Duties of Employers: where so prescribed provide a worker with written
instructions as to the measures and procedures to be taken for the protection of a worker.
OHSA 27 (1) (a) Duties of Supervisor: shall ensure that a worker works in a manner and with the
protective devices, measures and procedures required by this Act and the regulations
OHSA 27 (1) (b) Duties of Supervisor: shall ensure that a worker uses or wears the equipment,
protective devices or clothing that the worker’s employer requires to be used or worn.
OHSA 27 (2) (b) Duties of a Supervisor: shall where so prescribed, provide a worker with written
instructions as to the measures and procedures to be taken for the protection of the worker.
OHSA 28 (1) (a) Duties of Worker: shall work in compliance with the provisions of this Act
and the regulations.
OHSA 28 (1) (b) Duties of Worker: shall use or wear the equipment, protective devices or clothing
that the worker's employer requires to be used or worn.
JOB PLANNING
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this section is to outline the requirements for establishing and maintaining a safe work environment.
HAZARDS Gravity
Biotic Conditions Mechanical
Chemical Pedestrian
Climatic Conditions Vehicular
Electrical
Ergonomics
Industrial 851/90 79
MANDATORY INFORMATION
All hazards at the work site must be identified, mitigated and communicated to all workers prior
to starting work.
The work site must be continually monitored for changes to hazards and appropriate barriers put in place.
A first aid kit must be available and workers instructed on its use.
Communicate hazardous situations Identify to all employees and the public, hazardous
equipment and work locations by placing appropriate
barriers to control/eliminate hazards.
Monitor work site for changes to hazards Continually monitor the site for new hazards.
Ensure when new hazards are identified, barriers are
put into place immediately and all staff are notified of
the changes.
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Arborist Safe Work Practices
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this section is to outline how a worker can protect themself and others at the work site.
HAZARDS
Biotic Conditions
Climatic Conditions
Electrical
Ergonomics
Gravity
Mechanical
Pedestrian Traffic
Vehicular Traffic
MANDATORY INFORMATION
All applicable Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) must be appropriately worn at all times.
PPE must be fitted properly.
PPE must not be modified or repaired except by the manufacturer or authorized by the manufacturer.
All tools and equipment must be inspected prior to use.
All guards and barriers must be used.
Head protection must meet the applicable CSA standard and be appropriate to the circumstance
i.e. Class E for electrical environments.
Hearing protection must meet the applicable CSA standard and be appropriate to the circumstance.
Eye protection must meet the applicable CSA standard (Z94.3-92) and be appropriate to the circumstance.
Foot protection must meet the applicable CSA standard (Z195-M92) and be appropriate to the circumstance.
Leg protection must meet the BNQ/CAN standard (1961.45).
Hand protection must be appropriate to the circumstance.
High visibility clothing must be worn in appropriate circumstances i.e. night work,
vehicular traffic situations.
STEP ACTION
Select, inspect, adjust, maintain and wear Personal Inspect the following PPE components:
Protective Equipment (PPE) appropriate to the Head protection
Eye protection
circumstance daily / before use
Hearing protection
Hand protection
High visibility clothing
Chain saw leg protection
Foot protection
UV Protection
Inspect tools and equipment required for the work Inspect tools for:
Proper operation
Sharpness
Cracks, damage
Loose connections and leaks
Appropriate certification required
i.e. dialectical testing
Handle and carry equipment safely Utilize guards and barriers as required.
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Arborist Safe Work Practices
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this section is to outline the requirements for appropriate job planning while performing
arboricultural work.
MANDATORY INFORMATION
Job planning is a process of identifying hazards and placing appropriate barriers to the hazards.
Job planning is an on going process throughout the job and must be constantly monitored and
changed as needed.
Prior to the job starting a discussion must be conducted, referred to as a Tailboard Discussion,
that outlines all the hazards and required barriers at the work site.
Complete Tailboard Discussion Ensure all crew members are present and participate.
Monitor the work site for changes to Assess work site for changes to hazards throughout
original job planning duration of the work.Changes to hazards require the
crew to stop and re-evaluate conditions and barriers.
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Arborist Safe Work Practices
WORK PRACTICES
Climbing Trees
Work at Heights
Tree Felling
Arborist Hand & Power Tools
Fertilizing & Aerating Soils for Woody Plants
Installation of Hardware in Woody Plants
Arborist Transplanting Woody Plants
Aerial Device Operation
Chainsaw Operation
Brush Chipper Operation
Stumper Operation
Clearing Saw Use
Mobile Cranes to Remove Trees
CLIMBING TREES
INTRODUCTION
This section outlines the safe work practice for climbing trees.
HAZARDS Gravity
Biotic Conditions Mechanical
Chemical Pedestrian
Climatic Conditions Vehicular
Electrical
Ergonomics
Construction 213/91 26
MANDATORY INFORMATION
The following are the general mandatory requirements for all arborists ascending trees. In addition to these
requirements, the work practice contains specific requirements that must also be followed.
The use of an aerial device, where practical, should be considered first before attempting to physically
ascend the tree.
Those engaged in tree climbing must be adequately trained, or in the process of being trained to; plan jobs,
perform pre-climb inspections, inspect fall protection equipment, perform ascending methods, use work
positioning techniques, descend from tree and emergency response.
Arborists engaged in climbing trees must be accompanied by at least one ground assistant.
At least one ground assistant at any given work site, where tree climbing is being performed, should be
trained in climbing and emergency response.
Prior to climbing, all trees must be inspected to ensure that they have the structural integrity to
sustain the weight of the Arborist and all potential loads i.e. rigging or removing limbs.
The arborist requires knowledge of tree structure, potential defects and species specific
characteristics in order to safely assess the structural integrity of the tree and its components.
All climbing equipment must meet the standard as set out in Appendix B.
Friction hitches used to secure the climber aloft must be from Appendix D.
In its final anchor point the rope or friction saver must be positioned around the main stem of the tree.
All captive eye snaps and carabiners used as part of a fall protection system must have a
minimum of a double action, pull down and twist, auto locking mechanism.
A second attachment (i.e. work positioning lanyard or double tie in technique) is to be used in addition
to the climbing line, upon reaching each work position, and for the duration of work at that location.
Equipment used to secure an arborist in the tree or from the bucket shall not be used for
anything other than its intended purpose.
EXCEPTION: The arborist climbing line may be used to raise and lower tools.
Ropes and climbing equipment shall be stored and transported in such a manner as to prevent
damage through contact with sharp tools, cutting edges, gas, oil, chemicals or ultraviolet light.
Arborists shall inspect ropes, lanyards, and other climbing equipment for damage, cuts, abrasion,
and/or deterioration before each use and shall remove them from service, if signs of excessive wear
or damage are found.
When working aloft by climbing the tree, you must be tied in twice whenever you are using sharp tools e.g.
handsaw, chainsaw, or pole pruner.
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Arborist Safe Work Practices
WORK PRACTICE
1.0 JOB PLAN
A thorough job plan must be completed prior to ascending a tree .The following is a guideline of topics that should
be discussed in the planning process. All crew members must be party to the job planning process, and job plans
must be documented in writing Refer to Job Planning Section
STEP ACTION
Determine ascent route and work required within Ascent route must consider hazards such as,
the crown of the tree. electrical, structural integrity of the tree, insect
or animals.
Determine locations for interim anchor points Visually assess potential anchor points to ensure
that they are strong enough to withstand the forces
that will act on them. Look carefully for any
structurally limiting defects that could lead to failure
of the anchor point.
Determine location of final anchor point The final anchor point location that will provide the
best support and freedom of movement for the
climber is generally the highest, most centrally
located point within the tree. Visually assess the
structural integrity of this potential anchor point.
Ensure safety systems are in place Ensure a second person is available to initiate an
emergency response.Ensure that emergency contact
information is recorded on the job plan
(emergency phone #s, directions to the work site)
Determine appropriate barriers for the Set up appropriate barriers for each hazard
hazards identified
In arboriculture, diagnosing the structural strength of a tree is an inexact science. The arborist relies on
knowledge and experience gained through formal training programs and related field experience to make
a determination of the structural integrity of the tree.
Tree Inspection
STEP ACTION
Inspect root structure Visually inspect root system for visible decay or
indication of decay such as fungal fruiting bodies,
grade changes, extensive excavation, circumferential
soil cracking, protruding root plate, etc. Further
assessment of the root system may be necessary.
Consider the history of the site to determine if there
have been activities that could weaken the holding
capacity of the root system i.e. compacted soil
creating rotting of roots
Inspect stem structure Visually inspect stem for: signs or symptoms of wood
decay such as: fungal fruiting structures, conks,
cankers, open wounds, abnormally loose bark,
irregularities in trunk taper or normal round profile,
localized ridges or seams, abrupt changes in normal
linear configuration of trunk; whether the tree is alive
or dead. Further assessment of the stem may be
necessary. This may involve techniques such as
trunk sounding or the use of special tools and
devices. However, all of these methods require
Inspect branches and crown of tree Visually inspect the crown of the tree for deadwood,
dieback, stunted growth, hanging or broken limbs,
weak unions, splits, cracks or missing sections
Visually assess proposed interim anchor points Assess anchor points for appropriate diameter,
strength, and angle of attachment.Consider species
During the Tree Inspection, discovery of structural defects or potential hazards will require careful reconsideration of
the methods originally selected for use. It may be necessary to select an alternative method for accessing the tree.
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Arborist Safe Work Practices
Many factors determine tree branch breaking strength. Listed below are descriptions of the most
common conditions that could produce a limb failure.
Magnitude of load (dynmaic vs. static) applied
Type of loading (distance away from limb attachment to main stem)
Other loads on the limb (foliage, snow, torque caused by limb length, weight distribution, etc.)
Tree species
Cross sectional area of solid wood (diameter of limb)
Condition of wood (sound, decayed, hollow)
Branch attachment relative to parent stem (angle, “V” or “U” shape)
Season and temperature (winter versus summer)
Stage of tree maturity
Movement or rubbing between limbs
Assess the above conditions prior to using a limb as an anchor point. Some of the listed conditions can be
scientifically proven without severing the limb from the tree. However, in most cases, combined knowledge and
experience will prepare the arborist to determine whether the limb is safe to use as an anchor point. In the
absence of adequate knowledge and/or experience, the arborist should request assistance from a more qualified
person with respect to this decision.
In order to minimize the effect of leverage on the limb being used as an anchor, the arborist’s rope must be kept
against the main stem of the tree while climbing. To facilitate this, limbs used as temporary anchor points must be
horizontal or growing upwards.
STEP ACTION
From the ground, the worker may utilize a throw ball or bag, throwing knot or noose knot. Sling shot devices
are being used increasingly to assist in getting a throw bag high into a tree.
Once within the tree, the worker may use a rope poking tool, pole pruner or throwing knot to advance the
rope up the tree.
Ascent
STEP ACTION
Test belay to ensure it is secure Place weight into the system. If the
climbing rope slips through mechanical
arrestor or friction hitch, the system is not
safe to use. Either retie the knot or
remove/inspect/re-install the mechanical
arrestor. Re-check the system
Begin ascent
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Arborist Safe Work Practices
Once the arborist has climbed to an interim anchor point, the following Action applies for continuing ascent.
STEP ACTION
Secure to tree using a work positioning lanyard Place work positioning lanyard around the main stem
Ensure that the work positioning lanyard is secure Check snaps, place weight into lanyard
Secure climbing rope to fall protection saddle Secure rope using a termination knot or connector
to saddle of fall protection harness
Continue ascent
The final anchor point is where the arborist will secure their climbing rope allowing the arborist mobility to work.
The final anchor point is best situated as high in the tree as possible to allow mobility of the worker, similar to a
pendulum. The final anchor point must meet the requirements of all anchor locations.
STEP ACTION
Secure to tree using a work positioning lanyard Place a work positioning lanyard around the main stem
and over a sufficiently strong limb to secure to tree
Test lanyard is secured Place weight into lanyard to ensure it does not move
Adjust climbing rope to meet work requirements Place rope or friction saver around the main stem
Test friction hitch Gradually place weight into friction hitch to ensure it
does not move
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Arborist Safe Work Practices
STEP ACTION
Once the arborist has climbed to an interim anchor point, the following Action applies for continuing ascent.
STEP ACTION
Secure to tree using work positioning lanyard Place work positioning lanyard around the main stem
of the tree or a suitably strong limb
Ensure that lanyard is secure Check snaps, place weight into lanyard
Tie and test friction hitch Slowly place weight into systemSlippage of friction
hitch requires redressing of hitch and retesting
Continue ascent
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Arborist Safe Work Practices
The final anchor point is where the arborist will secure their climbing rope allowing the arborist mobility to work.
The final anchor point is best situated as high in the tree as possible to allow mobility of the worker, similar to a
pendulum. The final anchor point must meet the requirements of all anchor locations.
STEP ACTION
Secure to tree using a work positioning lanyard Place work positioning lanyard around the main
stem of the tree or a suitably strong limb
Ensure that lanyard is secured Check snaps, place weight into lanyard
STEP ACTION
Tie and test friction hitch Slowly place weight into system
Slippage of friction hitch requires
redressing of hitch and retesting
tree
anchor point
reaching the interim
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Arborist Safe Work Practices
Once the arborist has climbed to the interim anchor point, the following Action applies for continuing ascent.
STEP ACTION
Secure to tree using a work positioning lanyard Secure work positioning lanyard around the main stem
of the tree or a suitably strong limb
Ensure work positioning lanyard is secure Check snaps and place weight into it
Test and or tie friction hitch from list of approved Slowly place weight into system
hitches in Appendix D Re test split tail friction hitch
Tie and test friction hitch in conventional system
Continue ascent
The final anchor point is where the arborist will secure their climbing rope allowing the arborist mobility to work.
The final anchor point is best situated as high in the tree as possible to allow better mobility of the worker. The
final anchor point must meet the requirements of all anchor locations.
STEP ACTION
Ensure that lanyard is secured Check snaps and place weight into it
STEP ACTION
Secure fall restricting system A fall restricting system must be used during tree
ascent
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Arborist Safe Work Practices
STEP ACTION
Secure using work positioning lanyard While working from a ladder a Fall Restricting System
must be used
STEP ACTION
Perform work
Release secondary
attachment device
to move to next
work position
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Arborist Safe Work Practices
STEP ACTION
Position rope for descent Position rope vertical to the descent route
Control descent speed by pulling the friction hitch Descend in a slow and controlled fashion
down the rope
STEP ACTION
Assess the Emergency Observation of the scene
Electrical Conductors/Contact
(If there’s contact DO NOT proceed
before calling the proper authorities)
struck by limbs, tree sections, lightning
is victim pinned
medical conditions (bug/animal bites,
heat exhaustion, diabetes, etc)
Try to communicate with the victim
Verbally
Shaking of injured persons climbing line
Assessing the Victims condition
is victim able to descend by him/her self
is victim unconscious
is victim unresponsive
is victim bleeding profusely
Determine need for EMS
Determine feasibility/appropriateness of aerial rescue
Electrical Conductors/Contact
(If there’s contact DO NOT proceed
before calling the proper authorities)
Rigging Systems Hazards
Tangled ropes
Half cut limbs
Ground Hazards
Chainsaws
Brush Piles
Tree Hazard/Inspection Check
Root Zone
Canopy
Trunk
Weather conditions
Rescuer’s competency in performing aerial rescue
First Aid training
Climbing ability
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Arborist Safe Work Practices
STEP ACTION
Ascend tree
STEP ACTION
Commence with Aerial Rescue of the victim Inspect victim’s fall protection system
(if victim is unconscious, or not breathing, or in
Cuts
Cardiac Arrest, and has no suspected neck or
back injuries) Damage
Entanglement
Length of climbing rope
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Arborist Safe Work Practices
WORKING AT HEIGHTS
INTRODUCTION
This section outlines the requirements for an arborist working at heights.
HAZARDS
Biotic Conditions Gravity
Chemical Mechanical
Climatic Conditions Pedestrian
Electrical Vehicular
Ergonomics
MANDATORY INFORMATION
All trees must be inspected for hazards prior to climbing or working at heights.
All appropriate Personal Protective Equipment must be worn while working at heights.
When one or more climbers are working at heights at least one Ground Assistant must be present.
At least one Ground Assistant at any given work site must know the emergency response procedures.
Those engaged in working at heights must be trained in proper knot tying, use of appropriate
fall protection techniques, conducting pre-climb inspection, aerial rescue techniques, appropriate
descent and ascent methods and appropriate rigging techniques.
All rigging and cutting equipment must be inspected, as per manufacturers’ recommendations,
prior to daily use.
Ensure that chain saws and other gasoline-powered tools are fueled, sharp and running properly
prior to sending aloft.
All ropes, slings, blocks, connecting links and any other equipment used in rigging tree limbs must
not be subjected to forces greater than the manufacturers’ recommended safe working loads.
All Ground Assistants involved in a rigging procedure must receive prior training and instruction
appropriate for the given situation.
While working at heights climbers should be tied in twice to ensure a secure work position.
Precautions must be taken to eliminate the hazard of a potential ‘reverse barber chair’
All pruning tools and equipment not in use must be securely attached to a limb of sufficient strength
to hold it and to keep it from coming in contact with any conductor.
Corner cuts, two cuts on either side of notch, should be used to ensure that the bark does not
strip down a limb.
When working aloft by climbing the tree, you must be tied in twice whenever you are using sharp tools e.g.
handsaw, chainsaw, or pole pruner
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Arborist Safe Work Practices
WORK PRACTICES
Inspect work site
STEP ACTION
Determine landing zone Ensure that ground assistants are aware of area.
Ascend tree
STEP ACTION
Inspect limbs that will be removed Check limbs for potential hazards such as:
Decay
Bird holes
Cracks
Imbedded objects
Cankers
Structural integrity
STEP ACTION
Choose limbs or branch unions to run lines Points for rigging must be in suitable locations
over/through or attach rigging blocks that are of sufficient size and strength to carry
loads applied.
Rigging locations must be wide enough to allow
free movement of rigging lines.
Install lines, slings and or rigging blocks Ensure rope size, strength, material and construction
are appropriate for rigging line application.
Climber secures to a safe work position Climber should move to a safe position
prior to cutting.
A safe work position should be such that injury
will not result due to an inadvertent limb or tree
section moving.
Climber must have adequate balance and
stability during cutting operation.
Ensure all ropes are not in close proximity
of proposed cutting location.
A second work-positioning lanyard should be
used to ensure a safer work position.
Prepare to start limb removal. Ensure that climber and ground assistants are
prepared and in agreement as to timing and
co-ordination of instructions.
52
Arborist Safe Work Practices
STEP ACTION
Cutting Limbs
STEP ACTION
Utilize appropriate cutting technique Appropriate cuts will be dependant on the desired
From: ISA Tree Climbers Guide direction that the limb is to move i.e. under cut if
raising, two cuts to ensure bark does not peel.
STEP ACTION
Communicate Back Cut is to be performed Refer to Tree Felling Safe Work Practice.
Place tension on pull rope.
Begin Back Cut Monitor cut to ensure holding wood is not cut off
completely.
Monitor movement of the tree top.
Pull on pull rope Apply constant tension on rope to tip over tree top.
54
Arborist Safe Work Practices
TREE FELLING
INTRODUCTION
This section outlines the practice of felling, bucking and limbing trees during tree removal operations.
HAZARDS
Biotic Conditions Gravity
Chemical Mechanical
Climatic Conditions Pedestrian
Electrical Vehicular
Ergonomics
43, 52, 53, 54, 55, 67, 68, 69, 78, 79, 80, 81, 82, 83, 84, 93,
Construction 213/91
94, 95, 96, 112, 113, 183, 186
Industrial 851/90 22, 23, 39, 42, 43, 45, 60, 73, 79, 80, 81, 82, 84, 103, 139
MANDATORY INFORMATION
All trees must be inspected for hazards prior to cutting.
All appropriate Personal Protective Equipment must be worn.
Escape routes must be cleared before felling operations.
All workers must be notified that the "Back Cut" is being performed.
Workers must stay outside of the Hazard Area and at least 3 metres (10 feet) away from the
saw operator when operating a chain saw.
Do not fell trees onto lodged trees.
Do not climb lodged trees.
Do not work directly underneath or within striking distance of a lodged tree unless the work
can be done safely.
Do not turn your back to a falling tree.
Workers must be aware of all dangers.
Saw operator must ensure there are no obstacles or hazards within the Hazard zone.
Notches should be used for all trees greater than 13 centimeters (5 inches) diameter at breast height (DBH).
STEP ACTION
56
Arborist Safe Work Practices
Site Inspection
STEP ACTION
Inspect tools and equipment to be used Ensure tools and equipment are free of defects
and readily available.
Ensure tools are sharp.
Set rigging equipment if required Refer to the Climb Tree Working at Heights Safe
Note:
Work Practice.
Set Notch
STEP ACTION
Secure tree to prevent Barber Chairing Consider options to prevent Barber Chairing such as:
Chain trees
Use of a Plunge Cut
Use of alternative notch styles
Set notch Set notch in accordance with notch used.
Ensure notch direction is in the correct location.
Inspect notch for rot or decay.
STEP ACTION
Determine location of back cut Back Cut location should be in accordance with
the notch used.
Communicate intent toback cut Communicate to workers that the “back cut” is
going to be performed.
Note: Ensure all workers understand that
the back cut is occurring.
Ensure all workers are clear of the Hazard Area.
Perform back cut Monitor the tree for unusual sounds or movements.
Ensure that the holding wood is not cut off.
A spotter may be necessary to ensure
that the holding wood is not cut off.
The spotter must stay out of the Hazard Area
and at least 3 metres (10 feet) away.
Note: If tree begins to fall in a direction other
than intended, the saw operator must leave
the area by the Escape Route.
If the saw becomes bound in a cut, the number one
priority is the safety of the saw operator.
Leave all equipment behind.
Monitor the tree as it falls Never turn your back to a falling tree.
Watch for dead limbs and other objects falling
from trees.
Monitor the tree as it strikes the ground as the
butt portion may move towards the saw operator.
Ensure that the tree has completely settled and
adjacent trees are secure before moving in to
remove rigging or starting bucking operations.
58
Arborist Safe Work Practices
Limb Trees
STEP ACTION
Clear spring poles Spring poles have explosive forces and should
be removed carefully.
Spring poles are small trees bent over from
pressure of the felled tree Make several small cuts on the tension side
to release the forces. This should be done slowly.
Determine pressure points Limbs bent over objects or angled severely will
have explosive pressure associated with them.
Lodged Tree
STEP ACTION
Cut tree from stump Sever lodged tree from stump.Tree may roll free at this
time.
Roll tree off support tree Attempt to roll lodged tree off from support tree using
either a cant hook or pull rope.
Utilize mechanical means to pull tree from lodged tree Mechanical means may be used when manual
i.e. truck, crane methods have failed.
Block lodged tree into small pieces Cut small blocks from the base of the lodged tree.
STEP ACTION
Determine length required Smaller blocks of wood are lighter and easier to
manipulate.
Determine pressure points Trees bent over or weight applied to one end will
create pressure on the log.
Begin cutting Logs may require two cuts, one from the top and then
rolled over for a second cut.
Cut trees from the high side of the terrain i.e. the tree
will roll away from the saw operator.
60
Arborist Safe Work Practices
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this section is to outline the inspection and maintenance requirements for Arborist Hand
and Power Tools.
EQUIPMENT USED
The following outlines some of the tools used in arboriculture.
Ladders
HAZARDS
Climatic Conditions Electrical
Ergonomics Mechanical
78, 79, 80, 81, 83, 84, 93, 95, 109, 113, 172, 173, 174, 176,
Construction 213/91
177, 179, 181, 195
MANDATORY INFORMATION
Inspect all equipment tools daily / before use. Inspect for loose handles, cracks, defects, loose bolts,
sharpness etc.
All tools and equipment use, inspection and maintenance must adhere to the manufacturers’
instructions where applicable.
All appropriate Limits of Approach to electrical apparatus must be maintained.
Guards and sheaths should be used to protect sharpened edges of knives, blades or chains etc.
when storing.
In electrical environment only tools designed, tested, and maintained for electrical environment
shall be used.
Gasoline, oil and gas powered equipment must be stored separately from other personal tools.
Rigging equipment must be labeled with the appropriate Working Load Limit or Safe Working Load.
Power cords for electrical tools must be monitored to ensure they are not cut or fall into water.
62
Arborist Safe Work Practices
WORK PRACTICES
General Information
The correct hand tool(s) and equipment shall be selected for the job.
Hand tools and equipment that have been made unsafe by damage or defect shall not be used.
Arborists and other workers shall maintain a safe working distance from other arborists and workers
when using hand tools and equipment.
When ascending a tree, arborists shall not carry hand tools and equipment in their hands unless they
are tools that are used to assist them in their climbing.
Tools other than ropes or throw lines shall not be thrown into a tree, out of a tree or from arborist to
arborist while in a tree.
Arborist climbing lines or hand lines should only be used for raising and lowering
hand tools and equipment.
Arborists should raise or lower hand tools and equipment in a manner such that the cutting edge
will not contact the climbing line or hand line.
Hand tools and equipment shall be properly stored or placed in plain sight out of the immediate
work area when not in use.
Ladders
Ladders made of metal or other conductive material shall
not be used where electrical hazards exist.
Ladders shall conform to the appropriate CSA standard.
Ensure that the appropriate grade of ladder is used.
All ladders shall be inspected before use.
effective means of securing the ladder shall be used when
Cleats, metal points, skid-resistant feet, lashing or other
64
Arborist Safe Work Practices
INTRODUCTION
This section outlines the practice for fertilizing and aerating soils for woody plants.
Hazards
Biotic Conditions
Chemical
Climatic Conditions
Electrical
Ergonomics
Mechanical
MANDATORY INFORMATION
Operators must inspect equipment prior to using.
Operators must assess the work site for the need to locate underground utilities.
Operators must wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment.
Inspect equipment as per manufacturers’ instructions Inspect pump and hoses to/for:
Ensure fittings are secured and attached
Leaks
Cracks
Mix fertilizer as per Product Label Wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment.
66
Arborist Safe Work Practices
GRANULAR - SOIL
Broadcast Method
STEP ACTION
STEP ACTION
Note:
Locates may need to be established.
STEP ACTION
Drill hole to appropriate depth Hold drill firmly to reduce potential for jamming
and twisting of drill.
STEP ACTION
Drill appropriate depth / width into tree Hold drill firmly to reduce potential for jamming
and twisting of drill.
68
Arborist Safe Work Practices
AERATING SOILS
STEP ACTION
Note:
Locates may need to be established.
Mechanical Aeration
STEP ACTION
Pneumatic Aeration
STEP ACTION
Insert probe into soil Ensure probe is inserted to the appropriate depth.
INTRODUCTION
This section outlines the practice for installing hardware.
HAZARDS
Biotic Conditions
Climatic Conditions
Electrical
Ergonomics
Gravity
Mechanical
Pedestrian
Vehicular
MANDATORY INFORMATION
All woody plants must be inspected prior to ascending.
If pruning or dead wooding are required it should be done prior to installing hardware.
Arborists and other workers on the ground shall not stand under the work area of a tree when
a cabling system is being installed.
Tools shall be raised, lowered and carried in a bag or belt designed to hold such tools, or attached
to a tool lanyard.
All appropriate Personal Protective Equipment must be worn.
Arborists in trees should be positioned off to one side in order to avoid injury in case of
cable system failure, such as when a block and tackle or a hand winch, are released.
70
Arborist Safe Work Practices
WORK PRACTICES
Site Inspection
STEP ACTION
Inspect tools and equipment required for the work Inspect tools for hazards such as:
Operational
Sharpness
Cracks, damage
Loose connections
Appropriate certification required
i.e. dielectrical testing.
Determine safest route of ascent Inspect for structurally sound tie in points.
Refer to Climb Trees and Work at Heights section.
STEP ACTION
Determine location for hardware Inspect tree for defects and hazards associated
with the location of the work.
Secure work position in the tree Ascend tree as per the Climb Tree and
Work at Heights section.
Raise tools Ensure tools are secured in a tool bag.
Drill holes if required Maintain a firm grip on drills to protect from drill kick
back twisting action.
Maintain the appropriate Limits of Approach to
electrical conductors.
Maintain good body positioning while drilling.
STEP ACTION
Determine location for hardware Inspect tree for defects and hazards associated
with the location of the work.
72
Arborist Safe Work Practices
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this section is to outline the safe work practice for manually or mechanically transplanting
woody plants.
HAZARDS
Biotic Conditions Ergonomics
Climatic Conditions Gravity
Cuts and abrasions Mechanical
Electrical Vehicle
Industrial 851/90 45
MANDATORY INFORMATION
All appropriate Personal Protective Equipment (PPE) must be worn.
Establish need to assess locates for underground utilities prior to digging holes.
All mechanical devices for planting trees must be operated by qualified personnel only.
Assistants working around mechanical equipment must be oriented to the hazards of the machine.
Remove basket if required Keep body parts away from sharp edges of cut
baskets.
Watch for pinch points of equipment used.
Back fill hole Use appropriate body positioning when back filling.
Ensure that sharp edges of baskets will not puncture
footwear.
74
Arborist Safe Work Practices
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this section is to outline the safe work practices involved in operating an Aerial Device.
HAZARDS
Climatic Conditions Gravity
Electrical Mechanical
Ergonomics
26, 67, 68, 69, 93, 94, 95, 96, 97, 98, 101, 104, 105, 108,
Construction 213/91
109, 143, 144, 145, 146, 147, 148, 149, 182, 183, 186, 187
MANDATORY INFORMATION
The manufacturers’ instructions must be followed for all maintenance and operation instructions.
Ensure manufacturers’ instructions are readily available.
Operators shall wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment.
Operators must wear appropriate Fall Protection Equipment.
The Operator of the Aerial Device will control the work site and communicate directions to the
ground person.
Only Qualified Personnel may operate an Aerial Device.
All personnel must know the control measures needed for vehicle and pedestrian control.
All Operators must know and practice Aerial Device rescue and escape procedures at least annually.
All Ground Assistants must have knowledge of and practice their role in Aerial Device rescue and
escape procedures.
All Ground Assistants must have knowledge of the operation of lower controls to perform an aerial rescue.
All buckets must contain a hand line of adequate length to be used in Aerial Device rescues.
Maintain three-point contact when mounting or dismounting an Aerial Device.
When transferring between an Aerial Device to a tree or to another Aerial Device, the climber must be
secured with a fall restraint system prior to leaving the Aerial Device.
Ensure manufacturers’ instructions are readily available and have been understood by the operator.
STEP ACTION
Inspect Fall Protection Equipment Inspect Full body harness and shock absorbing
lanyard as per manufacturers’ information and
Appendix A Inspection of Fall Protection Equipment.
Put on Fall Protection Equipment Adjust and put on Full body harness.
Attach shock-absorbing lanyard to Full body
harness and to an approved attachment point
on the aerial device.
Arborist Safe Work Practices
STEP ACTION
STEP ACTION
STEP ACTION
Transportation
STEP ACTION
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this section is to outline the safe methods to operate and maintain a chain saw while on the ground
and aloft. This section excludes tools such as telescopic pole chain saws, power pack chain saws, motorized pole
saws and hydraulic pole saws and pruners.
HAZARDS
Biotic Conditions Ergonomics
Climatic Conditions Fire
Cuts and abrasions Mechanical
Electrical
MANDATORY INFORMATION
All power chain saws must be equipped with a chain that minimizes the risk of kick back.
Chain saw operators shall wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment.
If face shields are used they must be used in conjunction with approved safety glasses.
The engine shall not be started until the saw is in the immediate work area, except when a warm-up
period is required at which time the saw shall not be left unattended.
The operator shall ensure that the work area is clear of obstructions that may be hazardous.
Operators shall decide on and prepare an escape route before cutting commences.
No one except the operator shall be allowed within a radius of 3 metres (10 feet) of a one-person
chain saw when it is in operation.
No adjustment shall be made to the chain while the engine is running.
During all chainsaw operations, the operator must be fully aware of the consequences of
any cut before it is made.
Chain saws shall not be operated for cuts above shoulder level.
78
Arborist Safe Work Practices
STEP ACTION
Inspect Personal Protective Equipment Inspect and wear the following personal protective
equipment, appropriate for the circumstance:
Head protection
Hearing protection
Eye protection
Hand protection
Chain saw leg protection
Foot protection
Inspect saw for hazards Inspect chain saw for loose components and missing
components.
Perform pre-operational chain saw check Start saw using a method described in the
manufacturers’ instructions.
Test chain brake by activating chain brake.
Note:
If chain brake does not work, the chain saw must be
removed from service and repaired.
Maintenance
STEP ACTION
STEP ACTION
80
Arborist Safe Work Practices
INTRODUCTION
This section outlines the use of a brush chipper. Not all practices outlined are applicable to all models of chippers.
HAZARDS
Biotic Conditions
Climatic Conditions
Electrical
Ergonomics
Mechanical
Construction 213/91 67, 68, 69, 93, 94, 95, 96, 101, 104, 105, 108, 109
MANDATORY INFORMATION
Operators shall wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment.
Only Qualified personnel may operate a chipper.
Routine inspection and maintenance must be completed as per the manufacturers’ instructions.
Do not wear jewelry or clothing that could become entangled in brush or moving parts.
Secure long hair so that it does not become entangled in moving parts.
Never place any body parts in the in-feed chute for any reason while the machine is operating.
Never place yourself in front of the discharge chute.
Inspect chipper prior to use.
Ensure all guards and protective devices are operational and in place.
Ensure manufacturers’ instructions are readily available and have been understood by the operator.
STEP ACTION
Test chipper brakes – if equipped Move chipper short distance and test brakes.
Brakes that do not work must be repaired before
allowed on roadways.
Check directional control arm – if equipped Ensure directional control arm is stopping
and redirecting in-feed rollers as per the
manufacturers’ instructions.
Secure work site Secure work site with traffic control devices
and pedestrian barriers as per Ontario Traffic
Manual Book 7
82
Arborist Safe Work Practices
Operation
STEP ACTION
Inspect brush pile Inspect for nails, metal objects, and foreign objects.
Cut larger limbs into small sections to allow free
movement through chipper.
Lift brush onto feed table Bend at the knees to lift brush.
Feed brush into chipper Ensure that hands and loose clothing do not become
entangled with the brush.
Do not stand directly behind the in-feed chute of the
chipper.
Do not feed chipper from the roadside.
Turn away from roadside to retrieve more brush.
Do not place hands inside chipper in-feed chute.
Larger limbs should be cut into smaller pieces to
allow freer movement into chipper.
STEP ACTION
Move directional control arm to the neutral position Stop movement of the in-feed rollers.
– if equipped
Move directional control arm to the neutral position Shut down machine to stop knives.
– if equipped
Remove Blockage
STEP ACTION
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this section is to outline the safe work practices involved in operating a stumper.
HAZARDS
Biotic Conditions
Climatic Conditions
Electrical
Ergonomics
Mechanical
Construction 213/91 67, 68, 69, 93, 94, 95, 96, 101, 104, 105, 108, 109
MANDATORY INFORMATION
Operators shall wear appropriate Personal Protective Equipment.
Only Qualified personnel may operate a stumper.
Routine inspection and maintenance must be completed as per the manufacturers’ instruction.
Do not wear jewelry or clothing that may or could become entangled in moving parts.
Secure long hair so that it does not become entangled in moving parts.
Never work near or on cutter wheel unless engine is shut down.
Everyone must be clear of work area during operation.
Do not operate equipment with defective guards or shields.
Assess potential of underground obstructions such as hydro, gas, communications etc. and
request locates if necessary.
Inspect stumper prior to use.
Ensure all guards and protective devices are operational and in place.
Ensure manufacturers’ instructions are readily available and have been understood by the operator.
84
Arborist Safe Work Practices
WORK PRACTICES
Preoperational Checks
STEP ACTION
Test stumper brakes if equipped Move stumper short distance and test brakes.
Brakes that do not work must be repaired before
allowed on roadways.
Secure work area Secure work area with traffic control devices
and pedestrian barriers as per Ontario
Traffic Manual Book 7.
STEP ACTION
Inspect stump and work area Remove nails, metal objects, foreign objects, stones,
wires and loose chunks of wood.
Assess potential of underground obstructions such as
hydro, gas, communications etc. and obtain locates.
Assess site for ground conditions and slope.
Begin cutting stump using the manufacturers’ Monitor work area to ensure no one enters the area.
recommended cutting area.
Monitor the direction of debris to ensure it stays
within the work area.
STEP ACTION
Lower cutter wheel into stump Lower wheel into stump debris.
STEP ACTION
Secure the stumper for road travel Insert safety pins, roll up curtains etc.
86
Arborist Safe Work Practices
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this section is to outline the safe work practices for operating a clearing saw.
HAZARDS
Mechanical
Body Mechanics
Electrical
Animal and Biotic Conditions
MANDATORY INFORMATION
All Personal Protective Equipment must be worn.
All workers must maintain a distance of 10 metres (30 feet)away from the operator.
Cold saws must be started on the ground.
Warm saws must be started on the ground or started using a second person while saw is attached to the
operators harness.
Operators must not start clearing saws while they are attached to their harness.
All brush must be monitored for falling direction and potential hazards such as electrical conductors.
Brush greater than 10 cm (4 inches) DBH must not be cut with a brush saw.
Ensure manufacturers’ instructions are readily available and have been understood by the operator.
STEP ACTION
Adjust clearing saw harness Adjust harness for saw so that the saw blade will
not contact the feet of the operator.
Inspect Personal Protective Equipment All PPE must be worn including hardhat, hearing
protection, eye protection and foot protection.
Inspect work site Inspect for and set appropriate barriers for:
Electrical conductors
Terrain
Brush height
Brush size
Start saw Ensure saw blade is not touching the ground or
obstacles.
Maintain a firm grip on the saw.
Cold Start
Start saw on ground following manufacturers’
instruction.
Warm Start
On the back of the operator using a second person.
Assistant moves away from operator when started.
Operator may remove saw from harness of Operator
and start on the ground.
88
Arborist Safe Work Practices
Cutting Operation
STEP ACTION
INTRODUCTION
The purpose of this section is to outline the safe work practices for removing trees using a mobile cranes.
HAZARDS
Biotic Conditions Gravity
Climatic Conditions Mechanical
Electrical Ergonomics
Vehicular Pedestrian
General Legislation
Work in a Safe Environment Protect Self and Others Arborist Job Planning
Climbing Trees Working at Heights Use applicable legislation
MANDATORY INFORMATION
Arborist aloft shall be:
Competent to calculate wood weights using various methods including: green wood weight chart, estimating
by sight, application of suitable safety factors, wood strengths and variability, and tree characteristics
Familiar with crane performance charts (range and capacity),
Familiar with crane operations and suitable crane dimensions
Only competent personnel, deemed by the employer, shall work with a crane
Familiar with characteristics, defects and imperfections in trees
Knowledgeable of wood strength in tension wood
Familiar with safe work procedures to identify hazards and place barriers to the hazards – general and
specific to crane work
Able to communicate using – standard crane hand signals and or verbally
Advanced knowledge in rigging techniques and equipment
Familiar with the required Personal Protective Equipment and climbing equipment needed (inspection,
maintenance and use)
Familiar with appropriate safe work practices to access trees
90
Arborist Safe Work Practices
Familiar with safe work practices using a chainsaw (aloft) and practical application of cuts when utilizing a
crane
Familiar with rigging and control options available when using a crane
Aware of electrical hazards and appropriate procedures
Crane Equipment
The ASWP committee recommends that a load cell should be part of the mandatory equipment of the
crane. The load cell can be used to verify the load being lifted against the estimated load to verify
estimates and to ensure future loads will be adjusted accordingly. The ASWP committee recognizes
that all mobile cranes do not have load cells and that crane operators develop a sense of what the
loads are based on previous work experiences.
Ground personnel and Arborist on ground shall have specific training in:
Prior to contracting a crane to perform the work a thorough site analysis with the crane operator is needed to
determine the size of crane required and whether the location is appropriate for a crane to safely work.
STEP ACTION
Determine if crane can be used on worksite Ensure crane can access the location i.e. road
conditions/weight limitations, access over/under
bridges etc, mobility within site, maintaining
safe working loads at various boom angles.
Outrigger room and security
Ground stability
Ensure crane set-up location will provide
adequate protection from hazards such as
electrical, overhead structures, buildings,
septic systems, underground obstructions
and services etc.
Ensure there is adequate space available for
an aerial device, if applicable, work equipment
i.e. chippers or trucks, and crane to work within.
Ensure there is adequate space for the
crane and its boom to move freely in and
maintain appropriate limits of approach to
electrical apparatus.
Assess tree for: rot, structural weaknesses,
animal nests, loose bark, branching
characteristics and any potential hazards
for the lifting operation.
92
Arborist Safe Work Practices
STEP ACTION
Determine potential lifting locations on tree from Discuss with crane operator potential lift locations
ground to establish a lifting plan for cuts – “picking on the tree plus sequence of lifts to be conducted
the load”
Assess potential loads considering: wood weights
using the Green Wood Weight Charts. branching
of tree sections, tree condition i.e. dead or rotten
wood, centre of gravity of the load being lifted,
weather conditions (wind, rain, sunlight), bark
conditions, and the potential of slippage of
chokers must be considered when determining
where to cut and the final weight of the cut
section.
The estimated weight of the load and a safety
factor of the lift shall be determined by competent
workers
Loads should be rigged butt heavy using the 2/3
rule for placing a choker on stem. Use of
additional rigging equipment e.g. ropes, blocks
etc. to control the load should be considered.
Consider use of multi-leg sling configuration.
Determine crane load path to Landing Zone Ensure that the size of the section to be cut and
the amount of room available to lower the cut
section is adequate.
Install pedestrian / worker barriers to keep people
from under load
STEP ACTION
Ascend to predetermined work location in tree Ascend the tree using predetermined climbing
techniques or aerial device. See Climbing trees
section and or Aerial Device Operations
Assess the tree condition throughout the
ascending process to ensure tree is structurally
sound for the work that will be conducted. .
94
Arborist Safe Work Practices
STEP ACTION
Crane operator decides if load is within their lifting Crane operator communicates acceptance or
capabilities rejection of proposed cutting location based on
whether load is within their capabilities
Crane operator and worker aloft will agree on the
final cutting location
STEP ACTION
Secure one leg of sling to limb Place choker so that headache ball is over the
centre of gravity of the limb
Ensure that the Safe Working Loads of the sling
are not encroached.
Ensure that when sharp angles are placed on
connection between slings and load the SWL are
not compromised.
Utilize a Sling Angle Load Chart
Multi-leg Sling Configurations
Ensure bend ratios for slings are not exceeded.
Secure second leg of sling to limb Ensure that there is no slack in the multi-leg sling
configuration.
Place choker around tree and secure to Ensure choker is secured properly.
headache ball
Ensure sling bend ratios are not exceeded.
Ensure the Safe Work Load of the sling is not
exceeded
Place choker so that when lifted the section of tree
will move in a direction away from hazards or
unintended targets.
To prevent sling slippage it may be necessary to
cut notches for securing slings
Communicate to crane operator to pre-tension line Communication between crane operator and
arborist shall be clear and concise.
Crane operator places tension on tree
Pre-tension on tree should normally equal the
estimated weight of the load of the piece to be cut
STEP ACTION
96
Arborist Safe Work Practices
STEP ACTION
Secure to tree using work positioning equipment – if Ensure lift will not tangle climber’s fall protection
ascending by climbing tree equipment.
Determine style of chainsaw cut to be made Angle Cut or Straight cut
Sawing should finish at the pinch point of the load
working around the circumference of the section
Remove branches above the work location to ensure Use appropriate fall protection with chainsaw use.
that other branches do not strike the worker Ensure severed limbs are removed appropriately.
Communicate to crane operator “beginning cut” Ensure crane operator has heard and responds.
Perform chainsaw cut Operate chainsaw from the escape route side of
the stem.
Make a controlled cut.
Monitor movement of tree stem.
Communicate with crane operator to adjust lifting
tension and or movement or direction to release
tension on section as needed.
Reposition to escape route/method Worker aloft moves to escape route/method.
Worker communicates to crane operator to take
the load.
Crane operator takes load and lowers to ground Ensure load is moved away from climber and not
over the climber’s head.
Ensure load is not transferred over ground
workers
Remove choker(s) from cut section on ground Secure load from movement prior to releasing
choker(s)
Be aware of potential swing of headache ball.
Remove the choker(s) from the headache ball
hook.
Remove the choker from the tree section.
Replace the choker on the headache ball.
Remove butt/guide ropes as necessary.
Do not use crane to free slings which are stuck.
Re-position loads to free slings.
GLOSSARY,
APPENDICES
& BIBLIOGRAPHY
Glossary of Terms
Appendix A - Sample Fall Protection Equipment Inspection
Bibliography
GLOSSARY OF TERMS
Anchor point A limb or stem of sufficient size and strength to support the load to be
applied. Factors to be considered should include but not be limited to:
Weight of climber
Species characteristics
Diameter of limb or stem
Branch union angle should be wide enough to allow free running
of the rope
The main stem and the support branch must be sound,
inspect for:
Decay
Bird holes
Cracks
Imbedded objects
Cankers
Ensure that the selected tie in point is located so that a slip or fall will
swing the climber away from any electrical conductor or other
potential hazard.
Arborist climbing line Arborist climbing lines shall be constructed of a synthetic fiber, with a
minimum nominal breaking strength of 6,100 pounds (27 kN) when new.
Arborist climbing lines should be identified by the manufacturer
as suitable for tree climbing. Subject to CSA Z259.2.
Biotic condition Conditions such as stinging insects, biting insects, birds, wild life,
poison ivy etc.
Cornering cut A cut or cuts that are made to prevent ripping down of the bark
when felling a large piece of wood or tree.
Competent individual For the purposes of these work practices a competent individual
could be either a competent worker or a competent person.
Drop zone The area where branches and wood may fall.
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Escape Route The intended path the chain saw operator will move
in case of emergency.
Fall protection system Fall protection system can be fall restraint system or fall
restriction system.
Fall restriction system Means a type of fall protection system that has been designed to
restrict a worker’s fall to a specific distance.
Full body harness Means a device that can arrest an accidental vertical or near vertical
fall of a worker and which can guide and distribute the impact forces
of the fall by means of leg and shoulder strap supports and an
upper dorsal suspension assembly which, after the arrest, will not by
itself permit the release or further lowering of the worker.
Hardware Refers to cables, rods, bolts, lags and lighting systems installed in trees.
Hazard Refers to a source of energy, when not controlled can cause injury
to a worker. An identifiable risk posed to a worker.
Hazard area With respect to arboricultral practices of felling trees, with respect to the
hazard zone is the area where trees are being felled and into which
they might fall.
Ensure that the selected tie in point is located so that a slip or fall
will swing the climber away from any electrical conductor or
other potential hazard.
Reverse barber chair A reverse barber chair can happen when a tree that is being cut by
a climber some distance above ground level, splits below the notch.
This splitting action can cause a climber to be crushed or severely injured.
Tree size, species, loading and rigging forces are factors that can affect
the probability of this occurrence.
Safe working load The maximum allowable working load established by the manufacturer
or other authority. Often called the Working Load Limit. Takes into
account a Safety Factor.
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Safety lines Short ropes or lanyards used for work positioning as a secondary
point of attachment.
Split prevention system A mechanical system that is designed to control the hazard of a
tree splitting.
Spring poles Small trees bent over from pressure of the felled tree.
Tailboard discussion A discussion held with all crew members prior to beginning a job.
All workers must be present and understand their duties and
emergency plans.
Working load limit The maximum allowable working load established by the manufacturer
or other authority. Often called the Safe Working Load. Takes into
account a Safety Factor.
APPENDIX A
Ladder Inspection:
Only fiberglass or wooden ladders shall be used if there is any possibility of an electrical contact. Check that all
rung braces are tight and that rivets are in place. Inspect the rung locks on extension ladders to ensure they move
freely. Lubricate moving parts and springs. Ensure that rung locks catch over the rungs. Safety shoes must be in
place and moving freely. Inspect pulley on extension ladders for function and wear. Replace parts if necessary.
Defective ladders shall not be used.
Note:
These inspection items are in addition to and do not replace the manufacturers’ suggested inspections.
APPENDIX B
APPENDIX C
Apple 55 30 43 59 77 97 120 145 173 203 235 270 307 347 389
Ash, White 48 26 38 51 67 85 104 126 150 177 205 235 267 302 339
Aspen, Trembling 43 23 34 46 60 76 95 114 135 159 184 211 240 271 304
Basswood 42 23 33 45 59 74 92 111 132 155 180 206 235 265 297
Beech, American 54 29 42 58 75 95 118 142 169 199 231 265 301 340 381
Birch, White 50 27 39 53 70 88 109 132 157 164 214 245 279 317 353
Birch,Yellow 57 31 45 61 80 101 124 151 179 210 244 280 319 360 403
Butternut 46 25 36 49 64 81 100 121 144 170 197 226 257 290 325
Cedar, Western Red 28 15 22 30 39 49 61 74 88 103 119 137 157 177 197
Cherry, Black 45 25 35 48 63 79 98 119 141 166 192 221 251 283 318
Chestnut, Horse 41 22 32 43 57 72 89 109 129 151 175 201 229 258 289
Cottonwood 49 27 38 52 68 86 107 129 154 180 209 240 273 310 346
Elm, American 54 29 42 58 75 95 118 142 169 199 231 265 301 340 381
Hemlock, Eastern 49 27 38 52 68 86 107 129 154 180 209 240 273 310 346
Hickory,Shagbark 64 35 50 68 89 113 140 169 201 236 273 314 357 403 452
Larch 51 28 40 54 71 90 111 135 160 188 218 250 285 322 360
Locust,Black 58 32 45 62 81 102 126 153 182 213 248 284 323 364 409
Locust, Honey 61 33 48 65 85 108 133 161 192 225 261 299 341 385 431
Maple, Red 50 27 39 53 70 88 109 132 157 164 214 245 279 317 353
Maple, Silver 45 25 35 48 63 79 98 119 141 166 192 221 251 283 318
Maple, Sugar 56 31 44 60 78 99 122 148 176 206 239 275 313 353 396
Oak, Live 76 41 60 81 106 134 166 200 238 280 324 372 424 478 536
Oak, Red 63 34 49 67 88 111 137 166 198 232 269 309 251 397 445
Oak, White 62 34 48 66 86 109 135 163 194 228 265 304 346 390 437
Pine, White 36 20 28 38 50 64 78 95 113 128 154 176 201 227 254
Spruce, Red 34 19 27 36 47 60 74 90 106 125 145 166 189 214 239
Sycamore 52 28 41 55 72 92 113 137 163 191 222 254 290 327 366
Tulip 38 21 30 40 53 67 83 99 119 140 162 186 211 239 268
Walnut, Black 58 32 45 62 81 102 126 153 182 213 248 284 323 364 409
Willow 32 17 25 34 45 56 70 84 100 118 137 157 179 201 226
Species Wt/lb 10" 12" 14" 16" 18" 20" 22" 24" 26" 28" 30" 32" 34" 36"
Ft. 3 Weight in Pounds, Per Foot in Length, Based on Average Diameter
Apple 55 433 480 529 581 635 691 750 811 875 941 1009 1080 1153 1229
Ash, White 48 378 419 462 507 554 603 654 708 763 821 881 942 1006 1072
Aspen, Trembling 43 339 375 414 454 496 540 586 634 684 735 789 844 902 961
Basswood 42 331 367 404 443 485 528 573 619 668 718 771 825 881 938
Beech, American 54 425 471 520 570 623 579 736 796 859 926 991 1060 1132 1206
Birch, White 50 394 438 481 528 577 628 682 737 795 855 917 982 1048 1117
Birch,Yellow 57 449 497 548 602 658 716 777 841 907 975 1046 1119 1195 1273
Butternut 46 362 401 443 486 531 578 627 678 732 787 844 903 964 1028
Cedar, Western Red 28 221 244 269 296 323 352 382 413 445 479 514 550 587 626
Cherry, Black 45 354 393 433 475 519 565 614 664 716 770 826 884 943 1005
Chestnut, Horse 41 323 358 394 433 473 515 559 605 652 701 752 832 860 916
Cottonwood 49 386 428 471 517 566 616 668 723 779 838 899 962 1027 1095
Elm, American 54 425 471 520 570 623 579 736 796 859 926 991 1060 1132 1206
Hemlock, Eastern 49 386 428 471 517 566 616 668 723 779 838 899 962 1027 1095
Hickory,Shagbark 64 504 559 616 676 729 804 873 944 1018 1095 1174 1257 1342 1430
Larch 51 402 445 491 539 589 641 695 752 811 872 936 1001 1069 1139
Locust,Black 58 457 506 558 612 669 729 791 855 922 992 1064 1139 1216 1296
Locust, Honey 61 480 532 587 644 704 767 832 900 970 1043 1119 1198 1279 1363
Maple, Red 50 394 438 481 528 577 628 682 737 795 855 917 982 1048 1117
Maple, Silver 45 354 393 433 475 519 565 614 664 716 770 826 884 943 1005
Maple, Sugar 56 441 489 539 591 646 704 764 826 891 958 1027 1100 1174 1251
Oak, Live 76 599 663 731 803 877 955 1036 1121 1209 1300 1394 1492 1593 1698
Oak, Red 63 496 550 606 665 727 792 859 929 1002 1078 1156 1237 1321 1407
Oak, White 62 488 541 597 655 716 779 845 914 986 1060 1138 1217 1300 1385
Pine, White 36 284 314 346 380 415 452 491 531 573 616 661 707 755 804
Spruce, Red 34 268 297 327 359 392 427 464 501 541 582 624 668 713 760
Sycamore 52 410 454 500 549 600 653 709 767 827 889 954 1021 1090 1162
Tulip 38 299 332 366 401 439 478 518 560 604 650 697 746 849 903
Walnut, Black 58 457 506 558 612 669 729 791 855 922 992 1064 1139 1216 1296
Willow 32 252 279 308 338 369 402 436 472 509 547 587 628 671 715
Species Wt/lb 38" 40" 42" 44 46" 48 50" 52" 54" 56" 58" 60" 62" 64"
Ft. 3 Weight in Pounds, Per Foot in Length, Based on Average Diameter
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Arborist Safe Work Practices
APPENDIX D
All knots and friction hitches must be tied, dressed and set properly. Repetitive loading and unloading of knots
can potentially slacken off the knot. Therefore, all knots must be monitored throughout the climbing process.
Ascending Techniques
Klemheist
Secured Foot Locking
Prussik (6 coil)
Blake’s Hitch
Swabbish
Secured Body Thrust
Tautline Hitch
Gripping Hitch
Working
APPENDIX D
Friction Hitches
Tautline Hitch
Swabbish
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Arborist Safe Work Practices
APPENDIX D
Prussik (6 coil)
Klemheist
Termination Knots
Anchor Hitch
Beckett Bend
Bowline
Triple Fisherman
Double Fisherman
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Arborist Safe Work Practices
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