Grade:- VIII/IX(C)

1. Follow up the previous topics

2. Revision of “Measurement”
3. Quantity and its types
4. Fundamental quantities
5. Derived quantities (derivation)

6. Assignment
Before
Initial .
singularity
Singularity
1. Entire matters or particles or mass, energy and
space were squeezed at a hypothetical
coordinate
2. Due to immense gravity and contraction of
mass, energy and space, singularity
brusted.
Brusted, big bang

Just like a pressure cooker which

brusts if heated for longer period time.
Q1. Why does an apple fall towards the
ground?
Q2. Is an apple falling towards the earth or
earth is falling towards an apple?
Universal law of gravitational force
 Newton’s Suggestions:-
1. Each and every mass in the universe attracts each
other.

2. Greater the mass more the attraction

3. Lesser the distance of separation between the

masses, more the attraction.
1. Force of the attraction between any two masses is directly proportional
to the product of two masses.

ie. Force(F) ∝ Mass(M) x mass(m)

⇨ F ∝ Mm ……..(i)

2. Force of the attraction between any two masses is inversely proportional

to the square of the distance between their centers.
ie. Force(F) ∝ 1 .
(distance between the center)

⇨ F ∝ 1 ……..(ii)
r2
Q. What if one of the mass(m) in Newton’s law of Gravitational
force becomes one kilogram (1kg) or unit mass?
F = GMm
2
r
⇨ F = GM(1kg)
2
r
⇨ gravity(g)= F = GM ……….(iii)
2
r
 Initial Singularity:-
Entire matter or particle or mass, energy and
space was concentrated at a single point such
that its radius was continuously decreasing.
Consequently, when radius of the point
became zero(0) or null, at that particular point
gravity turned to infinity. Hence, there was
extreme pressure and big bang was triggered.
⇨ gravity(g) = F = GM
2
r
⇨ g = F = GM = ∞
2
0
⇨ “Initial Singularity”
IX curriculum
Measurement
Thermometer - compares unknown temperature with
standard units(quantity) of temperature.
Measuring tape:- compares unknown length with
standard units(quantity) of length.

Unknown length( breadth, height, distance, displacement)

Clock/watches:- compares unknown
time with standard units(quantity)
of time.
Beam balance:- compares unknown mass with
standard units(quantity) of mass.

Known
Unknown
standard quantity
physical quantity

Comparing
 Measurement:-
1. Comparing

2. Unknown physical quantity

3. Known standard physical quantity

4. Same kind

5. Instrument
Measurement:-
The process of comparing
unknown physical quantity with known
standard physical quantity of the same
kind by the help of particular
instrument is called measurement.
 Quantity
Any factors around us which exists in nature or
universe are called quantity.
1. Abstract quantity 2. Physical quantity

l e Length(L), Mass(M), Time(t),

r ab Current(I), Temperature(t),
s u ns Luminous intensity(Li), Amount of
e a t io
m m o substance(As),
on ne Area(A), Volume(V), Force(F),
N ma
Pressure(P), Energy(E),
Hu Power(P).........etc.
Physical quantity:-
Any factors in the universe which can be measured by
comparing with standard tools with similar unit are called
physical quantities.
For instance:-
Length(L), Mass(M), Time(t), Current(I),
Temperature(t), Luminous intensity(Li),
Amount of substance(As), Area(A), Volume(V),
Force(F), Pressure(p), Energy(E), Power(P),
Resistance(R), Conductance(C), Work done(W),
Momentum(ƥ), Acceleration(a), velocity(v)
Only 7 fundamental quantity:-
1. Length(L) ……?..….
2. Mass(M) ……?..….
3. Time(t) ……?..….
4. Current(I) ……?..….
5. Temperature(T) ……?..….
6. Luminous intensity(Li) ……?..….
7. Amount of substance(As) ……?..….
Only 7 fundamental quantity:-
1. Length(L) ……m..….
2. Mass(M) ……Kg..….
3. Time(t) ……s..….
4. Current(I) ……A..….
5. Temperature(t) ……K..….
6. Luminous intensity(Li) ……cd..….
7. Amount of substance(As) …mol..….
 Unlimited Derived quantity:-
1. Area(A) 11. Conductance(C)
2. Acceleration(a) 12. Volt(Pd./V)
3. velocity(v) 13. Momentum(ƥ),
4. Volume(V) 14. ………...∞
5. Force(F)
6. Pressure(p)
7. Work done(W)
8. Energy(E)
9. Power(P)
10. Resistance(R)
SN Fundamental SN Derived quantity
quantity
1. Those physical 1. Those physical
quantities which quantities which
are completely are dependent on
independent from two or more
other factors in the fundamental
universe are called quantities in the
fundamental universe are called
quantities. derived quantity.
Q. Why is area(A) a derived quantity?
Q. Why is area(A) a derived quantity?
Ans:- According to the definition of area, the total plane surface
covered by any object is called an area.

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Q. Why is area(A) a derived quantity?
Ans:- According to the definition of area, the total plane surface
covered by any object is called an area.
ie. Area(A)= Length(L) x Breadth(B)

e
or, A = L x B

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Q. Why is area a derived quantity?
Ans:- According to the definition of area, the total plane surface
covered by any object is called an area.
ie. Area(A)= Length(L) x Breadth(B)
or, A = L x B
Now, changing physical quantity into units, we keep big bracket in the formula,
[A]=[LxB]

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Q. Why is area a derived quantity?
Ans:- According to the definition of area, the total plane surface
covered by any object is called an area.
ie. Area(A)= Length(L) x Breadth(B)
or, A = L x B
Now, changing physical quantities to units, we keep big bracket in the formula,
[A]=[LxB]
= [ L] x [ B ]

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Q. Why is area a derived quantity?
Ans:- According to the definition of area, the total plane surface
covered by any object is called an area.
ie. Area(A)= Length(L) x Breadth(B)
or, A = L x B
Now, changing physical quantities to units, we keep big bracket in the formula,
[A]=[LxB]
= [ L] x [ B ]

t a l
= m2x m
e n y
=m

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Q. Why is area a derived quantity?
Ans:- According to the definition of area, the total plane surface
covered by any object is called an area.
ie. Area(A)= Length(L) x Breadth(B)
or, A = L x B
Now, changing into units, we keep big bracket in the formula,
[A]=[LxB]
= [ L] x [ B ]
= m2x m
n
=m
Since, there are two units of length in area, it is a derived quantity.
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Q. Why is area a derived quantity?
Ans:- According to the definition of area, the total plain surface
covered by any object is called an area.
ie. Area(A)= Length(L) x Breadth(B)
or, A = L x B
Now, changing physical quantity into units, we keep big bracket in the formula,
[A]=[LxB]
= [ L] x [ B ]
= m2x m
=m
Since, there two units of length in area, it is a derived quantity.
Q. Why is Volume(V) a derived quantity?
Ans:-
is According
called volume.to the definition of volume(V), the total space occupied by the object
ie. Volume(V)= Length(L) x Breadth(B) x height(H)
or, V = L x B x H
Now, changing physical quantities to units, we keep big bracket in the formula,
[ V] = [ L x B x H ]
= [ L] x [ B ] x [ H ]
= m3x m x m
=m
Since, there are three units of length in volume, it is a derived quantity.
 Q. Why is density(⍴) a derived quantity?

Q. Why is acceleration(a) a
derived quantity?

Q. Why is force(F) a derived quantity?

1. Other derived quantity

2. Measuring instruments

3. Standard quantity

4. Standard units