ERFORMANCE CHARACTER13T1cs DR AN INSTRUMÈNT

QTATIC. DYNAMI CHARAdTERI3TIcg OF INSTRUMENTS '

Meaauvem enl appkWaaitien s n uwhi eh paramelg

oinleeot is m o e oleas Conlant Nesy
Yae9 Yery o

slouoly il5 me ae Calleo slalic measuromenta.

he main Aatie ohasadlornde9 may be aummed a

* accuTacy AeDAíHvity eprooluei bilily

S a t i e esmoy olcas zoNe

Aec uyacy ,eioiS QoeHorn

AccuNacy
i s he degee )Cosmedinega wth whfeh

a measuning means' e ldahe e alue Lorl

ence accepled ena. an darda
.

aCcuracy is deermiNed as the maimum

amount h e h he meAult des rem h e

7e Yalue. appaoeekas ase e e

AccusaCy oepends Hpen
d heihe nai belng megsued
acunay he obleve

nmse aceuraey d the nAnmes 1 f

whehe ns he quany ts
befn huly
befng
improRed upen Me nánument.

Jhe accUra a meaduremeo4lomt

Measues lerma i eTors. he dHesenae wes
elueel
 he bes measuned Nalue and he u e alue
he quaiy ia knoon áa
atie eimy.
ihe Telaiwe salie er he
atto abeolule slate ox
D h e nee Nalue
h e 9uany undes Measuemen

et Y Measec) Yalue 9uantiy

ueue alue quarty
g l a t i e eos meaeuonat
T e l a t v e SlaHe esor

Jrius No- O
Apsolue eo
Nh

om , Y -

Conneci oo
Jhe dSenene he eeNalue
belween he Volue
and he
and h e
measued Value aquantity 9
alled
satie eor ncio C )

Y-Y-E)7
ndiaiea had,he dlatte Covnedtn he
ha

hnmert neadinq s h e same Magnikade a

he eyws, bai pposl in
sianCa Css-E
Fecuracy may be epressed aa
Polot aacsaey
Aeake tnge
. ve Yalue
sYois Qaousag
Accura an nnument s alaed or che o
Monc pina n a
bo te.ad toithin o.2mm
'Ascale q lengl may
agen hemomeler may be láled omad
ode blw 56c * looe

Pesceot 9ale. sa
tane
Hene He eso aaleulaea nthe aasta o
ma, value h e 30ale

. evo Y-Y
(A
m a 0ale Yaluue

(Aclexs t h e inlnle accuaey h e inskamet

1ac f.

*eieent ue Yalus
b
Iobis,he absolie eros Meaguemeot fs

exprosaee a . hue Yalue dhe unhnouon qua

o-Y leo

As Y s , size e r aleo s
6
 slalie Cali braliar
- 13a Proccaa saie
by hieh all he sahe

perormanae chavadon tlfe a oblaine n

om Qnelher.
he
e Calibrahin allémmeslg mporo
inca
9inca it atorda he oppurlun o oeekhe fnah
againata fneunlandard and subsequeilly lo n

CalyprqhWan procede invo Ne Comporsen

oth either () a
primory
primou
e
Poxela inslu meot

Aeconalasy landard h a higher

ngher
slandar , a

actnacy Jhan "he insmumenlsbe eaibmale

i an innurnept hnovon
y heldin some hpus conelard Naoynq olhors
and ording toupata, develon he desied
Calibrat.
atie npil-oulput glattena pestosm inq ali bratn.

Kange
The dMerenee beween he langest «
he Amallest eadhng 4he nslaumot is aalle

he
San
ana .

it khe alqebrase dieren cebeloeen he

LPper unít
3rnat
ma and louser
an
Tanae Soin uoi

heIneslume»t.
 In &mmen) pan Sant Soin
Calibraicousve it
uwhiah Can bo ubes oos
aosve dng inalwmost
.atie
adng
20
bo So 100

measuTed Yaable

Scale Teadabili y
closeness uith whteh h e sealo
aealo
inchaales he
Ins. ean be ad
Rn analbg Hpe b
faalov:
t chepends upen many
-no.4b araducHom 3
Apaano aradusn a
A*e d po inier

pasallaz e c s
- qisesoinaino pou
h e obhesVe.

Repealabil r2ading S
peslains bhe eloseneo oulput madings
when the same inpu is applied epeliively Over
AhosT peno Hine uofth h e ame muasuemea
inslnment obserler Same lo aatn
CondWns9, same s

and ame Condi4ion s use mainlained hougheul.

Raproduei biky
melaleS he elo senes s eslpl adinq
 hee ae ehang tpe
when
Aam input
Sovhe
measune m e s t , obsenVer
h the mehod
use
measufo hst., localfen eosodFHan 3

mea6uToMEDt

Drt
undesiv ed gadua deparluse o
*fa an

oves a peniod e 1bat

6at
he tnst ouput
is unelGed 6 ahongeo in nput °pesaRng
,

Qondilams load ,
hove no dn'lt
Qr tnsmemeo s Sat
adings at diS.fmeg
*epoduees am
or Aame Namaon in measuo Vamable

gne cnt by he o.aalors

he may be Cauhed

meahan íaa ibraHong

*enp. e)anges

h meeh. aeas

eledne a magne: Stelojs.

*6lray
om Ocaur n 18sis lnce yhe
h e momeleta
Momsletg

herrMo Couples due to Jhe eehminatton

Jhe mlal,
Dft ceu Veylool Can be cheche
eny bperodie inapeeytan Manlenanes
ela2sHiesien dnit
*Xero dnft *Span do't Xona dlnTt
amaut
all ihe inahumerit olP A by Ia Same
ZeD d n t - uwhele
dt **he
is Calles zero
d
nanumen eali bralon gracdually shtte oven hhe
e
Sama Carnottnt
may Re coredle y ah-ng poidlereaao)ensNoa oilb-
Bopopmaponci
enang
pan ant- oP changes pperlonataly hD min ol oh

he cakbraln ro upuDads ehangeg

proponctally,t is calle pn 6ena ivNu d t

.itmay be cue 6change in prm'nq raolfenl o

Ona
the dnt ocou«3 ever a pot pan
When
ns\ument is ealles Kona oft.
d gn

oaision
s a measure nepo duaibilily

Usually opneaSetn J2Kng e

meauvement. 2 is

he deviallon in meaAuremant

Senaitivily
The Tao he magndude datpul signa
oj measing 3
ohe inpu) sional oesponse

fs alled sensivi.
the
bhe beng
quantthy befng measur
heslopa he calibratton
Tepesenleda
 non near
'pa
Conala
geneitly AA
AAD
olput
A AA A AA

nput A A
siatte enatiwy ()
itinitetesimal ehange n
oulput.AAo
torini les ma change sn input AA
nvesea sensitiv. or deflecton aclor
e Acale adbi AAi
AA
Note
nalea a senstivig
islP adlP d measurement Jm s
sae
an a ubed in elec. |elecronic e
e
* optal a Meh. tnst., incvease in

. displacement ,used ovm 13 ampieah'on

when ip a olpanal is ehanging clKme
Terro transler fundhien or sandler cpeatbr

Linean lg
The abili tl6 "epoduae ene inpu
ohaiaelerdea uomelnaa lly is aalled lineanly
* tmply a Measure ma eiahn

a0y e alibiat o tren the .in

 Non- inecm ay De. cuelo

Ma
denighi

acdunl ealibndNon mech. hyslem sa

ourlpu euYe
no-near elemeos In he
ldealias A«aigk) kne
mea&unenes devie
Enpul>
ma.deviálen o l P
ypes non -Itner y inean row dealted Aine
Je«roinal neavily Sull Acale deslealfen
Poes)

Hslesests
Thie
The a. o evenee n ou lput a any Measued
leazu1ed

Nalue uobnhe Speeiti tange when appaching

he ont ftat wih necoasnq >hen sth g tnu
he ont
may be ysleresa.
desmed as

D4 a phenomens) whi eh ehaos diff. ouput

eHeee when eading unload n CuVe9
ancounS inlesnal rieRon hersts darop
pead fme
The ime laken he inslmument mespmd
a e he ohange in ipul amablehas ahen place.
ahong
Oulput CuNe2

MLan
oulutt
I n p t (mea6umd Yan'abe ))

8nax. eput h l e e s s

Deadspace h l e ve je
nrumer s
 Dead pace
bome insmtoeots it ia possible hat

beon ceflain valu, he oulp

input put inceases
obes o) chmge. So b Corlain tange inpu) va)ueg
doEs
hee ahanga
fn o u p . bis
ana e p t
is alled deadapaae
may h a o
he
n s . oithor hyaeresie
dead spaae in h e oiput) ehasadlamdrea ,

Raaklash n geoa Cause9 degd apaee C

Reselution (o dismoinahion)
ishe smalleat ineement uasy bèng
Can be deede h e)aini
cetani yPy
measue
nEASUe whih

ar insnmert
itmean Jhe 9malest mea susable npu) ahang
is soy d
*i a n zeD inpul quao)My
/
mn chang h
oP Tding
ia lled Kesoluten
P whieh
eas heaocaay h e measume mant
*it
ov a
Slabik
he . to l a n is pes bs nmace
The abiky qb
Spectedaerng le he
hrough.out
sorage 1
Tolexan
he m o . allowablo n ho measCATONMOD

tkems some value whteh s

a spectied
is olosel reale a0c aay
aaet
Caledoleranco, N

Bias ros bieb xisla ove he Sul

he Conslas

in). i clleo biaaa

measunemes) a

Noise 9igna Aupesimpoed upan h e

ie an unwasled
a denaten ihe
gnal inleest theeby Causn
eputom it expedled nalue
Generales noie
+Conduáe noiee

+RadtaleAoiae
DYNAMte CHARACTERISTIC3

mersue
is egu te td
nlmment
When a
ann

s
enee has
has s
ls
procecs ama ble,
afme
a -Yar
meVaryung
heeh. quany
eh
ehb."
Concemed wil6 dy noamie
outlput
he olyranic
he ellfon bluw he inpu
ynamie Respan se ts
alem

he evaluatn h e abilty all he peslnen

Soith-uly ansmi P e s e o t

or on
omaton ineludod nhe npil Y
fe Called he pr
ealude all else
 when inputs
he behavioct h e yso

Lotlbme 90 doea he oulpd ig ealle

ealleo
Vasr

Gynamic eg pange
inanen
The
ne sahe ch. meosuvina
subiealed t non-Varung
ohe Dsmumenja

inpus
*he behawour he sjn suieclod
Anouon a3 yhgmie reaponse
t inpus
and it e.ae known as unamic dh
Jhe Se, wan, pulke, "ea. espeoe s
h e measumg indeemine \ dynamie d.
The dS
dynamie d
%pee pae
Tespanse me

+ ldelkt
nhc yor
m e eondlas
Spee espone
s dehned ahe vopidilt oilh whih
an indnumes respenda changes in input quantit
che qu do e
measued.
 Response
me o AetHkng time
trne
Resp ind. t senle to ig
Ed. b
an
h eJhe kne

slate value. aex he inpul quantiiy

sleacd
Sina slendy
Smal
is apple

n the nes ponese

namie espn
Jhe delay existing
inpul qutaty is

h e inst. when he chaDgechon

apple s Kneun ag.
*tohe nighspee Measunement m h e me

should be minrntro
HPe lag
Relardaha ye: nhisHF Measumng

aes a chnge"n
he olp ie oblaned romecialely
measuneo uahty has ecaued.
measuing
Jime Dea In this

he ouput te oslained afles a dead zne

hdey
l l oP+ she apabiky h e insinment oTo
he olp
he nhe Some bm aehe ip is
Tpodiee
Atoon as deli

*N also elefined aa he desee towhseh

OArn n. indiaaka chapg n the P gua

o u t an dnamic. eror
 Dynamie Ero
Jhe vue Value
The Seen ce bluw
the im Nasuina qugntiiy whieh a ehangina
changin q

oh me and he olp Nalue indical by h

nst, i no sahe e o is assumed
by
is Knzon

na'
+tta lha cobn} 4 Hdelig &me ba9
bl ts'olp g *he sm
ime Coslast
N a detned a he me Jaken
Tea be8.2, h e tna or veue. he
Sm has leas e conslaot itindicaes hat
hetna oP Nalue toil be
atainsj elier
RROR3 IN MEASUREMENT

roor S h e d}eenee blw she mie

acltavalue and e meastirod Nale.

D 6our ees eSO

* S4slenat eror

$andom eroor